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NAEP results: Tennessee students buck grim national trends on nation’s report card

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NAEP results: Tennessee students buck grim national trends on nation’s report card


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Tennessee students held their ground on a major national test in a year when average student test scores declined nationwide.

Results from the 2024 National Assessment of Educational Progress, or NAEP, released Wednesday, show that average test scores in Tennessee increased slightly in fourth and eighth grade reading and math, compared with 2022, though the gains were not statistically significant.

Tennessee’s latest post-pandemic results stood in contrast to declines seen nationwide and in many other states. And Tennessee students scored three to four points higher than the national average in math and one to two points higher in reading.

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“Tennessee students did well relative to other states, and we did better than some of our neighbors,” Education Commissioner Lizzette Reynolds said.

“We didn’t move backwards, we moved a little bit forward, and we expect to do better next year,” added state Rep. Mark White, of Memphis, who chairs a key House education committee and also serves on the NAEP governing board.

Math scores outpace reading scores

Tennessee has launched numerous initiatives aimed at bolstering early literacy, but the latest NAEP showed the state’s most dramatic improvements came in math.

In fourth grade math, 42% of students scored proficient or advanced, an increase of 6 percentage points from 2022. The state was one of 29 jurisdictions that posted scores similar to 2019, before the pandemic. Only Alabama had average scores higher than 2019. Nationwide, average scores are down three points, and 22 states had declines.

In eighth grade math, Tennessee’s proficiency rate also grew, while the national average declined. Tennessee was one of just two jurisdictions with similar scores to 2019. Average scores dropped 9 points.

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In fourth grade reading, Tennessee was one of 47 states with no statistical change from 2022. Nonetheless, its scores were up slightly, whereas the nationwide average dropped by two points from 2022 and by five points from 2019.

The small increases in eighth grade reading scores were not statistically different from 2022 or 2019, but again, the small increase stood in contrast to nationwide averages that dropped 5 points since 2019. Tennessee also saw more notable increases in scores among higher-performing students in the 75th percentile.

The relatively strong showing in math, according to state officials, could be tied to the full return to in-person learning, which studies show is especially important for math instruction; Tennessee’s 2021 adoption of new math standards; and the subsequent rollout of math curriculum to align with those standards.

They expect that trend to continue with passage of a 2024 state law spotlighting more analysis of and support for math instruction.

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Tennessee was an early adopter of pandemic-era interventions

Tennessee has been held up as a model both for how it managed federal pandemic relief spending — quickly steering money into tutoring, summer learning camps, and afterschool programs aimed at students who had fallen furthest behind — and for its intense focus on early literacy. State test results from 2024 show students there making steady progress since 2021.

The challenge now will be to maintain progress and deploy state funds to replace federal pandemic relief aid that expired last year.

“We still have that obligation at the state level to continue to support districts in as many ways as possible,” said Reynolds, the state’s education chief. She cited free professional development resources provided to school systems by her department as one example.

“Local school officials also knew that the money was ending, so they’ve been building in their own sustainability practices to keep the work going,” she said.

White, the state lawmaker and NAEP official, said the state’s controversial 2021 third-grade reading intervention and retention law was a key part of the mix. It pushed children whose families might have opted for summer breaks into summer learning programs and motivated schools to increase support for struggling readers.

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“If a child is not reading proficiently in third grade, we want to really understand why and not just pass them on,” he said.

State officials already are digging into the latest NAEP data on how various student groups performed — to study how they can offer better support.

Tennessee’s growing population of English language learners saw across-the-board improvement, while students with disabilities showed slight decreases.

The national results track with test score trends from the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program, which in 2024 showed that students continued to improve from post-pandemic lows.

The alignment of national and state data is important, said Amy Owen, the state’s senior education policy director, because “it shows that our students will be able to compete with students from across the country when they look at post-secondary and career opportunities.”

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“We’re seeing steady increases, which is significant when you think about where our kids were during COVID,” added Reynolds. “Our fourth graders were kindergartners then, our eighth graders were fourth graders.”

