World
Nicolaus Copernicus: The man who stopped the sun and moved the Earth
Frombork is a small, quiet town perched on the shore of the Vistula Lagoon in northern Poland.
Fishermen keep their boats in a cozy port. In the summer, a ferry shuttles passengers across the bay to the narrow slip of land called the Vistula Split, famous for white sandy beaches on the Baltic Sea coast.
Up on a hill, overlooking the bay, sits an impressive medieval cathedral and castle complex constructed entirely of red brick.
Port of Frombork, Poland (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
These days, life goes on at a slow pace in picturesque Frombork, but in the 16th century, a revolution happened here, not a bloody one, but the Copernican Revolution.
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Nicolaus Copernicus Monument at the Cathedral Hill in Frombork, Poland. (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
A statue of Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus stands tall in front of the historic complex. During the day, tourists and astronomy enthusiasts visit the museum and enjoy a star-studded show at the planetarium.
At night, the dark sky above the bay shines with thousands of celestial bodies, and the Big Dipper, also known as the Great Bear constellation, loiters in the northern sky, right above the majestic cathedral. Copernicus lived in this town for over 30 years and wrote his work, “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,” here. It was treaty on astronomy that shattered the way humanity understood the universe and its own place in it.
The medieval town of Toruń, Poland, the birthplace of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
Copernicus was born Mikolaj Kopernik in the city of Toruń on the Vistula River. He was the youngest child of Mikolaj Kopernik, Sr., a wealthy copper merchant who moved to Toruń from Kraków, at the time the capital city of Poland. His mother, Barbara, also came from a prominent merchant family.
Dom Kopernika: House of Nicolas Copernicus Museum, Toruń, Poland. (Andrzej R. Skowronski)
Young Mikolaj grew up in a happy, elegant home with three older siblings — two sisters and a brother. But when he was only 10 years old, tragedy struck when his beloved father lost his life. His maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode, stepped in and took the Kopernik children under his protection.
Dom Kopernika: House of Nicolas Copernicus Museum, Toruń, Poland. (Krzysztof Deczynski)
When the time came, Mikolaj enrolled at the University of Kraków (today known as Jagiellonian University). His passions were math and medicine, but it was in Kraków where he began to develop an interest in astronomy and also began signing his name in Latin — Nicolaus Copernicus.
The Collegium Maius, Jagiellonian University, in Kraków, Poland. (Danuta Hamlin)
His uncle, by this time a bishop in Varmia, wanted him to study canon law and enabled Nicolaus to continue his education at the University of Bologna and then in Padua.
Young Copernicus was a true Renaissance man and along the way he’d picked up some art lessons from Italian masters and painted a self-portrait. Yet his main focus remained on math and medicine, and according to historians, he gave some lectures about math while visiting Rome.
Nicolaus Copernicus painting, “A conversation with God.” (Ze zbiorów Muzeum UJ/Jagiellonian University Museum Collections. Licencjia: CC BY 4.0 Uznanie autorstwa 4.0.)
In Bologna, he apparently rubbed shoulders with the university’s principal astrologer, Domenico Maria De Navarra, and kept a keen eye on the heavens. Eventually, Copernicus received a degree in canon law from the University of Ferrara and returned to Poland.
As a church canon in his uncle’s employ, he assumed various duties, such as overseeing church finances, collecting rents from church-owned lands and managing mills, a brewery and a bakery. He also applied his knowledge in the field of medicine and cared for the ill. After his uncle’s death, Copernicus relocated to the town of Frombork and continued in the church’s employ. He was as busy as ever yet still found time for what was to become his greatest hobby and life achievement — astronomy.
Frombork Cathedral and Castle Complex, overlooking the Vistula Lagoon. (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
At the time, the solar system looked quite different. The Earth was at the center of the universe, and the sun, the moon and other heavenly bodies spun around it.
The sun and the moon above the Unisphere in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, New York City. (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
It made perfect sense, actually, for not only was it depicted this way in the Holy Scriptures, but everyone could see it with their own eyes. The sun appeared in the east each morning, traveling across the sky throughout the day to eventually disappear behind the western horizon, ushering in the night, the moon and the stars.
