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Misinformation Defense Worked in 2020, Up to a Point, Study Finds

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Misinformation Defense Worked in 2020, Up to a Point, Study Finds

Not lengthy after misinformation plagued the 2016 election, journalists and content material moderators scrambled to show Individuals away from untrustworthy web sites earlier than the 2020 vote.

A brand new research means that, to some extent, their efforts succeeded.

When Individuals went to the polls in 2020, a much smaller portion had visited web sites containing false and deceptive narratives in contrast with 4 years earlier, in keeping with researchers at Stanford. Though the variety of such websites ballooned, the typical visits amongst these folks dropped, together with the time spent on every web site.

Efforts to teach folks concerning the threat of misinformation after 2016, together with content material labels and media literacy coaching, more than likely contributed to the decline, the researchers discovered. Their research was revealed on Thursday within the journal Nature Human Behaviour.

“I’m optimistic that almost all of the inhabitants is more and more resilient to misinformation on the internet,” mentioned Jeff Hancock, the founding director of the Stanford Social Media Lab and the lead creator of the report. “We’re getting higher and higher at distinguishing actually problematic, dangerous, dangerous info from what’s dependable or leisure.”

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Nonetheless, almost 68 million folks in the US checked out web sites that weren’t credible, visiting 1.5 billion occasions in a month in 2020, the researchers estimated. That included domains that at the moment are defunct, comparable to theantimedia.com and obamawatcher.com. Some folks within the research visited a few of these websites a whole bunch of occasions.

Because the 2024 election approaches, the researchers fear that misinformation is evolving and splintering. Past net browsers, many individuals are uncovered to conspiracy theories and extremism just by scrolling by cellular apps comparable to TikTok. Extra harmful content material has shifted onto encrypted messaging apps with difficult-to-trace personal channels, comparable to Telegram or WhatsApp.

The increase in generative synthetic intelligence, the know-how behind the favored ChatGPT chatbot, has additionally raised alarms about misleading pictures and mass-produced falsehoods.

The Stanford researchers mentioned that even restricted or concentrated publicity to misinformation may have critical penalties. Baseless claims of election fraud incited a riot on the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021. Greater than two years later, congressional hearings, legal trials and defamation court docket instances are nonetheless addressing what occurred.

The Stanford researchers monitored the web exercise of 1,151 adults from Oct. 2 by Nov. 9, 2020, and located that 26.2 p.c visited no less than considered one of 1,796 unreliable web sites. They famous that the timeframe didn’t embrace the postelection interval when baseless claims of voter fraud had been particularly pronounced.

That was down from an earlier, separate report that discovered that 44.3 p.c of adults visited no less than considered one of 490 problematic domains in 2016.

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The shrinking viewers could have been influenced by makes an attempt, together with by social media firms, to mitigate misinformation, in keeping with the researchers. They famous that 5.6 p.c of the visits to untrustworthy websites in 2020 originated from Fb, down from 15.1 p.c in 2016. E-mail additionally performed a smaller function in sending customers to such websites in 2020.

Different researchers have highlighted extra methods to restrict the lure of misinformation, particularly round elections. The Bipartisan Coverage Heart recommended in a report this week that states undertake direct-to-voter texts and emails that provide vetted info.

Social media firms also needs to do extra to discourage performative outrage and so-called groupthink on their platforms — habits that may fortify excessive subcultures and intensify polarization, mentioned Yini Zhang, an assistant communication professor on the College at Buffalo.

Professor Zhang, who revealed a research this month about QAnon, mentioned tech firms ought to as an alternative encourage extra average engagement, even by renaming “like” buttons to one thing like “respect.”

“For normal social media customers, what we will do is dial again on the tribal instincts, to attempt to be extra introspective and say: ‘I’m not going to take the bait. I’m not going to pile on my opponent,’” she mentioned.

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With subsequent yr’s presidential election looming, researchers mentioned they’re involved about populations identified to be weak to misinformation, comparable to older folks, conservatives and individuals who don’t communicate English.

Greater than 37 p.c of individuals older than 65 visited misinformation websites in 2020 — a far larger charge than youthful teams however an enchancment from 56 p.c in 2016, in keeping with the Stanford report. In 2020, 36 p.c of people that supported President Donald J. Trump within the election visited no less than one misinformation web site, in contrast with almost 18 p.c of people that supported Joseph R. Biden Jr. The members additionally accomplished a survey that included questions on their most well-liked candidate.

