Connect with us

Montana

Tiny extinct crocodyliform with unusual teeth discovered in Montana

Published

on

Tiny extinct crocodyliform with unusual teeth discovered in Montana


An artistic rendering of Thikarisuchus xenodentes, an extinct crocodyliform from the Cretaceous of Montana. Credit: Dane Johnson/Museum of the Rockies

About 95 million years ago, a juvenile crocodyliform nicknamed Elton lived in what is now southwest Montana at the edge of the Western Interior Seaway.

Measuring no more than 2 feet long from nose to tip of tail, young Elton was about the size of a big lizard, according to Montana State University professor of paleontology David Varricchio. Had it lived to be full grown, Elton would have measured no longer than 3 feet, far smaller than most members of the Neosuchia clade to which it and its distant relatives belong.

The clade includes modern crocodilians and their closest extinct relatives, almost all of them semiaquatic or marine carnivores with simple, conical teeth.

Advertisement

Elton, by contrast, lived on the land, probably feasting on both plants and insects or small animals with its assortment of differently shaped and specialized teeth. Its unique anatomy reveals that it was part of a new, previously unrecognized family of crocodyliforms endemic to the Cretaceous of North America.

If not for the sharp eye of Harrison Allen, a 2023 graduate of MSU’s Department of Earth Sciences in the College of Letters and Science, Elton’s ancient remains may never have been discovered. But during a dig in the summer of 2021 in the Blackleaf geological formation on U.S. Forest Service land near Dillon, Allen—then a student in Varricchio’s field paleontology course—noticed a fossil the size of the tip of his pinkie with a “weird texture on it.”

“I brought it to Dr. Varricchio and knew it must be something good, because he said, ‘Take me to where you found this,’” said Allen, who is now studying croc paleontology as a doctoral student at Stony Brook University in New York.

It was an exciting moment for Allen, originally from Kentucky, who chose MSU because it offers a paleontology track for undergraduates majoring in earth sciences.

Four years and hundreds of hours of study later, he is the lead author of a paper published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology that describes the morphology and scientific significance of the creature whose remains he found in the Blackleaf Formation.

Advertisement

“After the dig, Dr. Varricchio told me why he was so excited the day I found the initial specimen. It had so much visible anatomy to explore, and he could see it was a tiny, tiny croc skull, fully articulated and preserved—it was a special thing,” Allen said.

“We have found dinosaurs (in the Blackleaf) before, but this was the second known vertebrate animal we’d ever found in this formation.”

The extinct animal, which Allen and the paper’s co-authors later named Thikarisuchus xenodentes for its strange, sheathed teeth, has provided new information about the paleoecology of the Blackleaf ecosystem and about patterns of evolution in the croc family tree.

It also provided the ultimate undergraduate research project for Allen, who delved into the painstaking process of excavating, sifting and reconstructing the Thikarisuchus remains with the help of some fellow students.

“As an undergraduate student new to research, I nervously went up to Dr. Varricchio and asked if I could study this specimen,” Allen said. “It led me down the rabbit hole into this amazing world of prehistoric, extinct crocs and their evolutionary niches.”

Advertisement

The day after Allen recovered the first piece of skeleton, he and his classmates scooped up several bags of sediment from the mound where it was found.

Back in Bozeman, Allen and his friend Dane Johnson, who graduated in 2022 and is now a paleontology lab and field specialist at MSU’s Museum of the Rockies, spent between 10 and 20 hours sifting out fine particulate matter and dirt, eventually recovering dozens of tiny pieces of the Thikarisuchus skeleton that collectively fit into the palm of Allen’s hand.

As they worked, they listened to music, including Elton John’s 1970s hit “Crocodile Rock.” The nickname “Elton” stuck, long before the specimen was assigned the scientific name that reflects its physical traits.

Allen and Johnson recovered bits of bone from almost all areas of the animal’s body, including its limbs, vertebrae, jaw and 50-millimeter-long skull. Because the fragments were tiny and exceptionally fragile, the students didn’t attempt to physically reassemble them.

Advertisement

Instead, they took them for a series of CT scans, including some at MSU’s Subzero Research Laboratory. Allen estimates that he spent well over 100 hours coloring the digital, 2D segment slices that the scans produced, a process necessary to visually distinguish the bones from the rocks they were embedded in.

“Harrison worked super hard to digitally reconstruct the animal, and it came out beautifully,” said Varricchio.