The Earth, on the other hand, did not appear to be moving.
Portrait of Claudius Ptolemy by Pedro Berruguete and Juste De Gand (Leemage/Corbis via Getty Images)
Claudius Ptolemy, an Alexandrian mathematician and astronomer, formalized this view in the second century AD in his treatise Almagest. He came up with an intricate model for his geocentric system, explaining the ways in which the sun, moon and planets orbited the Earth. His theory stood accepted as the obvious truth for almost a millennium and a half, until a young man from the Kingdom of Poland applied his superior knowledge of math to stargazing and concluded that things simply did not add up.
Nicolaus Copernicus portrait from Town Hall in Toruń, circa 1580 (Krzysztof Deczynski)
It is not known exactly when Copernicus had his “aha” moment, but it must have been exhilarating to realize that the common understanding of the solar system was incorrect, that the Earth was not at the center of it, but along with other planets, orbited the sun instead.
He also figured out that the Earth rotated daily on its axis, which accounted for night and day, and that the Earth’s tilted axis was the primary cause of the seasonal changes. It was truly an earth-shattering discovery.
However thrilled he may have been, Copernicus did not have the luxury of announcing his findings to the rest of the world and shouting “Eureka!” in the manner of Archimedes of Syracuse.
Copernicus had to keep his discovery to himself and find a way to communicate it in a way that would not land him in a lot of trouble. For who on Earth would believe an amateur astronomer from Poland claiming that what science, the church and the Bible taught about the surrounding heavens was not exactly correct?
It was not only presumptuous, but could be seen as heresy. Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed by other scientists, nor did he want to irritate the church leaders. After all, they had their hands full with Martin Luther’s reformation.
According to scholars, Copernicus revealed his findings gradually, first discussing the matter with friends and clergymen and circulating pamphlets. He received encouragement from some of the church leaders who held him in high esteem. Others were less open-minded.
Antique print of Martin Luther in his study at Wartburg Castle in Eisenach (lithograph), 1882. (GraphicaArtis/Getty Images)
When the rumors of Copernicus’ theory reached Martin Luther, he dismissed him as an attention-grabbing opportunist.
“The fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside-down. However, as Holy Scripture tells us, so did Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth,” Luther said.
In the meantime, Copernicus continued with his everyday duties in Frombork.
Frombork Castle Complex, Northern Poland. (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
He represented the Polish King, Sigismund I the Old, as his envoy in negotiating a peace treaty with the Order of Teutonic Knights. Copernicus also understood the importance of a strong currency and, at the King’s request, wrote a treaty on how to deal with inflation, stating: “Although there are innumerable plagues by which kingdoms, principalities, and republics tend to decline, yet these four (in my judgment) are the most powerful: discord, mortality, the barrenness of the land, and cheapness of money.”
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Copernicus’s likeness on a 1979 banknote (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
Nicolaus Copernicus was a polymath with an incredible scientific mind and a man way ahead of his time. Yet he applied caution to publicizing his discoveries and waited many years to have his manuscript published. He only held a finished copy of his book on his deathbed. What a feeling it must have been to stop the sun, to move the Earth and to usher in the modern age of astronomy.
Nicholas Copernicus died May 24, 1543, and was buried at Frombork Cathedral.
Nicolaus Copernicus tombstone at Frombork Cathedral (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
It was not until 1616 when an Italian, Galileo Galilei, made his announcement that he was able to prove, with the use of his telescope, that Copernicus’ theory was correct. It was the beginning of the Enlightenment, the dawn of the era of modern science.
And perhaps the church leaders were slightly more at ease with the new heliocentric model of the solar system. They warned Galileo, however, not to champion the idea of heliocentrism. The same year, they also banned Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus. But 16 years later, when Galileo published his “Dialogue on the Two World Systems,” he found himself investigated and subsequently put under house arrest.