Mr. Hancock mentioned that misinformation needs to be taken significantly, however that its scale shouldn’t be exaggerated. The Stanford research, he mentioned, confirmed that the information consumed by most Individuals was not misinformation however that sure teams of individuals had been more than likely to be focused. Treating conspiracy theories and false narratives as an ever-present, wide-reaching risk may erode the general public’s belief in legit information sources, he mentioned.

“I nonetheless suppose there’s an issue, however I believe it’s one which we’re coping with and that we’re additionally recognizing doesn’t have an effect on most individuals more often than not,” Mr. Hancock mentioned. “If we’re instructing our residents to be skeptical of all the pieces, then belief is undermined in all of the issues that we care about.”

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Musk says he will seek shareholder approval for Tesla investment in xAI

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Musk says he will seek shareholder approval for Tesla investment in xAI

Tech billionaire Elon Musk said he would like Tesla to invest in his artificial intelligence company xAI.

While Musk is considering the relationship between several of his businesses, he said on X that he does not support a merger between Tesla and xAI.

“If it was up to me, Tesla would have invested in xAI long ago,” Musk wrote on X on Sunday. “We will have a shareholder vote on the matter.”

xAI is the company behind the controversial chatbot Grok, which is available on X and also used in Teslas delivered on or after July 12. Grok came under fire earlier this month for praising Adolf Hitler and making antisemitic comments.

The AI company apologized for the chatbot’s behavior, saying that a coding problem temporarily made Grok susceptible to extremist views posted on X.

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Earlier, Grok had contradicted itself while sharing information about the deadly flash floods that killed at least 130 people in Texas this month. The bot blamed President Trump for the flooding, but then backtracked and understated the death toll.

Musk is scrambling to keep up in the AI race after helping launch OpenAI with Sam Altman in 2015, the company behind the wildly popular chatbot ChatGPT, which helped spur on the current AI craze. Musk left OpenAI in 2018 and is now entangled in legal battles with the company.

In March, xAI acquired X in an all-stock transaction that valued the artificial intelligence company at $80 billion and the social media platform at $33 billion.

Musk scored a victory for Grok on Monday, when xAI announced “Grok for Government” and a contract with the U.S. Department of Defense.

After a disruptive stint in the Trump administration that sent Tesla shares stumbling, Musk formally stepped down from his role in the federal government in May. He has since been feuding with the president, further risking Tesla’s reputation, according to some experts.

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Tesla shares rose slightly Monday after Musk’s posts about Tesla’s possible investment in xAI. The shares have fallen more than 16% this year. The company’s profit plunged 71% in the first quarter.

Tesla delivered 384,122 vehicles in the second quarter through June, down 13% from 443,956 deliveries a year ago.

Its shares rose more than 1% Monday.

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'Superman' rescues DC at the box office with a $122-million debut

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'Superman' rescues DC at the box office with a 2-million debut

James Gunn’s “Superman” soared to the top of the box office this weekend, giving Warner Bros.’s DC Studios much-needed momentum in the superhero genre after a string of underperforming movies.

“Superman,” which stars David Corenswet as the Man of Steel, hauled in a robust $122 million in the U.S. and Canada. Globally, “Superman” brought in a total of $217 million.

The movie was a big swing for Burbank-based Warner Bros. and DC, costing an estimated $225 million to produce, not including substantial spending on a global marketing campaign.

“Superman” benefited from mostly positive critics reviews — the movie notched a 82% approval rating on aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Moviegoers liked it too, indicated by an “A-” grade from polling firm CinemaScore and a 93% positive audience rating from Rotten Tomatoes.

The performance for “Superman” fell short of expectations from some analysts, who had projected an opening weekend of $130 million. Industry observers attributed that to heavy competition from other blockbusters, including Universal’s “Jurassic World Rebirth” and Apple and Warner Bros.’ “F1 The Movie.”

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Shortly before its release, “Superman” came under fire from right-wing commentators, who criticized comments Gunn made to the Times of London about how Superman (created by a Jewish writer-artist team in the late 1930s) is an immigrant and that he is “the story of America.”