During the process, Allen discovered that the bones of Thikarisuchus were densely concentrated and organized in a manner consistent with fossils of organisms found in burrows in the Blackleaf Formation and the nearby Wayan Formation in Idaho.

He said this suggests that Thikarisuchus was likewise preserved within a burrow, further supporting the notion that fossils recovered from these formations are biased toward those that were preserved in burrows.

The specimen also presented clues about Thikarisuchus’ newly named family group Wannchampsidae and a similar group found in Eurasia known as Atopasauridae.

Advertisement

Both groups were tiny and terrestrially adapted, and they shared certain cranial and dental features found in another more distantly related group from the Cretaceous of Africa and South America.

“It suggests that during the same time period, we’re seeing convergent evolution between two distantly related groups due to similar environmental conditions, prey availability and who-knows-what that prompted crocs on opposite sides of the planet to develop similar features,” Allen said.

As he works toward his Ph.D. and a career as a paleontology professor, Allen said his experiences with Elton cemented his research interest, which has since broadened to include extinct crocs from all over the world.

“The majority of diversity of crocodyliforms is in the past. There were fully marine crocs, fully terrestrial crocs, herbivorous crocs, omnivores and some that cracked shells,” he said. “That amazed me and made me want to get into this more specific realm of paleontology.”

Varricchio said he feels fortunate that students like Allen choose to study at MSU.

Advertisement

“It was a true pleasure to have Harrison as a student here—so much positive enthusiasm, followed up with great research,” he said.

More information:
Harrison J. Allen et al, A new, diminutive, heterodont neosuchian from the Vaughn Member of the Blackleaf Formation (Cenomanian), southwest Montana, and implications for the paleoecology of heterodont neosuchians, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (2025). DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2025.2542185

Provided by
Montana State University

Advertisement

Citation:
Tiny extinct crocodyliform with unusual teeth discovered in Montana (2025, September 23)
retrieved 23 September 2025
from https://phys.org/news/2025-09-tiny-extinct-crocodyliform-unusual-teeth.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

Advertisement





Source link

Montana

Newly released documents shed light on Montana PSC dispute

Published

on

Newly released documents shed light on Montana PSC dispute


MISSOULA — Four out of five members of Montana’s Public Service Commission were in a federal courtroom in Missoula Thursday morning, as the PSC’s former president challenges the disciplinary action taken against him earlier this year. Now, newly released documents are shedding more light on to what led up to this point.

(Watch the video for a closer look at the case.)

New documents shed light Montana PSC dispute

Advertisement

Commissioner Brad Molnar has sued President Jeff Welborn, Vice President Jennifer Fielder and Commissioner Annie Bukacek – the three PSC members who voted in May to require him to work remotely, after an investigation into complaints about his workplace conduct. Molnar has claimed he is being unfairly punished for constitutionally protected speech, and he asked Senior U.S District Judge Donald Molloy to allow him to return to the PSC offices.

Matthew Monforton, Molnar’s attorney, told the judge that barring Molnar from the building was limiting his ability to do his job.

“He has not been officially kicked out of office, but his voice has clearly been diminished,” said Monforton.

But Natasha Jones, an attorney representing the other three commissioners, said the findings were about behavior, not just speech, and that the PSC’s action was a reasonable response.

Advertisement

“These are serious concerns about a pattern of conduct that has made employees quit,” she said.

Jonathon Ambarian

Montana Public Service Commissioner Brad Molnar (right) speaks with his attorney Matthew Monforton (left) outside the Russell Smith Federal Courthouse in Missoula, June 18, 2026.

On Tuesday, Molloy ordered the release of redacted versions of two full investigative reports into Molnar’s conduct – more than 100 pages of documents. Monforton had moved for the full reports to be made public, and Molloy ruled attorneys for the other PSC members hadn’t shown a compelling reason to keep the documents under seal as long as the names of people involved in the investigation were obscured.

While the names remained redacted in the investigation reports, the attorneys for Welborn, Fielder and Bukacek also filed additional documents – including a public declaration from Bukacek and from former PSC executive director Alana Lake, providing information about their allegations against Molnar.

The two reports, from an outside investigator, cover Molnar’s alleged actions over two periods: the first from February to August 2025, and the second from August to October 2025. The investigation began after the first formal complaint, filed by Bukacek in May 2025 – though the reports say employees had been bringing up concerns about Molnar’s behavior informally for several months prior.