Galileo Galilei before the Holy Office in the Vatican by Robert Fleury. (Leemage/Corbis via Getty Images)
Human fascination with the surrounding universe and the quest to understand our place in it has never ceased. Progress with 20th Century rocket science made it possible to launch the first man, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, into space, which ignited the U.S.-Soviet space race.
And in 1961, American President John F. Kennedy announced the United States would “choose to go to the moon.” In 1969, Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon, famously saying, “That’s one small step for man and one giant leap for mankind.”
In 2022, almost 550 years after the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope began transmitting the most stunning pictures of the universe yet, breathtakingly colorful images of nebulas, stars, planets and entire galaxies. But there was a catch. The images photographed by the telescope were not depicting current celestial events but those of a distant past, some going billions of years back in time.
An image of the edge of a young, star-forming region in the Carina Nebula, captured by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope in 2022. (NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI/Handout via Xinhua)
Which raises a question. If the laws of physics governing our universe dictate that we only get a glimpse of the distant past of faraway objects, then would any intelligent beings out there looking for us only be able to see images of our own galaxy’s distant past? If it’s impossible for us to see them in the present, or them to see the Milky Way in the present, is it even worth looking?
Jason Wright, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State, gives us a reassuring answer.
“It’s true that we see very distant objects as they were in the very distant past, but the nearest stars, where signals from intelligent beings would be easiest to detect, are not that far away. The nearest system, Alpha Centauri, is ‘only’ four light years away, meaning that if we detected a signal from them, it would have been sent just four years ago. There are about 15,000 stars within 100 light years, all of which we see as they were within a human lifetime ago.”
Over five and a half centuries later, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is showing us the universe as never before.
As for now, NASA is preparing a visit to the moon again. The mission, Artemis III, is planned for September 2026. It will be the first moon landing since 1972.
“We are returning to the moon in a way we never have before,” NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said in a recent statement.
And then there is Mars. Who will get there first? The U.S.? China? Maybe even Elon Musk? It’s still just anyone’s guess.
Nicolaus Copernicus Monument in Warsaw, Poland (Danuta Hamlin/Fox News Digital)
The scientific study of the universe has come a long way since the Copernican Revolution in Frombork. But Nicolaus Copernicus remains a beloved hero in his native Poland and an inspiration to astronomy enthusiasts around the world.
World
Pope Leo says remarks about world being ‘ravaged by a handful of tyrants’ were not aimed at Trump: report
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Pope Leo XIV said Saturday that remarks he made this week in which he said the “world is being ravaged by a handful of tyrants” were not directed at President Donald Trump, a report said.
The pope, speaking onboard a flight to Angola during his 10-day tour of Africa, said reporting about his comments “has not been accurate in all its aspects” and his speech “was prepared two weeks ago, well before the president ever commented on myself and on the message of peace that I am promoting,” according to Reuters.
The news outlet cited the pope as saying his comments were not aimed at Trump.
“As it happens, it was looked at as if I was trying to debate the president, which is not in my interest at all,” the pope reportedly said.
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Pope Leo XIV answers journalists’ questions during his flight from Yaoundé, Cameroon, to Luanda, Angola, Saturday, April 18, 2026. (Luca Zennaro/Pool Photo via AP)
Vice President JD Vance later took to X to thank the pope for clearing the record.
“While the media narrative constantly gins up conflict — and yes, real disagreements have happened and will happen — the reality is often much more complicated,” Vance wrote. “Pope Leo preaches the gospel, as he should, and that will inevitably mean he offers his opinions on the moral issues of the day.
“The President — and the entire administration — work to apply those moral principles in a messy world,” he continued. “He will be in our prayers, and I hope that we’ll be in his.”
The vice president’s comments came days after he told Fox News’ Bret Baier on “Special Report” that it would be best for the Vatican to “stick to matters of morality.”
“Let the President of the United States stick to dictating American public policy,” Vance said Tuesday.
Trump last Sunday accused Pope Leo XIV of being “terrible” on foreign policy after the pontiff criticized the U.S.-Israeli war on Iran.