“If there’s any softness here, it’s overseas,” said industry analyst and consultant David A. Gross in his FranchiseRe newsletter, after describing the domestic opening as “outstanding” for a longrunning superhero franchise.

The movie generated $95 million outside the U.S. and Canada.

Analysts had raised questions about whether Superman’s reputation for earnestly promoting truth, justice and the American way would still appeal to a global audience, particularly as other countries have bristled at the U.S. tariff and trade policies enacted by President Trump.

“Superman has always been identified as a quintessentially American character and story, and in some parts of the world, America is currently not enjoying its greatest popularity,” Gross said.

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The movie’s overall success is key to a planned reboot and refresh of the DC universe. Gunn and producer Peter Safran were named co-chairmen and co-chief executives of DC Studios in 2022 to help turn around the Warner Bros.-owned superhero brand after a years-long rough patch.

While 2013’s “Man of Steel,” directed by Zack Snyder, and 2016’s “Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice” each achieved substantial box office hauls, they did not receive overwhelmingly positive reviews. 2017’s “Justice League,” which was intended to be DC’s version of Marvel Studios’ “Avengers,” was a critical and commercial disaster for the studio.

More recently, films focused on other DC characters such as 2023’s “Shazam! Fury of the Gods,” “The Flash” and last year’s “Joker: Folie à Deux” struggled at the box office.

With Gunn and Safran at the helm, the pair are now tasked with creating a cohesive vision and framework for its superhero universe, not unlike its rival Marvel, which has long consolidated control under president Kevin Feige (though its films and shows are handled by different directors).

Starting the new DC epoch with Superman also presented its own unique challenges. Though he is one of the most recognizable superheroes in the world, Superman’s film track record has been a roller coaster. Alternatively sincere, campy or gritty, the Man of Steel has been difficult for filmmakers and producers to strike the right tone.

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Gunn’s version of “Superman” — still mostly sincere but a touch of the filmmaker’s signature goofy humor — worked for critics and audiences. It was a tall order, considering some fans still hold Richard Donner’s 1978 “Superman,” starring Christopher Reeve, as the gold standard.

“Pinning down ‘Superman’ has been a challenge,” said Paul Dergarabedian, senior media analyst at Comscore. “It’s been like Kryptonite for years for many filmmakers and producers to get it right.”

“Superman” bumped “Jurassic World Rebirth” to second place, where it collected $38.8 million domestically over the weekend for a total of $231 million so far. “F1,” Universal’s “How to Train Your Dragon” and Disney-Pixar’s “Elio” rounded out the top five at the box office this weekend.

Later this month, another major superhero movie will enter the summer blockbuster marketplace: “The Fantastic Four: First Steps,” from Walt Disney Co.-owned Marvel Studios.

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It's peak season in Malibu, but these small businesses are still struggling after the Palisades fire

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It's peak season in Malibu, but these small businesses are still struggling after the Palisades fire

Six months after the Palisades fire roared down Pacific Coast Highway, the Country Kitchen in Malibu is open for business, but many customers have yet to return.

The no-frills eatery features a few outdoor tables and ocean views, nestled in a narrow parking lot alongside a liquor store and gift shop. The restaurant, which opened in 1972, is literally a hole in the wall. It serves breakfast burritos all day and burgers out of a window.

It wasn’t destroyed by the fires but had extensive smoke damage. It was cut off from most of its customers for close to five months, waiting for the highway to reopen. Business is a lot better than it was a couple of months ago, but still well below what the restaurant would usually see this time of year.

“Things are better, but if you compare it to last year, it’s still probably 25% less business,” said Joel Ruiz, who has worked at the Country Kitchen for 40 years.

Up and down the coast, businesses that survived the flames are still hoping for a return to normalcy. As customers slowly return to a changed landscape, the small businesses that dot Pacific Coast Highway wonder how long it will take to get back to business as usual.

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1

2 A painting of The Country Kitchen hangings on the wall of the roadside restaurant

1. Joel Ruiz works at the Country Kitchen on PCH as businesses reopen after being closed due to the Palisades fire. 2. A painting of the Country Kitchen hangs on the wall of the roadside restaurant.