Memphis district opts out of separate NAEP assessment

Since 2018, NAEP has also released results for Memphis Shelby County Schools, one of roughly two dozen large urban districts participating in national math and reading tests through the Trial Urban District Assessment program, which is designed to help those districts measure student performance against districts in other large cities.

But last year, leaders of the Memphis district chose not to participate in the program.

White, who represents part of Memphis, said the lack of participation represented a “leadership breakdown” as the district cycled through superintendents.

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“That’s sad that we don’t have their scores,” he said. “We can’t continue that trend.”

What is NAEP?

Not every Tennessee fourth-grader or eighth-grader took the national test when the federal government administered the assessments in early 2024.

NAEP tests a nationally representative sample of students in every state. In Tennessee, each of the four assessments was taken by about 1,700-1,800 students in 80-90 schools.

The results, published as the nation’s report card, allow comparisons across states and are an important marker for showing how students are doing over time.

The last three testing cycles happened in 2019, 2022, and most recently in 2024, providing an especially helpful comparison of what students knew before the pandemic and how much they have rebounded from COVID-related learning disruptions.

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Erica Meltzer is Chalkbeat’s national editor based in Colorado. Contact Erica at emeltzer@chalkbeat.org.

Marta Aldrich is a senior correspondent and covers the statehouse for Chalkbeat Tennessee. Contact her at maldrich@chalkbeat.org.



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In-N-Out lines in Tennessee are so long there’s now an app to track wait times

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In-N-Out lines in Tennessee are so long there’s now an app to track wait times


Hoping to get in and out of In-N-Out Burger quickly? There’s an app for that.

The arrival of the beloved California burger chain in Tennessee has sparked such intense demand that fans have turned to technology to manage the hours-long lines.

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How ‘The Wait App’ tracks massive burger lines

What we know:

Tennessee’s first three In-N-Out locations—situated in Lebanon, Antioch, and Murfreesboro—opened their doors in mid-December to massive crowds. 

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To combat the resulting congestion, a web-based tool called Thewaitapp.com was launched to provide real-time data on how long it takes to order both inside the restaurant and at the drive-thru, WSMV reports.

SUGGESTED: In-N-Out Burger removes number ’67’ from system in response to viral ‘6-7’ trend

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The app relies entirely on crowdsourcing, meaning users visiting the restaurants input their own wait times to keep the data current for others.

Timeline of In-N-Out’s Tennessee expansion

Timeline:

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In-N-Out’s rapid expansion into the Midstate occurred over the course of a single week in December 2025:

December 10: The first two Tennessee locations officially opened in Lebanon and Nashville’s Antioch neighborhood, drawing immediate, multi-hour lines.

December 12: A third location opened in Murfreesboro, further expanding the brand’s footprint in the region.

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Mid-December: “The Wait App” launched shortly after the initial openings to help customers find the shortest lines among the trio of restaurants.

The In-N-Out effect

Why you should care:

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For Tennessee residents, the arrival of the California-based chain is a significant cultural and economic event, but it has also created localized traffic issues. 

The launch of a third-party app highlights the “In-N-Out effect,” where brand loyalty is high enough to drive secondary technological solutions. 

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SUGGESTED: See how this California In-N-Out solved its biggest traffic problem

For the casual diner, using the app can mean the difference between a quick meal and a three-hour commitment, as it even provides a “confidence level” for the accuracy of the reported times.

The backstory:

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In-N-Out heiress and CEO Lynsi Snyder announced in 2023 that In-N-Out planned to open future restaurants in Tennessee in addition to an Eastern territory administrative office in the city of Franklin.

Earlier this year, Snyder revealed she and her family were relocating to Tennessee. 

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“There’s a lot of great things about California, but raising a family is not easy here,” she said on an episode of the podcast Relatable with Allie Beth Stuckey. “Doing business is not easy here now.”

Snyder said the majority of In-N-Out restaurants would still be in California.

PREVIOUS COVERAGE:

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“Moving into Tennessee provides our In-N-Out Associates wonderful opportunities to buy a home and raise a family and be a part of our expansion in a different part of the U.S.,” she said in a separate video clarifying her statements made on the podcast.