“He talks about ‘fear’ of the Trump Administration, but doesn’t mention the FEAR that the Catholic Church, and all other Christian Organizations, had during COVID when they were arresting priests, ministers, and everybody else, for holding Church Services, even when going outside, and being ten and even twenty feet apart,” Trump wrote in a Truth Social post.
“I don’t want a Pope who thinks it’s OK for Iran to have a Nuclear Weapon.”
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Pope Leo XIV and President Donald Trump (Simone Risoluti/Vatican Media via Vatican Pool/Getty Images; Salwan Georges/Bloomberg via Getty Images)
During a speech in Cameroon on Thursday, the pope said, “We must make a decisive change of course — a true conversion — that will lead us in the opposite direction, onto a sustainable path rich in human fraternity.
“The world is being ravaged by a handful of tyrants, yet it is held together by a multitude of supportive brothers and sisters.
Pope Leo XIV speaks as he meets with the community of Bamenda at Saint Joseph’s Cathedral in Bamenda on the fourth day of an 11-day apostolic journey to Africa April 16, 2026. (Alberto Pizzoli/AFP via Getty Images)
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“Woe to those who manipulate religion and the very name of God for their own military, economic or political gain, dragging that which is sacred into darkness and filth.”
Fox News Digital has reached out to the White House for comment.
Fox News Digital’s Landon Mion contributed to this report.
World
Bulgaria votes in eighth election in five years
Bulgarians headed to the polls Sunday for the eighth time in five years, with anti-corruption candidate and former president Rumen Radev’s bloc tipped to win.
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The European Union’s poorest member has been through a spate of governments since 2021, when large anti-graft rallies brought an end to the conservative government of long-time leader Boyko Borissov.
Eurostat data shows Bulgaria consistently ranks last in the EU by GDP per capita. In 2025, Bulgaria (along with Greece) was at 68% of the EU average.
Radev, who has advocated for renewing ties with Russia and opposes military aid to Ukraine, was president for nine years in the Balkan nation of 6.5 million people.
He stepped down in January to lead newly formed centre-left grouping Progressive Bulgaria, with opinion polls before Sunday’s vote suggesting the bloc could gain 35% of the vote.
The former air force general has said he wants to rid the country of its “oligarchic governance model”, and backed anti-corruption protests in late 2025 that brought down the latest conservative-backed government.
“I’m voting for change,” Decho Kostadinov, 57, told reporters after casting his ballot at a polling station in the capital, Sofia, adding corrupt politicians “should leave — they should take whatever they’ve stolen and get out of Bulgaria”.
Polls are forecasting a surge in voter participation, with more than 3.3 million Bulgarians expected to cast ballots according to the Bulgarian News Agency.
Voting will close at 1700 GMT, with exit polls expected immediately afterwards. Preliminary results are expected on Monday.
‘Preserve what we have’
Borissov’s pro-European GERB party is likely to come second, according to opinion polls, with around 20%, ahead of the liberal PP-DB.
“I’m voting to preserve what we have. We are a democratic country, we live well,” said Elena, an accountant of about 60, who did not give her full name, after casting her vote in Sofia.
Front-runner Radev has slammed the EU’s green energy policy, which he considers naive “in a world without rules”.
He also opposes any Bulgarian efforts to send arms to help Ukraine fight back Russia’s 2022 invasion, though he has said he would not use his country’s veto to block Brussels’ decisions.
Pushing for renewed ties with Russia, Radev denounced a 10-year defence agreement between Bulgaria and Ukraine signed last month – drawing fresh accusations from opponents of being too soft on Moscow.
The ex-president also stoked outrage online for screening images at his final campaign rally of his meetings with world leaders including Russia’s Vladimir Putin.
“We need to close ranks,” he told around 10,000 cheering supporters at the rally, presenting his party as a non-corrupt “alternative to the perverse cartel of old-style parties”.
Borissov, who headed the country virtually uninterrupted for close to a decade, has dismissed suggestions that Radev brings something “new”.
At a rally of his party earlier this week, he insisted GERB had “fulfilled the dreams of the 1990s” with such achievements as the country joining the eurozone this year.
‘No one to vote for’
Radev is aiming for an absolute majority in the 240-seat parliament.
