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Letter from Minneapolis: The Legacy of Highway Construction — Streetsblog USA

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Letter from Minneapolis: The Legacy of Highway Construction — Streetsblog USA


This piece originally appeared on Streets.mn.

Cities in the United States underwent major surgery between 1940 and 1970 to make way for the construction of the interstate highway system.

In the Twin Cities, highway construction displaced 30,000 residents, many of whom were Black residents living in neighborhoods that planners considered disposable. The highways were also convenient tools to rid the cities of perceived social ills, a mindset deeply embedded in white supremacy.

Today, the legacy of these planning decisions is clear. Communities along highways face intersectional health, environmental, equity and mobility harms. This land no longer serves communities in adjacent neighborhoods with multimodal transportation, community business space and housing, instead prioritizing suburban commuting and car-oriented development.

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But maps and data tell only part of the story of the neighborhoods damaged by highways, missing the cultural landscape of Twin Cities neighborhoods, their people, and past and ongoing harms and resistance. 

Rich public history work has been done to tell the story of Rondo and Union Park in St. Paul and South Minneapolis along I-35, but the stories of other communities remain hidden from our collective memory. Our Streets Minneapolis has collaborated with the University of Minnesota’s Public History and Heritage Studies Program, the Mapping Prejudice Project, student researchers, neighborhood organizations, and residents to investigate the history and present of life along these concrete rivers. These histories tell the story of Sixth Avenue North, destroyed to construct Olson Memorial Highway (Minnesota State Highway 55) and Cedar-Riverside, partially destroyed and divided to construct I-94. 

Sixth Avenue North

The intersection of Olson Memorial Highway and I-94, where you can now hear the roar of traffic through the Harrison Neighborhood and downtown Minneapolis, was once the epicenter of Black and Jewish life in Minneapolis. 

Sumner Library in 1945, before it was moved for the highway.Photo: Hennepin County Libraries

The Corner of Sixth Avenue North and Lyndale Avenue, from a portion of Clarence Miller’s memory map (depicting the neighborhood in the 1920s). Courtesy Hennepin County Libraries. 

The Corner, as it was known, at old Sixth Avenue and Lyndale, was packed with small groceries, diners, houses of worship and bars. Jewish delis and grocery stores helped immigrant families escaping pogroms in Eastern Europe, and “black and tan” (mixed race) jazz clubs connected new and touring talent. Nearby was the Black Elk’s club, a movie theater, bathhouses, schools, settlement houses that supported a wealth of youth and adult programming, the NAACP’s favorite ice cream parlor meeting place and Sumner Library (the only remaining building from those days). In the 1930s the houses (built primarily by earlier wealthy settlers in the 1880s) were also poor and run-down, as Black and Jewish residents had harder times finding employment, business and home loans, and improvement funds. 

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The Corner of Sixth Avenue North and Lyndale Avenue, from a portion of Clarence Miller’s memory map (depicting the neighborhood in the 1920s).Image: Hennepin County Library

In the 1920s, music and bootlegging both thrived in North Minneapolis as rare employment opportunities for Black and Jewish residents, but morality squads and city planners deplored racial mixing and bar culture. These factors made the area prime cheap real estate for the city’s earliest highway, Olson Memorial, today’s MN 55. 

The first phase of construction razed the northern half of the street in the late 1930s and the southern half in the 1950s. In the late 1960s, I-94 would complete the destruction of the corner and affect other North Minneapolis establishments like the Phyllis Wheatley House (a center for the city’s growing Black population) and other neighborhood gathering places. Jewish families had already begun to move to the western suburbs, and remaining residents were concentrated in new public housing developments. Community centers like The Way and Glenwood fostered music talent (and KMOJ radio), and the neighborhood became home to Hmong and Hispanic communities in the 1970s.

Heritage Park replaced Sumner Field public housing, and although it connects many families in the neighborhood, the public-private development project appears to be poorly managed and maintained. The neighborhood is not the walkable, accessible hub that it once was, and the tangle of highways presents hazards to health, pedestrian safety and community connection.

Cedar-Riverside

A similar pattern emerged in Cedar-Riverside, southeast of old Sixth Avenue North and downtown, along the Mississippi River. The Seven Corners and Riverside area were the city’s earliest immigrant neighborhoods, where Slavic, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Jewish and other immigrants found labor jobs and housing along the river flats and “uptown” near the many mills, breweries and train tracks.

The Cedar-Riverside/Seven Corners neighborhood, 1917. Seven Corners Community Study, Josephine McPike.Photo: Hennepin County Library

As in North Minneapolis, the lack of racial covenants meant that Black families and immigrant families packed in here. Swedish churches and bakeries, Augsburg Seminary and Trinity Lutheran Church, brewery bars like Palmer’s, the city’s first Black Congregation at St. James AME and Pillsbury United Community’s settlement house, plus three elementary schools and the diverse Seven Corners Library, all supported the dense, vibrant neighborhood. In the 1950s, a Black-owned music club called the Key Club offered employment and entertainment to many Black Minnesotans near Seven Corners, and the Holland Bar was a safe haven for queer clientele.

