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An insect's eye and a poppy seed: Fossils found in ice deposit rewrite Greenland's geological past

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An insect's eye and a poppy seed: Fossils found in ice deposit rewrite Greenland's geological past


A new study published Monday finds most of Greenland’s ice sheet melted away in the recent geological past.

Co-authored by University of Vermont researchers Halley Mastro and Paul Bierman, the paper shows the presence of fossils in an ice segment taken from the center of Greenland’s ice sheet. The scientists say this shows life existed in an iceless environment less than 1.1 million years ago.

“I think the picture that’s coming into my mind now is that Greenland is fragile, and that during prior warm periods, it did melt,” said Bierman, a geoscientist with UVM’s Gund Institute for Environment.

That could have implications for today’s warming world, where melting ice sheets are raising global sea levels.

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The study also included researchers from NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, the University of Washington, Williams College, Purdue University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, and the University of New Hampshire.

It builds on Bierman’s previous research. In 2019, his team published a paper showing fragments of soil containing fossils and biomolecules were found in an ice core taken close to Greenland’s coast, at a location called Camp Century, where the ice is thinner. This revealed that the ice had melted within the last 400,000 years — more recently than previously believed.

Bierman said that made them wonder what might be at the bottom of GISP2, a core taken from a deeper area, closer to the center of Greenland’s ice sheet. UVM requested a sample held at the National Science Foundation Ice Core Facility in Colorado, and were given a 3 inch specimen from 2 miles beneath the top of the ice sheet.

Christine Massey

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University of Vermont

Drill dome and camp. GISP2, Summit Greenland.

“I thought, you know, maybe we’d get a chunk,” Bierman said. “But in fact, we got a little baggy that you could hold in the palm of your hand with 30 grams, about an ounce of brown, dry sand and silt, a little bit of gravel in there.”

They were able to identify organic material in the sediment.

“If you imagine like on Lake Champlain … when you see all the debris like washing up onto the shore, you can sort of imagine how it floats sort of differently than like, the dirt and stuff,” said Halley Mastro, a research assistant at UVM. “So that’s sort of what it looks like on a very tiny scale.”

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The sample from the core contained material Mastro had never seen before. There were bits of rock spike moss, the preserved eye of an unknown insect and the seed of an Arctic poppy flower.

“So what the new findings mean right now is that not only do we have this isotopic evidence with mathematical models of the disappearance of the center of the ice sheet, but we actually have this tangible, tractable [thing],” Bierman said. “I mean, when you find a fossil, you can explain that to anybody, right? ‘I’ve got a poppy seed under two miles of ice, how’d it get there?’”

Against a black backdrop, small spheres of light brown and dark black items sit.

Halley Mastro

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University of Vermont

Willow bud scale, arctic poppy seed, fungal bodies and rock spikemoss megaspores found in the GISP2 soil sample viewed under a microscope.

For each of these remnants of life to have existed, it meant that in the last million years, the ice had to have melted by at least 90% to allow nature to thrive.

The researchers say the sample, taken from where the ice is thickest, at the center of the sheet, expands on the “coastal” findings of Camp Century and gives scientists a better understanding of what has happened with Greenland’s ice sheet in the past.

Rising sea levels

According to a 2015 study, when Greenland’s ice sheet melted 400,000 years ago, sea levels rose between 6 and 13 meters above what they are now.

Today, Greenland holds the equivalent of between 6 and 7 meters of global sea rise in its ice. If it were all to melt, it would pose a catastrophic threat to coastal communities around the world.

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But Bierman said data also shows at some point after 400,000 years ago, the ice sheet did return to the landscape.

“So this is not all doom and gloom, but it came back when atmospheric carbon dioxide was 280 or 290 parts per million, not when it was 420 [parts per million and] headed up fast,” Bierman said, referencing the current measure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. “So I think there’s a big warning in here that, yes, Greenland’s ice sheet is fragile, but we are pushing that ice sheet to melt right now, and we’re pushing it really hard by warming the climate.”

He said that should be a wake up call.

“It takes time to melt the ice sheet, but we are headed right now — unless we get the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, we’re headed for that tens of thousands of years of warmth,” Bierman said.

Sea levels are currently rising over 1 inch each decade. Bierman says right now, reducing carbon emissions and working to remove existing carbon from the atmosphere is the number one priority in keeping sea levels from rising.

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As for the fossil findings, Bierman and Mastro said they came as a complete surprise and can serve as a tool to paint a picture of Greenland in a different geological time, a stark portrait of a scene they’re hoping to prevent.

“I think the poppy seed is sort of a good thing to sort of highlight, just because people understand what a poppy flower looks like, and can sort of get the vision much easier of the landscape,” Mastro said. “People know what flowers are, but rocks, moss, doesn’t really bring anything to the eye. But I think they all gave us different bits of information … and so does Arctic poppy, but knowing that together, we can sort of build this picture of this ecosystem at that time.”