A lack of trust in politics has affected voter turnout, which slumped to 39% in the last election in 2024.
But with Radev rallying voters, high turnout is expected this time, according to analyst Boryana Dimitrova from the Alpha Research polling institute.
Miglena Boyadjieva, a taxi driver of about 55, said she always votes, but the “problem is that there is no one to vote for”.
“You vote for one person and get others. The system has to change,” she told reporters.
Political parties have called on Bulgarians to show up for the polls, also to curb the impact of vote buying.
In recent weeks, police have seized more than one million euros in raids against vote buying in stepped-up operations.
They have also detained hundreds of people, including local councillors and mayors.
World
How Cheap Drones Are Changing Wars Like the Ones in Ukraine and Iran
A 3-D rendering of an Iranian Shahed-136 drone, a device with two triangle-shaped wings attached to a central fuselage. It has an engine the size of a small motorcycle’s and carries 110 pounds of explosives.
Engine the size of a small motorcycle’s
Carries 110 pounds of explosives
One of the biggest takeaways of the war with Iran is that it has proven itself to be a surprisingly capable adversary against the United States. In addition to its willingness to go on the offensive, Iran has forced the U.S. and its regional allies to confront the rise of cheap drones on the battlefield.
Iranian drones, made with commercial-grade technology, cost roughly $35,000 to produce. That is a fraction of the cost of the high-tech military interceptors sometimes used to shoot them down.
Cheap drones changed the war in Ukraine, and they have enabled Iranians to exploit a gap in American defense investments, which have historically prioritized accurate but expensive solutions.
Countering drones has been a major priority for the Pentagon for years, according to Michael C. Horowitz, who was a Pentagon official in the Biden administration. “But there has not been the impetus to scale a solution,” he said.
In just the first six days, the U.S. spent $11.3 billion on the war with Iran. The White House and Pentagon have not provided updated estimates, but the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative-leaning think tank, estimated in early April that the U.S. had spent approximately between $25 and $35 billion on the war, with interceptors driving much of the cost. Many missile defense experts also fear interceptor stockpiles are now running dangerously low.
Here is a breakdown of some of the ways the U.S. and its allies have countered Iran’s drones, and why it can be so costly.
Air-based strikes
In an ideal scenario, an early warning aircraft spots a drone when it is still several hundred miles out from a target, and a fighter jet, like an F-16, is dispatched from a military base. The F-16 can then use Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS) II rockets to shoot a drone from about six miles away.
A 3-D rendering of an F-16 fighter jet firing an APKWS II rocket from under one wing. Two to three rockets are fired per drone, as per air defense protocol. Two APKWS II rockets and an hour of F-16 flight cost approximately $65,000, a little less than twice that of the Iranian Shahed-136.
Two to three interceptors fired per drone
These types of defensive air patrols are cost-efficient, but haven’t always been available because of the vast scope of the conflict. Iran has also targeted early warning aircraft that the U.S. needs to detect a drone from that distance, according to NBC News.
The other option for detecting and shooting down drones is a variety of different ground-based detection systems, but these systems are all at a disadvantage, as their ability to spot low-flying drones is limited by the curvature of the earth.
Anti-drone defense systems
One ground-based defense system the U.S. and its allies have built specifically to counter drones at a shorter range is the Coyote. It can intercept drones up to around nine miles away.
A 3-D rendering of a Coyote Block 2 interceptor, which looks like a three-foot tube with small rockets at one end. Two Coyotes cost approximately $253,000 or about seven times that of the Iranian Shahed-136.
The Coyote is significantly cheaper than many of the other ground-based defense systems available to the U.S. and its allies and historically effective at defending important assets. But despite being both effective and cost-efficient, relatively few Coyotes have been procured by the U.S. military in recent years.
When Iran-backed militias launched attacks on U.S. ground troops in the region in 2023 and 2024, there were so few Coyotes available that troops had to shuffle the systems between eight different bases in the region almost daily, according to a report from the Center for a New American Security, a Washington think tank.
