World
Poland accelerates efforts to defend borders with Russia and Belarus
Poland’s Prime Minister announced on Monday that the so-called “East Shield” project will begin construction by the end of this year.
The Polish government is accelerating efforts to strengthen the defence of Poland’s eastern borders with Russia and Belarus. Prime Minister Donald Tusk said on Monday that construction of the so-called “East Shield’ project will begin by the end of this year, not next year, as planned.
The project will include the construction of military fortifications and other defence measures, physical barriers, state-of-the-art airspace monitoring systems, and electronic equipment and systems.
The first exercises in testing elements for the construction of the East Shield began at the military training ground in Orzysz, in north-eastern Poland. The fortifications are to appear over a length of approximately 800 kilometres, wherever they are needed. Their construction is expected to last four years.
Among the exercises were scenarios like crossing the Polish border by enemy forces, attempting to overcome an anti-tank ditch and concrete hedgehog barrier by enemy soldiers, establishing fire contact, and an attempt to bypass the barrier.
Tusk was on site to observe the exercises, along with the country’s Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Wladysław Kosiniak-Kamysz.
Poland is joined by several other NATO members in launching initiatives to strengthen borders with Russia. The Baltic states of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia recently began constructing the so-called “Baltic Defence Line” and Tusk also noted that Finland is involved in the project.
“This is a joint venture, not only Polish, it is also combined with the efforts of the Baltic states when it comes to the Baltic Defence Line,” he said, and mentioned that co-financing will be discussed in Brussels in the near future.
He also wrote in a post on X that it is “our right and our duty is to protect the Polish and European border, adding that “its security will not be subject to negotiation.”
“I am glad that it has already become a fact that the British are also cooperating with us on the East Shield, and the Americans are ready,” Tusk added.
“There will be European funds for all this, not only national ones. I will talk about it in Brussels in the coming days and weeks,” he announced.
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Putin signs revised doctrine lowering threshold for nuclear response if Russia is attacked
Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a revised nuclear doctrine on Tuesday stating that any attack on Russia supported by a country with nuclear power could be grounds for a nuclear response.
Putin signed the new policy on the 1,000th day of the war with Ukraine and the day after President Biden authorized Ukraine to use U.S.-supplied longer-range missiles to strike inside Russia.
The doctrine also states that Russia could respond to aggression against its ally Belarus with nuclear weapons, The Associated Press reported.
Though the doctrine doesn’t specify that Russia will definitely respond to such attacks with nuclear weapons, it does mention the “uncertainty of scale, time and place of possible use of nuclear deterrent” as key principles of deterrence.
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When asked if the updated doctrine comes in response to Biden’s decision to ease restrictions on how Ukraine can strike Russia, Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov told the AP that the doctrine was published “in a timely manner.”
Peskov also said Putin told the government to update it earlier this year so that it’s “in line with the current situation” – the Russian president led a meeting in September to discuss these proposed revisions to the doctrine.
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Revealed in September, the doctrine now officially states that an attack on Russia by a nonnuclear power with the “participation or support of a nuclear power” will be seen as a “joint attack on the Russian Federation.”
It also contains a broader range of conditions that would trigger the use of nuclear weapons, noting that they could be used in response to an air attack involving ballistic and cruise missiles, aircraft, drones and other flying vehicles.
The previous document threatened the use of Russia’s arsenal if “reliable information is received about the launch of ballistic missiles targeting the territory of Russia or its allies.”
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
World
Damage to underwater cables was 'sabotage', German minister says
Two underwater fibre-optic communications cables running between Finland and Germany were discovered cut on Monday, an incident both countries said was under investigation.
German Defence Minister Boris Pistorius has said that damage done to two underwater data transmission cables running between Germany and Finland was deliberate.
“No one believes that these cables were accidentally cut,” Pistorius said in remarks made on the sidelines of a meeting of EU defence ministers in Brussels.
“We also have to assume, without knowing it yet, that it is sabotage,” he declared, adding that neither Germany nor Finland yet knows who was responsible for damage.
Germany and Finland announced on Monday that they had discovered a severed fibre-optic undersea data cable between the two countries, and that an investigation into the incident is underway.
In a joint statement, they said they did not know who was responsible for the damage, but that the incident came at a time when “our European security is not only under threat from Russia‘s war of aggression against Ukraine, but also from hybrid warfare by malicious actors”.
Pistorius also pointed to so-called “hybrid actors” as being potentially responsible for the damage.
“We have to state, without knowing specifically who it came from, that it is a ‘hybrid’ action” Pistorius said — implying that Russia, often considered responsible for acts of “hybrid warfare”, could be at least in part to blame for the incident.
Both Germany and Finland said that it was important that “critical infrastructure” such as data cables can be safeguarded.
“The fact that such an incident immediately raises suspicions of intentional damage speaks volumes about the volatility of our times,” the two countries said in their joint statement.
Finnish state-controlled data services provider Cinia said the damage to the data cable, which runs almost 1,2000 kilometres from the Finnish capital Helsinki to the German port of Rostock, was detected on Monday.
The incident is not the first to involve damage to underwater infrastructure in the Baltic Sea. On Sunday morning, a 218-kilometre internet link running between Lithuania and Swedish island of Gotland also lost service, according to a Swedish telecommunications company.
In 2022, Nord Stream gas pipelines under the Baltic Sea exploded, leading to several conspiracy theories around who could be responsible for the attack. Unconfirmed rumours have variously said that the US, Ukraine and Russia could have all played a role.
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