PCH was closed to nonresidents for five months following the Palisades fire, isolating the once-bustling businesses that catered to beachgoers and tourists.

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According to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, the Palisades fire charred more than 23,000 acres and destroyed more than 6,000 structures. The blaze burned the vast majority of homes along the ocean from Topanga Canyon to Las Flores Canyon.

Nearly 800 structures were lost in Malibu, including the Reel Inn, a seafood restaurant just a few miles down the road from the Country Kitchen. Other popular restaurants including Duke’s Malibu are still closed due to damage. Caffe Luxxe near Carbon Beach was closed for months before reopening in May.

a man stands by a window in a surf shop

Jefferson Wagner, owner of Zuma Jay’s surf shop, reopens after being closed due to the Palisades fire.

It should be peak summer season for Zuma Jay’s, which has been selling boards and wax to surfers since 1975. Instead, sales are about a third less than normal.

“It’s better, but not like it was last year at the same time,” Jefferson Wagner said. He couldn’t pay his four employees for months.

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a man hold a photo of himself and his daughter

Wagner holds an old young photo of himself and his daughter.

Some estimates put the total cost of the Los Angeles area wildfires at $250 billion. Gaps or delays in insurance coverage have kept many from cleaning or rebuilding their property at the pace they hoped.

“We’re still trying to get back to what we had before,” said Malibu City Councilmember Doug Stewart, who was serving as mayor during the Palisades fire. “The store owners and restaurants are telling me that things have picked up considerably, but they’re still not back to what they’d expect to see for the summer.”

Stewart said most businesses in the community were spared from being burned to the ground but are still struggling to reopen and stay viable.

“It’s less of a rebuilding issue and more of a question of making sure that they’ve been able to survive,” he said.

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The businesses neighboring the Country Kitchen in the strip mall along PCH have all had to adapt to the aftermath of the fire. Even the view from the parking lot is different, with vast stretches of the ocean now visible where homes had previously stood.

a man poses for a portrait by a window

Carter Crary, co-owner of scuba shop Malibu Divers, poses for a portrait shortly after his business reopened.

The scuba shop Malibu Divers officially reopened May 23, the same day Gov. Gavin Newsom reopened PCH. Co-owner Carter Crary came into the shop every day while the road was still closed, serving an occasional customer. Business was down about 90% for more than four months.

“There’s been a definite change since the highway reopened,” he said. “We are not yet where we should be for this time of year, but we’re on a trajectory that has us heading in the right direction.”

Malibu Divers doesn’t have business interruption insurance but was able to offset some of the losses caused by the fire with a Small Business Assn. emergency loan. Crary estimated his business has lost out on $150,000 in revenue since January. The shop earns between $500,000 and $1 million in a normal year.

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Crary employs around 12 staff members, but he’s currently not able to pay or bring in his in-store employees. The dive shop, which offers rental gear and scuba lessons, opened in 1969 and is usually busiest between May and September.

Business has been further impacted because people aren’t diving in the areas where the Palisades fire burned. Most divers are going north for cleaner waters, Crary said.

Malibu’s scenic beaches, now contaminated with heavy metals and debris from the wildfire, usually attract customers to Roxanne Jensen’s souvenir shop, Blue Malibu, located a few doors down from Malibu Divers.

“It’s been very slow because people don’t know we’re open,” Jensen said. “We have to be patient. As long as the ocean is there, the customers will come back.”

Jensen closed her store for five months after the fire destroyed the merchandise on display and drove away tourists. July and August are typically big months for sales, said Jensen, who runs the shop with her husband.

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Jensen’s landlord is allowing her to pay half her usual rent, but even that is hard to come up with, she said. She opened her shop 10 years ago and sells sweatshirts, swimwear and gifts.

Jensen said she has faith the Malibu community will rebound, like it has several times in the past after disastrous wildfires and landslides. She stood among her merchandise on a recent quiet Wednesday and was cautiously hopeful.

“Maybe next summer will be normal,” she said.

Though the Country Kitchen employees had to stay home with no pay for months, they are back now, serving chili cheese fries, omelets and buffalo burgers.

“People love this place,” Ruiz said, standing in front of spot where he has worked most of his life. “We had customers calling who wanted to come in, but for a long time they weren’t able to.”

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