Advertisement

Bukacek’s complaint claimed Molnar had repeatedly made what she called “sexualized and demeaning comments.” The examples she cited included saying the PSC should replace “Taco Tuesdays” with “Topless Tuesdays,” reminiscing about watching girls in bikinis as a teenager, and commenting about the beauty of women in areas of China who didn’t get “old and wrinkly.”

In her declaration, Bukacek also claimed Molnar had “maliciously disseminated false information” about her and “engaged in behavior that was dismissive, derisive and otherwise abusive.”

“My primary concern now is not for my safety nor my feelings, but for the rest of the staff who may not have the temperament to speak up or may feel too intimidated to speak up given concerns over job security,” Bukacek said in her declaration.

Molnar Docs

MTN News

On June 16, 2026, a federal judge ordered that two full investigative reports into Montana Public Service Commissioner Brad Molnar be unsealed, as long as the names of people involved in the case remain redacted.

The investigators determined Molnar had violated the PSC’s code of conduct by making comments of a sexual nature, and that it appeared his behavior had continued for some time after he was warned about it. They also found he had behaved unprofessionally and in a belittling manner toward Bukacek, though they said Bukacek herself had at times used “language that could be considered inappropriate” in emails to staff or other commissioners. Bukacek told MTN she “readily self corrected” any behaviors that were brought to her attention.

Advertisement

The investigation also found a violation in connection with a complaint from a PSC staff member, who said he “felt bullied” by Molnar when the commissioner sent an email complaining about his team not being “people with competence.”

However, much of the first report and the entire second report was focused on conduct after the initial complaints, when Molnar was accused of retaliating against people who participated in the investigation. Lake said in her declaration that she saw “an immediate and significant change in his behavior toward staff involved in the process.” She claimed he said he would use an attorney and private investigator to go after people who filed complaints, and she accused him of publicly criticizing her in interviews and removing her job responsibilities because of her handling of the investigation.

Lake said Molnar’s actions led to “declining morale within the agency,” undermined staff members’ ability to do their jobs and damaged her reputation. She said that led her to resign as executive director.

“I believe no employee should be forced to choose between reporting misconduct and protecting their career, reputation, or personal well-being,” she said in her declaration.

Lake has since become Helena city manager.

Advertisement
Missoula Federal Courthouse

Jonathon Ambarian

Four out of five members of the Montana Public Service Commission were at the Russell Smith Federal Courthouse in Missoula June 18, 2026, for a hearing on Commissioner Brad Molnar’s lawsuit challenging disciplinary action taken against him.

The report said there was evidence to show Molnar had retaliated, including by “making disparaging statements about investigation participants” including Lake, by sending an email warning he could file complaints of his own against people involved, and by taking other actions investigators said could dissuade employees from reporting behavior in the future.

Monforton said during Thursday’s hearing that the initial comments Bukacek complained about were jokes Molnar had admitted were inappropriate, that he regretted saying them, and that he hasn’t made any similar comments in about a year. But he argued the vast majority of the findings against Molnar were about retaliation – and that those were primarily based on speech that the other commissioners don’t have the right to interfere with.

Monforton said it’s unreasonable to punish Molnar for what he said in the July news conference where he announced he was under investigation, in interviews with the media or in commission meetings. He said Molnar’s conduct doesn’t rise to the level of actual retaliation.

“This is an elected official, engaging in speech in his forum,” Monforton said.

Advertisement

He said Molnar may have made harsh comments toward staff, but that he had the right to raise objections about the way the agency does business.

Montana Public Service Commission

Jonathon Ambarian

Monforton also argued the retaliation claims no longer justify keeping Molnar out of the office, since Welborn, Fielder and Bukacek voted to remove him as president in October and he no longer has the authority he’s accused of misusing. He said there haven’t been further complaints about his behavior since that time.

“We’re not asking for the moon and stars, we’re asking for the status quo as it existed for the last seven months,” he said.

Jones said there is enough evidence to show Molnar would have been punished regardless of whether any protected speech was excluded.

Advertisement

“This is not about a couple of jokes,” she said.

Jones said Molnar made maliciously false statements about people like Lake, and that type of statement isn’t covered by free speech protections.

She also said Molnar’s exclusion from the PSC offices is temporary, and that the PSC will reconsider whether to let him return if he apologizes for his actions, accepts the agency’s code of conduct and undergoes training.

Molloy indicated he saw indications that there was “acrimony” on both sides of the situation, and said he was skeptical it would be resolved easily.