St. James AME congregation in the 1920s. The city’s first Black congregation met in this former synagogue at 314 15th Ave South from 1920-1958 (then relocated to 3600 Snelling Ave. in Minneapolis). This building was demolished, along with Pillsbury United Communities and Seven Corners Library nearby, for I-35 and the Washington Avenue access road. Photo: Hennepin County Library

The neighborhood was massively disrupted beginning in 1957 by the twin displacement efforts of the University of Minnesota’s West Bank expansion and two interstates. Eminent domain meant residents in the path of the West Bank, I-94 and I-35 were forced to sell their homes and move. The population of Cedar-Riverside plummeted, and the area lost its elementary schools, library, several keystone churches and its walkability.

Cedar-Riverside, 1966: I-94 construction advances through the Eighth Avenue corridor toward Cedar Avenue. The Washington Avenue bridge and access to future I-35 are visible here, as well as early University of Minnesota West Bank construction.Photo: Hennepin County Library

Affordable housing and a welcoming, diverse and fringe-friendly atmosphere means that Cedar-Riverside has remained a haven for decades, as the counterculture epicenter in the 1960s and ’70s (featuring worker-owned cafes, anarchist and student resistance to so-called urban renewal development, folk and rock clubs, leftist theaters and book and record shops), a landing place for refugees from the Vietnam War in the ’70s and from the Somali Civil War in the 1990s, and an ongoing hub for arts, music and mutual aid. But it is cut off from its neighbors and ringed with retaining walls and the fortress of the university, and still lacks public education institutions and libraries for its many young residents. 

I-94 and I-35 cut off the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood, as seen in the 1970s.Photo: Hennepin County Library

In an effort to elevate these stories, our work has culminated in two virtual history museums, one for Cedar Riverside and the other for Near North Minneapolis. These online exhibits share community history, historic and ongoing harms of highway construction, and ongoing resistance and efforts to repair harms and restore communities. 

Car culture and the ever-increasing demand for efficiency that supported the highway boom have diminished quality of life. Considering the foundation of these systems, which rely on the fracturing of some of the city’s most vibrant neighborhoods and continues to harm them, what can we imagine for a better shared future?  Can we contest the speed based urban transportation logic that prioritizes moving quickly moving cars through urban communities at their expense?

Collage of historic photographs from the neighborhood: All images courtesy Hennepin County Libraries, except: North Country Anvil (Graytown, Stop Heller), Augsburg Archives (Trinity Lutheran Church), Mining Discovery Center (cross-dressers), Jessie Merriam (Edna’s garden sign, Mayday Books).

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Fishers vigil honors woman shot by ICE in Minneapolis

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Fishers vigil honors woman shot by ICE in Minneapolis


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Hundreds of people gathered for a candlelight vigil in Roy G Holland Memorial Park in Fishers to honor a woman killed by a federal immigration officer.

The crowd, bundled in coats, scarves and hats, chanted between singing songs and listening to speakers.

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The vigil, hosted Jan. 11 by the local group Fishers Resist, is one of more than 1,000 protests and events that happened nationwide this weekend after an Immigration and Customs Enforcement officer shot and killed Renee Nicole Good, 37, in Minneapolis on Jan. 7.

Good joins at least nine other people who have been shot by ICE in the past four months. Federal officials have said Good struck ICE officer Jonathan Ross with her vehicle, prompting Ross to fire in self-defense. Local officials have called that narrative “propaganda,” and video analyses conducted by media outlets have failed to reach a consensus on what happened.

Ross, 43, once served in the Indiana National Guard from 2002 to 2008.

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Organizers at the vigil estimated the crowd was at least 150 — that’s how many glow sticks were handed out — and potentially as many as 500.

One attendee, Lorena Lane from Carmel, donned a black dress with a red, white and blue “liberty” sash. Her hat, black and feathered, was adorned with an Indiana cardinal.”I’m here to personify the concept of liberty,” Lane said through tears, “which is at risk right now in our country.”

Many attendees shared a sense that American principles were at risk, something they felt was demonstrated by Good’s death. Paintings, photos and signs with her name were sprinkled throughout the crowd.

“We have to take a stance against the harm that’s coming into our cities from ICE,” Melinda Humbert, who attended the vigil with her husband and daughter, said.

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The Fishers event followed a brief anti-ICE protest along East 86th Street in Indianapolis that took place the day before. It’s part of a growing backlash against President Donald Trump’s promise to conduct the largest mass deportation campaign in the country’s history, where Indiana has been a key player.