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Maine Black Bears vs. Vermont Catamounts – Live Score – March 13, 2026

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Maine Black Bears vs. Vermont Catamounts – Live Score – March 13, 2026


Vermont meets Maine and Smith in America East Final, fresh off her 26 Pts, 12 Reb, 4 Ast game

TEAM STATS

ME

62.3 PPG 65.8

28.4 RPG 29.8

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13.4 APG 12.1

11.2 TPG 9.9

60.1 PPG Allowed 51.5

UVM

TEAM LEADERS

ME
UVM
PREVIOUS GAMES
Maine Black Bears ME

Vermont Catamounts UVM



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COMMENTARY: Vermont: The Beckoning Country

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COMMENTARY: Vermont: The Beckoning Country


Vermont has some big problems that desperately need fixing! Many of them are connected, in a variety of ways to a symptom rarely discussed. The population of Vermont is falling while the population of the United States is growing. Vermont has been losing people for the last few years. The reasons include deaths in Vermont outpace births; between 2023 and 2024 there were 1,700 more deaths than births. More people left the state than moved into Vermont. In another worrying sign the birthrate in the United States is down 25 percent since 2007 when the decline began. Another symptom may be that weekly take home pay in Vermont is about $400.00 less than the national average. Taken together these problems should set off alarms about our future.

S, it should not be a surprise that our schools throughout the state have a diminishing number of students while simultaneously school budgets are skyrocketing upward. Yes, it is costing us more to educate fewer students, and Vermonters are rarely wealthy. Maintaining quality schools is expensive. The average pay for public school teachers in the United States is $72,030. The average pay for a public-school teacher in Vermont is only $52,559. A nearly $20,000 gap is hardly an incentive to attract the best of the best. Good teachers are a precious commodity.

Gov. Phil Scott has demanded the Legislature do something about education costs in the Green Mountain State. Legislators have been spending much more time on this problem than any other facing the state. There have been various proposals, one of the latest is from Sen. Seth Bongartz of Manchester that would create a two year “ramp period” for school districts to merge voluntarily. Two years is a long time to wait when the problem is financially urgent. School mergers are inevitable in many areas which will mean the eventual closing of several small elementary schools. The closing in many cases means long bus rides for little kids.

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One idea that has not been discussed is increasing, substantially, Vermont’s population over the next decade or so. We don’t have enough students to make financial sense for our small rural schools. We need more property-owning people whose taxes will help balance our cash-strapped education budgets. Why doesn’t the Legislature think about a campaign to entice people to move to the Green Mountain state?

In the 1960s Vermont’s economic development officials, under new Gov. Phil Hoff, launched a marketing campaign that was known as “Vermont the Beckoning Country.” The campaign was remarkably successful, bringing thousands of people to a place that at that time had largely skipped the Industrial Revolution. Vermont’s ski industry began growing by leaps and bounds then, bringing in large numbers of people new to the state. Entrepreneurs, many of them World War II veterans, began developing ski resorts in the Green Mountains. They attracted thousands of visitors and some of those visitors fell in love with Vermont. They stayed. These Flatlanders changed the state, making it more liberal, and more environmentally conscious. Gov. Hoff, the first Democrat elected governor since 1853, was followed by a wave of successful liberal politicians who turned Vermont from red to blue. People can differ about the whether the political transformation improved the state or destroyed it, but the state undoubtedly grew more prosperous.

Vermont has plenty of land that can be used to build new housing. New people can bring fresh ideas and the capital needed to create new businesses with good jobs. More families living in more houses means more property taxes going to schools. It should also lighten the load for the current financially stressed Vermonters.

A well-financed advertising campaign to entice new people to make Vermont their home will make us more prosperous. More taxpayers can be one of the many solutions needed to save our struggling education system.

Clear the cobwebs off the old slogan and invite a whole new crop of young, energetic families to Vermont the Beckoning Country!

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Eric Peterson lives in Bennington. Opinions expressed by columnists do not necessarily reflect the views of Vermont News & Media. 



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Spring-like days ahead, but the risk for additional river ice jams and flooding will continue.

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Spring-like days ahead, but the risk for additional river ice jams and flooding will continue.


BURLINGTON, Vt. (WCAX) – It was a pleasant Sunday with spring-like temperatures, but it also resulted in a few ice jams in rivers, which happened earlier than expected. The Ausable, Mad, Missisquoi and Great Chazy rivers flooded today due to ice jams. These rivers will recede tonight as temperatures get close to, or below, freezing. However, new ice jams may form, and additional rivers may flood on Monday as highs get even warmer. Expect partly sunny skies with highs in the upper 50s to low 60s. The wind may gust as highs as 40 mph. This will continue to support rapid snowmelt, which will run off into rivers and other bodies of water. Remember to never cross any flooded roads, and avoid going near river banks.

The threat for ice jams will continue into Thursday. A backdoor cold front may touch off a few showers on Tuesday, otherwise it will be partly sunny with highs ranging from the 40s north to the 50s and low 60s south. Computer models continue to bring a low pressure system in our area on Wednesday. It’s continuing to look a little warmer, though the heavier rain is now inching farther into Canada. That said, some rain is likely, and high temperatures will be at least in the low 40s, and may reach the 50s in southern parts of the region. Morning rain on Thursday will change to afternoon snow. A few inches accumulation is possible. Early highs in the 30s will fall through the 20s by afternoon, and overnight lows will be in the teens and low 20s, so everything will freeze up.

Friday will start off with some sunshine, then another, weaker system could bring a light rain/snow mix late in the day and overnight. A few inches of snow can’t be ruled out. A return to more seasonable temperatures will happen over the weekend with highs mainly in the mid-30s and lows in the teens and 20s. There’s the chance for snow showers both days, but significant weather isn’t expected.

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