Ship-based anti-missile defenses
Many of the longer-range ground-based defense systems the U.S. and its allies can use to combat drones are more expensive, as they are designed to shoot down aircraft and ballistic missiles, not drones. A Navy destroyer’s built-in radar system, for instance, can detect drones from 30 miles away and shoot it down with Standard Missile 2 (SM-2) interceptors. As in the air-based strikes, military protocol stipulates that at least two missiles be fired.
A 3-D rendering of the deck of a Navy destroyer firing an SM-2 missile from a built-in launcher, which looks like a 15-foot missile launching from a grid of openings on the ship’s surface. Two SM-2 missiles cost approximately $4.2 million, about 120 times that of the Iranian Shahed-136.
This misalignment between America’s defense systems and current warfighting tactics started after the Cold War, when the anticipated threats were fewer, faster, higher-end projectiles, not mass drone raids.
Iran often launches multiple Shahed-136 drones at a time, given their low price tag. The drones are also programmed with a destination before launch and can travel roughly 1,500 miles, putting targets all across the Middle East within reach.
“This category of lower-cost precision strike just didn’t exist at the time that most American air defenses were developed,” said Mr. Horowitz.
Ground-based anti-missile defenses
The Army’s standard air-defense system is the Patriot. Typically stationed at a military base, it can shoot down a drone from up to around 27 miles away with PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement interceptors. Military protocol stipulates that at least two missiles be fired.
A 3-D rendering of a Patriot launcher loaded with 17-foot PAC-3 MSE missiles, which looks like a tilted shipping container with scaffolding. Two PAC-3 MSE missiles cost approximately $8 million, about 220 times that of the Iranian Shahed-136.
Patriot missile defense system
Air defense training teaches service members to prioritize using longer-range defense systems first to “get as many bites at the apple as you can,” but those are the most expensive, said Stacie Pettyjohn, a senior fellow and director of the defense program at the Center for a New American Security.
But a costly defense can still make economic sense to protect a valuable target, especially those that are difficult to repair or replace, such as the nearly $1.1 billion radar at a military base in Qatar and the $500 million air defense sensor at a base in Jordan that were damaged early in the conflict.
Ground-based guns
Finally, there is what one might call a last resort: a ground-based gun. When a drone is about a mile away or less than a minute from hitting its target, something like the Centurion C-RAM can begin rapidly firing to take down the drone.
A 3-D rendering of a Centurion C-RAM, which looks like a gun mounted to a rotating, cylindrical stand. The gun fires 75 rounds of ammunition per second. Five seconds of firing the gun costs $30,000, slightly less than a single Iranian Shahed-136.
Centurion Counter-Rocket, Artillery and Mortar
Fires 375 rounds of ammunition in 5 seconds
Even though it is fairly cost-effective, the Centurion C-RAM is not the best option because it has such a short range.
Interceptor drones
There’s also what one might call the future of fighting drones: A.I.-powered interceptor drones. Interceptor drones like the Merops Surveyor can theoretically hunt and take down enemy projectiles from a short range.
A 3-D rendering of a Surveyor drone, which looks like a three-foot tube with wings and a tail. The Merops drone costs approximately $30,000, a little less than a single Iranian Shahed-136.
Merops system: Surveyor drone
Eric Schmidt, the former Google chief executive, founded a company to develop the Merops counter-drone system in conjunction with Ukrainian fighters, who have already been combatting Iranian drones in the war with Russia for years.
The U.S. sent thousands of Merops units to the Middle East after the conflict began, but it is unclear whether they have been deployed. The military set up training on the system in the middle of the war, as reported by Business Insider.
Other attempts to lower the cost-per-shot ratio of taking out a drone have failed.
The Pentagon invested over a billion dollars in fiscal year 2024 researching directed energy weapons, or lasers, that would cost only $3 per shot and have a range of 12 miles. Those systems have yet to be used in the field.
Despite the cost imbalance, the real fear for many in the defense community is the depleted stockpile of munitions.
“What scares me is that we will run out of these things,” said Tom Karako, the director of the Missile Defense Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. “Not that we can’t afford them, but that we’ll run out before we can replace them.”
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