“It would be nice if instead of juvenile behavior, there was professional behavior,” he said.

Advertisement

However, the judge said there was an avenue for Molnar to pursue if he wanted to reach a resolution.

Molloy took no immediate action Thursday. He told the parties he would rule as quickly as he could.





Source link

Continue Reading

Montana

Cancer Support Community Montana names new executive director to lead statewide expansion

Published

on

Cancer Support Community Montana names new executive director to lead statewide expansion


Carrie Gilbertson has been executive director of Cancer Support Community Montana for just under two months, stepping into the role in April with more than 15 years of nonprofit experience and a lifetime of Montana roots.

The organization provides psychosocial and mental health support to anyone affected by cancer — not just those with a diagnosis, but also family members and others walking alongside them.

WATCH: Meet the new leader of Cancer Support Community Montana 🎗️

Advertisement

Cancer Support Community Montana names new executive director

“This mission of providing psycho-social supports and mental health supports for anyone impacted by cancer, not just that person who has the diagnosis, but also family members, anyone who is walking alongside someone as they experience that often scary diagnosis, that’s just something that’s important to me,” Gilbertson said.

Gilbertson’s role extends beyond the Bozeman office. Cancer Support Community Montana’s Missoula location is already up and running, and a Helena location is expected to be operating soon. Each presents its own set of challenges.

“Each hospital is different. They might have different resources. Their social workers might be connecting to things in a different way. So understanding what those hospitals need, what different participants need in each community, is going to be different just because the communities are different, resources are different,” Gilbertson said.

Advertisement

The Bozeman office has been operating for more than 20 years, providing a foundation that supports the organization’s broader statewide efforts.

“I think this is a crew that looks at what does this community need what do our participants need what are some of the changing landscapes in cancer care what things are the gaps that we see that we can maybe just jump right in and you know let’s see if we can provide that for people so that’s something I really love about this crew that I work with and just this mission that there is some flexibility in being able to adjust and adapt as we learn more,” Gilbertson said.

Those adaptations show up in unexpected ways. The organization converts its parking lot into a pickleball court every Friday morning.

“I didn’t know there was a pickleball court. I pulled in actually with my daughter pulled in and she was is that pickleball court and I was like oh, it kind of looks like it is so yeah that’s fun, every Friday morning we clear out the parking lot and put up the net and I haven’t played yet I’ve been watching just to kind of see how that game works but they take it pretty seriously,” Gilbertson said.

This story was reported on-air by a journalist and has been converted to this platform with the assistance of AI. Our editorial team verifies all reporting on all platforms for fairness and accuracy.

Advertisement





Source link

Continue Reading

Montana

Montana Lottery Powerball, Lotto America results for June 17, 2026

Published

on


The Montana Lottery offers multiple draw games for those aiming to win big.

Here’s a look at June 17, 2026, results for each game:

Winning Powerball numbers from June 17 drawing

03-26-49-53-61, Powerball: 12, Power Play: 2

Check Powerball payouts and previous drawings here.

Advertisement

Winning Lotto America numbers from June 17 drawing

11-16-18-33-51, Star Ball: 09, ASB: 05

Check Lotto America payouts and previous drawings here.

Winning Big Sky Bonus numbers from June 17 drawing

01-16-17-27, Bonus: 01

Check Big Sky Bonus payouts and previous drawings here.

Winning Montana Cash numbers from June 17 drawing

13-22-35-36-39

Advertisement

Check Montana Cash payouts and previous drawings here.

Feeling lucky? Explore the latest lottery news & results

When are the Montana Lottery drawings held?

  • Powerball: 8:59 p.m. MT on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday.
  • Mega Millions: 9 p.m. MT on Tuesday and Friday.
  • Lucky For Life: 8:38 p.m. MT daily.
  • Lotto America: 9 p.m. MT on Monday, Wednesday and Saturday.
  • Big Sky Bonus: 7:30 p.m. MT daily.
  • Powerball Double Play: 8:59 p.m. MT on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday.
  • Montana Cash: 8 p.m. MT on Wednesday and Saturday.
  • Millionaire for Life: 9:15 p.m. MT daily.

Missed a draw? Peek at the past week’s winning numbers.

This results page was generated automatically using information from TinBu and a template written and reviewed by a Great Falls Tribune editor. You can send feedback using this form.



Source link

Advertisement
Continue Reading
Advertisement

Trending