Since Trump took office and Gov. Mike Braun issued an executive order urging law enforcement agencies comply with ICE, the state’s partnership with ICE has grown. Indiana has expanded its capacity for detainees, including at the controversy-plagued Miami Correctional Facility. Indianapolis, along with cities in Texas and Florida, is now a major hub for ICE arrests at jails and prisons.

Contact breaking politics reporter Marissa Meador at mmeador@gannett.com or find her on X at @marissa_meador.

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Anti‑ICE protests held across US after agent’s fatal shooting of a woman in Minneapolis | CNN

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Anti‑ICE protests held across US after agent’s fatal shooting of a woman in Minneapolis | CNN


Nationwide outcry over the killing of a Minneapolis woman by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent spilled into the streets of cities across the US on Saturday, with protesters demanding the removal of federal immigration authorities from their communities and justice for the slain Renee Good.

In Minneapolis, snow flurries drifted down as thousands of people gathered in parks, along residential streets and outside federal buildings, chanting Good’s name, whose death has become a focal point of national outrage over federal authorities’ tactics in US cities while carrying out President Donald Trump’s sweeping immigration crackdown.

Similar protests unfolded across the US – from Los Angeles and New York to Washington, DC, El Paso and Boston. More than 1,000 demonstrations were planned across the country this weekend by the “ICE out for good” national coalition of advocacy groups.

“The response to ICE’s horrific killing of Renee Nicole Good is loud, peaceful, and inescapable,” coalition member group Indivisible said in a Saturday Facebook post accompanied by images of protests in multiple cities.

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The demonstrations are in response to “the escalation of ICE violence in our communities,” the fatal ICE shooting of Good as well as “the months-long pattern of unchecked violence and abuse in marginalized communities across America,” the coalition said, noting that all gatherings are meant to be “nonviolent, lawful, and community-led” actions to honor the people who have died in ICE confrontations and demand accountability.

Thousands protest across Minneapolis

Saturday’s protests in Minneapolis started at Powderhorn Park, a historic spot for demonstrations and a central gathering place during the 2020 protests after the killing of George Floyd, whose deadly encounter with police occurred not far from where Good, a 37-year-old mother of three, was fatally shot.

From there, thousands marched through nearby neighborhoods before converging on the street where Good died Wednesday morning.

As temperatures hovered near 20 degrees, demonstrators shared blankets and hot drinks, holding signs reading “ICE will melt,” and “It’s not very pro-life to kill our neighbors,” as repeated chants of Good’s name echoed through the park and surrounding streets.

Elsewhere in the city, loud bangs rang out and agents fired pepper balls at a much smaller crowd of protesters outside the Bishop Henry Whipple Federal Building, where demonstrators have been confronting ICE agents during daily protests.

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According to CNN’s Omar Jimenez, who was on the scene, the law enforcement presence outside the facility increased significantly after several instances of cars being hit with snow and ice, or protesters trying to block vehicles from leaving the facility. Jimenez reported that rallies at the Whipple building have been more confrontational than other demonstrations around the city, as the location puts protesters directly across from the federal agents they’re protesting against.

During a large protest of about 1,000 people Friday night in downtown, some individuals “broke off” from the crowds and began spraying graffiti and causing damage to the windows of a hotel, Minneapolis Police Chief Brian O’Hara said at news conference Saturday. Demonstrators have converged outside hotels where they believe federal agents are staying in the Twin Cities.

More than 200 Minneapolis police officers and state troopers responded, and 29 people were detained, cited and later released, O’Hara said, noting one officer suffered minor injuries.

Mayor Jacob Frey said Saturday that most demonstrators had acted peacefully but warned that those who damaged property or endangered others would be arrested. “We cannot take the bait,” Frey said. “We will not counter chaos with chaos.”

Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz echoed that message, urging protesters to remain peaceful while sharply criticizing federal authorities.

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“Trump sent thousands of armed federal officers into our state, and it took just one day for them to kill someone,” Walz wrote on social media. “Now he wants nothing more than to see chaos distract from that horrific action. Don’t give him what he wants.”

The protests also unfolded amid a growing dispute over federal transparency, after three Minnesota Democrats – Reps. Ilhan Omar, Angie Craig and Kelly Morrison – said they were turned away from an attempted oversight visit to a Minneapolis immigration facility on Saturday. A recent court ruling temporarily blocked a Trump administration policy limiting congressional visits.

Large crowds of demonstrators were seen in major cities such as Philadelphia, New York, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles. Smaller protests took place in Portland, Oregon; Sacramento, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Denver, Colorado; Durham, North Carolina; and Tempe, Arizona, where protesters lined a bridge overlooking a highway.

By Saturday afternoon, demonstrators were marching through downtown Los Angeles, holding signs that read “ICE out for good,” and chanting “Trump must go now.”