“It’s tough here in California, and this doesn’t have to do with my love or loyalty to the state and our customers,” she said. “But I love our associates and I [want to] offer them this.”

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Big picture view:

In-N-Out was founded by Harry and Esther Snyder in Baldwin Park in 1948 as California’s first drive-thru hamburger stand. 

The chain expanded to locations across the Golden State and in 1992, it opened its first restaurant outside California in Nevada.

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SUGGESTED: In-N-Out, Trader Joes named among best employers in California: See the list

In-N-Out currently operates more than 400 locations across California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas, Oregon, Colorado, Idaho, and Tennessee.

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Future of the franchise

What’s next:

While the initial “grand opening craze” has settled slightly, wait times are expected to remain high through the holiday season. The success of the Tennessee wait-tracking tool may set a precedent for future In-N-Out expansions into new territories. 

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This story was reported from Los Angeles.

The Source: This report is based on local coverage of In-N-Out Burger’s expansion into Middle Tennessee and technical specifications from Thewaitapp.com. Data regarding restaurant opening dates and location details were verified through official company announcements and local news reports from the Nashville and Murfreesboro areas.

In-N-OutTennesseeU.S.TechnologyFood and DrinkRestaurants
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Unseen Tennessee Williams radio play published in literary magazine

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Unseen Tennessee Williams radio play published in literary magazine


As one of the 20th century’s most successful playwrights, Tennessee Williams penned popular works at the very pinnacle of US theater, including A Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.

Years before his almost unparalleled Broadway triumphs, however, the aspiring writer then known simply as Tom wrote a series of short radio plays as he struggled to find a breakthrough. One is The Strangers, a supernatural tale offering glimpses into the accomplished wordsmith that Williams would become, and published for the first time this week in the literary magazine Strand.

It is a “significant find” according to scholars of Williams’s early days and upbringing in Missouri.

“The play incorporates all the theatrical elements of early radio horror,” said Andrew Gulli, the publication’s managing editor.

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“A storm, howling wind, shadows, a house perched over the sea, flickering candles, mysterious footsteps on the stairs, spectral beings … as well as early hints of the themes and devices Williams would return to in his most famous later works: isolation, fear, the shades of gray between imagination and reality, and a house haunted by memory and the private terrors of those who inhabit it.”

The Strangers never made it to Broadway, and is believed to have enjoyed only a single performance on a rural radio station in Iowa as part of a short-lived series called Little Theater of the Air in 1938.

But the script’s dark themes, characters and plot twists provide a fascinating, albeit limited glimpse at the style Williams was honing on his way to the big time with plays exploring repression, desire and loneliness. It was written as part of his coursework at the University of Iowa, where he was studying for an undergraduate English degree.

“It is unusual as a radio play,” said Tom Mitchell, a Williams biographer and expert who was not connected to Strand’s acquisition of the work from the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin.

“It is significant as a ‘find’ insofar as it is one of the many examples of Williams’s writing that hasn’t been published yet [and] is among a number of stories that fit into the category of weird tales, ghost stories, exotic mysteries, science fiction, time travel, etc.

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“It’s a fairly standard scary tale, but it’s fun and spooky, and even more fun when read aloud.”

The plot centers on an elderly couple and their spinster houseguest on a stormy night on the New England coast, where the rotating beam from a nearby lighthouse provides sporadic relief from the darkness and the presence of supernatural beings known as “the strangers”.

A series of distressing events leaves listeners wondering if the beings are “a materialization of the occult, or projections of the characters’ unravelling minds”, according to John Bak, professor of literature at Wits University and the Université de Lorraine, who wrote an analysis of the play for Strand.

At the time he wrote it, Bak said, “Williams was still trying, unsuccessfully, to land work in either federally funded theatre or radio broadcasting, but that failure would prove fortuitous, both for him and for American theater, for Tom Williams was on his way to becoming Tennessee Williams.

“Like many of his early experiments, The Strangers, with its portrayal of isolation, fear, psychological ambiguity, and the possible mental unraveling of its characters, does more than reveal an emerging artist: it foreshadows so many of the themes that would define Tennessee Williams’s most enduring works.”

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In 2021, Gulli uncovered another previously unpublished work by Williams, his 1952 short story The Summer Woman, found in archives at Harvard University’s Houghton Library.

By that time Williams, who died in 1983 aged 71, had found success, writing the story eight years after his breakout play The Glass Menagerie, and almost midway between publication of two of his biggest successes, A Streetcar Named Desire in 1947, and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 1955.



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‘I was horrified’: Parents describe inappropriate interactions on Roblox, Tennessee AG files lawsuit against the company

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‘I was horrified’: Parents describe inappropriate interactions on Roblox, Tennessee AG files lawsuit against the company


NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WSMV) – When Savannah Bishop’s 13-year-old got into Roblox, it seemed innocent enough to her.

“The game itself, it’s a pretty cool interface,” Bishop said. “They can go in, and they can play all sorts of little sub games, and some of them are very innocent. The one that my kid was into at the time was pretending you’re a pizza delivery driver.”

But she started hearing some concerning things about the online gaming platform, so she sat down with her son to take a look for herself.

“It took maybe 10 minutes or so for the first obvious adult to be questioning me about things like where I went to school and what kind of stuff I was into, and if I had any other apps, you know, they try to get you on stuff like Telegram or WhatsApp, Snapchat,” she said.

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Bishop was logged into her child’s account which she says was clearly marked as belonging to a 13-year-old boy. As she explored the game even more, she says the messages she saw shocked her.

“I was absolutely horrified,” she said. “They were discussing the possibility, right off the bat, of doing pretty lewd sexual acts with a profile that’s marked as a child. There was another one that had a profile that was marked as, I believe, a 14-year-old girl, but it obviously wasn’t because then ‘she’ started talking about, you know, her size and if she was going to be able to drive to meet my child.”

She kept searching only to find sub-games, called “experiences” in the app, with lewd theming and tasks she found inappropriate.

“They’re able, they’re encouraged, in fact, to perform sexual acts,” Bishop said. “They’re encouraged to commit crimes. Like some will say, ‘If you can steal this person’s wallet, then you’ll get so many points,’ you know, or ‘If you can beat up this this old lady…’”

Bishop says she reported the chats to Roblox, but never heard anything back.

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“I just don’t feel like they’ve tried hard enough to circumvent them, because I did report all of the users that were interacting with my child in a way that wasn’t appropriate. Nothing came of it.”

The lawsuit

It’s stories like this that sparked Tennessee Attorney General Jonathan Skrmetti to file a lawsuit against Roblox, claiming that the company’s “deceptive and unfair business practices” are putting Tennessee kids at risk.

“Roblox is the digital equivalent of a creepy cargo van lingering at the edge of a playground,” Skrmetti said in a press release announcing the filing.

The lawsuit, filed this week, claims the game creates an environment where predators can “readily hunt, groom and sexually exploit minors.” It argues the company is violating the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act of 1977 by marketing itself as safe for kids despite numerous examples of child endangerment on the platform.

The lawsuit lays out the game’s reach, averaging 151.5 million daily active users in the third quarter of 2025, up 50 percent from the same time last year. According to the filing, over two thirds of the game’s daily users are under the age of 16.

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It also details several “experiences” on the app that are accessible to children, including virtual strip clubs, sex rooms, and ones titled “Escape to Epstein Island” and “Diddy Party.” Other available mini games include some with racist messaging and one that simulates a mass shooting in a hospital.

The lawsuit acknowledges multiple restrictions imposed by Roblox in 2024 in an attempt to prevent children from seeing inappropriate content on the game, but argues the restrictions are easy for kids to get around.

Plus, it argues that because the game has virtually no age verification policies, it’s easy for kids to lie about how old they are.

The AG’s office is working with J. Gerard Stranch, IV, a founding and managing member of the Nashville-based firm Stranch, Jennings & Garvey, PLLC, to prosecute.

“We are proud to stand with the Attorney General in this fight to protect Tennessee families,” Stranch said. “Roblox has had nearly 20 years to fix these obvious safety flaws. Instead, they have chosen to profit from a system that monetizes the very interactions that put children at risk by ignoring these very serious flaws in the platform.”