As night fell, about 150 protesters gathered outside a strip of federal buildings along Alameda Street, outfitted with upside-down American flags and handmade anti-ICE posters. Much of the crowd dispersed after officers blocked off a nearby intersection, but a small group remained. Police later issued a dispersal order, citing vandalism.

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“Several arrests” were made and at least one person was detained for battery on a police officer after initially fleeing the scene and later returning to the area, the LAPD said on social media. CNN reached out to police for more details.

In Washington, DC, demonstrators marched in front of the White House despite steady rain, holding signs condemning federal immigration tactics and calling for state oversight of ICE.

“I’m deeply concerned about the 10th Amendment being downtroddened by this administration and about the lives of common American citizens being endangered by a government that, in my opinion, has gone beyond its law enforcement responsibilities,” Jack McCarty, a protester who said he is originally from Minnesota, told CNN.

When asked by CNN what he believes needs to happen to ensure a death like Good’s never happens again, McCarty said, “I think independent accountability and oversight over ICE activities at the state level, in addition to empowering state lawmakers and investigators to be able to hold ICE agents accountable for actions within their state is a step forward to ensuring this tragedy never happens again.”

In Austin, Texas, some protesters confronted armed officers outside a federal building. Several armed law enforcement officials wore helmets and masks and stood outside while holding batons, CNN affiliate KEYE reported.

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“I’m glad we’re taking to the streets,” protester David Whitfield told KEYE. “I think this is the type of action that we need. We really need people out here right now. I think the turnout could be bigger.”



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Buss: Response to Minneapolis shooting a moral failure

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Buss: Response to Minneapolis shooting a moral failure


If another civil war were to break out in the United States, I imagine it would begin with an altercation similar to what took place in Minneapolis on Wednesday.

That’s what made the instantaneous and pejorative response to it by the Trump administration so jarring.

In an incident that recalls the National Guard shooting of student anti-war protesters at Kent State University in 1970, an Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officer shot Renee Good, a 37-year-old U.S. citizen and a mother of three. She had seemingly interjected herself into a major immigration enforcement operation that dispatched 2,000 federal agents to Minneapolis at the direction of Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem.

There is a dispute over whether the shooting was in self-defense, and the Trump administration has doubled down on defending the actions of the ICE officer, labeling Good a “domestic terrorist.” Vice President JD Vance alleged on Thursday that Good was part of a left-wing network.

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But it’s hard to see the incident as anything other than a complete breakdown in moral clarity about responsibility and the limits of force by the government — and how it is discussed publicly before information could even be known.

Video shared online of the incident, allegedly taken by the officer involved, indicates the confrontation was already off to a bad start. Is filming, easily interpreted as a form of intimidation by law enforcement, standard training for ICE officers?

The ICE removal officer has been identified as Jonathan Ross, a former Army National Guard machine gunner and ex‑Border Patrol agent with extensive experience. He had been dragged by a suspect during a 2025 arrest.

Perhaps he should not have returned to active duty so quickly. The impetus is on law enforcement, whether police officers or ICE officers, to preserve life and contain an unruly and even reckless situation to the best of their ability.

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Filming a potential suspect before a government-sanctioned interaction and then physically circling her vehicle to put oneself in danger calls his judgment into question.

Many questions remain about the confrontation, and no doubt instinctual psychology played a larger role in Good’s actions and in Ross’s than we will ever know.

But the immediate, callous response of Noem and Vance to this tragedy is part of a growing pattern of disregard for the collateral damage caused by implementing difficult, controversial policies. This cowboy culture that is causing serious division and violence on the nation’s streets needs to be called out and off.

Sometimes the government has to kill; it doesn’t appear that Good’s death was necessarily one of those instances. No death should ever be celebrated, or the victim castigated as a “deranged leftist,” as Vance called Good, an activist who was reportedly trained to aggressively confront ICE agents.

Despite the immediate escalation, it’s clear that while Good was driving in the opposite direction from Ross, the officer continued to shoot at her. Good lay in the driver’s seat, dying, while onlookers scream in horror. 

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Such a staunch and certain defense of the totality of his actions is indefensible. 

No one — U.S. citizen or otherwise — should be gunned down on America’s streets this casually by agents of the government.

It also points to why perhaps immigration operations at the scale Noem directed in Minneapolis shouldn’t be deployed so provocatively. Such a confrontation was bound to occur.

Public safety requires restraint as much as it requires the enforcement of law and order. 

When that restraint fails, it is the duty of the heads of government to call for patience, calm and the truth — and if necessary, take some responsibility.

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Americans on all sides should demand accountability for Good’s death and a renewed commitment by the Trump administration to policies and practices that were written to prevent exactly this kind of tragedy.

Kaitlyn Buss’ columns appear in The Detroit News. Reach her at kbuss@detroitnews.com and follow her on X @KaitlynBuss.



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