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Roblox responds

Roblox’s Chief Safety Officer Matt Kauffman responded to the lawsuit in a statement, saying it “fundamentally misrepresents” the game.

“This lawsuit fundamentally misrepresents Roblox and how it works. Roblox is built with safety at its core, and we continue to evolve and strengthen our protections every day. We have advanced safeguards that monitor our platform for harmful content and communications. Users cannot send or receive images via chat, eliminating one of the most prevalent opportunities for misuse seen elsewhere online. Safety is a constant and consistent focus of our work, and we are currently rolling out additional measures to further limit who users can chat with. We take swift action against anyone found to violate our safety rules and work closely with law enforcement to support investigations and help hold bad actors accountable.

As a dad, I know there is no finish line when it comes to protecting kids, and while no system can be perfect, our commitment to safety never ends. Parents can visit our Safety Center to learn more about our safety work and ways to keep their children safe online: roblox.com/safetycenter.”

The company said that it has multiple safety measures in place and that its policies are purposefully stricter than other social networks and user-generated content platforms.

It also said Roblox does not allow image sharing in the chat feature, which is also subject to filters that are designed to block personal information sharing.

“We constantly monitor communication for critical harms and swiftly remove violative content when detected and work closely with law enforcement,” Roblox said.

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Additionally, Roblox said it recognizes the wide-spread issue of age verification, and that it recently announced that the company would be rolling out age estimation technology globally by the end of the year.

“Roblox works closely with law enforcement, government agencies, mental health organizations, and parental advocacy groups to create resources for parents and to keep users safe on the platform,” the company said. “For example, we maintain direct communication channels with organizations, such as the FBI and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), for immediate escalation of serious threats that we identify.”

Protecting your kids online

In 2025, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation’s Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force received more than 21,000 cyber tips from social media companies.

“A lot of people hear that word cyber tip and they just think, ‘Oh, it’s just a tip,’” said Assistant Special Agent in Charge of the task force Robert Burghardt. “These are actually cases of either children and or subjects in the state of Tennessee that are either being harmed and or are harming other children.”

He says the biggest concern for parents should be online communication and chatting apps.

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“Any social media app or platform out there where you can communicate, then a child is potentially in danger of being harmed,” Burghardt said. “These people know what to say to kids. There’s scripts out there that tell what to say for certain age groups.”

Burghardt travels to schools across the state talking to children about the dangers of online chatting.

“Pretty much every school that I’ve talked to, there’s either a child that gets up and leaves crying, and or comes to me afterwards saying, ‘Hey, this is happening to me,’” he said. “They just don’t know. They just feel alone. A lot of times they feel trapped. They keep it inside, because the last thing they want to do is go and tell their parents.”

Burghardt says predators often find kids on gaming apps like Roblox or Fortnite and convince them to start messaging on other apps with less restrictions like Snapchat or Discord.

He says the conversations can devolve into sending and receiving inappropriate images, and AI is only making things more complicated.

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“With just one click, all of a sudden turn that innocent photo of the child into a nude photograph, send that to that child and say, ‘Hey, we have your nude. You might as well send us more or give us money,’” Burghardt said. “Unfortunately, we deal with the suicides with sextortion among kids. To them, it’s the scariest and the worst time of their life. Knowing that their images are possibly out there, you know, being shared forever.”

To protect your kids, Burghardt recommends eliminating or seriously limiting the online chatting availability to your kids. Many social media and gaming apps, including Roblox, have parental controls that allow you to disable chatting functions.

He also says it’s important to always know what your kids are doing on their devices.

“These social media companies know exactly what your kids are doing online all the time, so why can’t you as a parent?” he said. “You have that power. You can take that phone.”

After what she saw on Roblox, Bishop now only allows her kids to play the game on a shared device with direct adult supervision.

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“Their friends are getting to play it, and it really sucks as a parent because you don’t want your child to be othered or feel left out,” Bishop said. “I always tell my kids, too, ‘I’m not judging you because I have no idea how I would have handled it if this type of technology had been available when I was a teenager.’ I try to approach it as me and them against the dangers and against the problem rather than me against them as the problem.”



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