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Can toppled Syrian president Bashar al-Assad be brought to justice?

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Can toppled Syrian president Bashar al-Assad be brought to justice?

Despite the legal and political barriers to prosecution, human rights experts are optimistic that al-Assad and regime officials could one day be held accountable for their crimes in a court of law.

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In Syria, celebrations of the fall of Bashar al-Assad have been mingled with a sense of horror, as gruesome evidence of the atrocities committed by his regime emerge.

Mass graveyards and the infamous prisons that were central to the deposed dictator’s coercive rule have been uncovered.

They bear traces of the brutal suffering inflicted by the regime.

Chaotic scenes of former detainees, their relatives and journalists trawling through paperwork in the detention centres have sparked international pleas on Syria’s new de facto leaders to ensure evidence is preserved for future criminal prosecutions.

Al-Assad and his father, Hafez, have been accused of a litany of crimes and abuses over the past 54 years, including torture, rape, mass executions, enforced disappearances and chemical attacks. 

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The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) estimates that at least 15,000 Syrians have been tortured to death since the civil war broke out in 2011.

But with al-Assad in exile in Russia and many of his entourage suspected to be in Iran, there are several legal and political obstacles that stand in the way of criminal accountability.

The Hague-based International Criminal Court (ICC) is the most obvious international court of law for prosecuting individuals for such serious crimes. But the ICC does not have jurisdiction over Syria as the country is not a state party to the court’s treaty, the Treaty of Rome.

The UN Security Council can in principle refer a case to the ICC, granting it jurisdiction. But that would certainly be vetoed by the Kremlin, given its alliance with al-Assad and its own complicity in the crimes.

Both Russia and China blocked such a referral ten years ago.

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Speaking to Euronews, Balkees Jarrah, associate director for international justice at Human Rights Watch (HRW) called on Syria’s new de facto authorities to consider granting jurisdiction to the ICC: “We believe Syria’s new leadership should immediately make clear its commitment to justice and accountability,” she said.

“This includes ratifying the Rome Treaty and giving the International Criminal Court retroactive jurisdiction so that the prosecutor can examine crimes committed over the last years.”

All eyes on de facto Syrian leaders

A more viable option in the current political climate is for trials to be held in criminal courts both within and outside Syria. 

Experts say it’s too soon to tell whether the new de facto rulers will be able to ensure any Syrian criminal proceedings are carried out safely and in line with international standards.

“We don’t know what the future state of Syria will look like, how the different institutions will work and how well they will cooperate with each other. So this is just something we cannot predict,” according to Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan of the Leibniz Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF).

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“The ideal option is to have criminal proceedings in Syria itself that meet fair trial standards, without use of the death penalty. And there is a need to ensure the safety for witnesses and victims to come forward with testimonies,” Vito Todeschini, legal advisor for Amnesty International, told Euronews.

The main rebel group in the new administration is the Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), designated a terrorist group by the UN Security Council and formerly linked to al-Qaeda.

Its leader, Ahmed al-Sharaa, formerly known as Abu Mohammed al-Jolan, has vowed to “pursue” the regime’s henchmen in Syria and has called on countries to “hand over those who fled” so that justice can be served.

The rebel fighters have also spoken of an amnesty for all military personnel conscripted into service under al-Assad.

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But it is currently inconceivable for al-Assad himself to be extradited to stand trial in either a Syrian or non-Syrian court, as there is no political appetite or motive for Moscow to hand him over. Iran is also unlikely to extradite regime officials who have fled there.

Yet, experts consulted by Euronews have expressed hope that al-Assad and the regime’s high-level torturers can one day be held accountable, if the geopolitical conditions change.

“If the sudden fall of the al-Assad regime has shown us anything it is that things can change quite rapidly,” Human Rights Watch’s Jarrah said. “We can’t predict what happens in the future nor preclude the possibility of Assad answering for his crimes one day in a court of law.”

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“What we also need to consider right now is how intense and how strong the bond is between Vladimir Putin and Bashar al-Assad,” Hoffberger-Pippan of PRIF said. “I do think that there is a chance Russia might not be as interested in al-Assad in the future because the geopolitical environment is changing in a way that makes it less important for Russia to protect him.”

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Calls for international collaboration and preservation of evidence

Universal jurisdiction also allows non-Syrian courts to prosecute Syrians for crimes against humanity, war crimes, and torture.

Criminal cases against regime officials have already been filed in Austrian, French, German, Norwegian, Swedish and US courts, many of which have already successfully pressed charges.

The first international trial on torture in Syria was heard before the Koblenz Higher Regional Court in Germany in 2020. Two former high-level officials of the al-Assad regime were charged, one of whom was found guilty of crimes against humanity and handed a life-long sentence.

In November 2023, a French court issued international arrest warrants for Bashar al-Assad, his brother and two officials over an attack against civilians using chemical weapons in 2013.

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According to the Berlin-based European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), universal jurisdiction carries promise but should be a “fall-back option” if processes within Syria fail.

The push towards justice should be “Syrian-led”, it says.

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For any trials, well-preserved evidence is crucial.

During the decades-long regime, offenses were documented by international organisations and Syrian civil society with the help of whistleblowers. The so-called ‘Caesar’ photos, taken by a Syrian military police officer who defected a decade ago, are perhaps the most well-known evidence of torture which has led to criminal proceedings in European courts.

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The UN’s International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism (IIIM) has a mandate to collect, preserve and analyse evidence to be used in criminal proceedings and supports Syrian civil society in judicial processes.

Its lead investigator Robert Petit has described “papers strewn all over the floor, people leaving with computers, hard drives burned and smashed” in regime centres during the rebels’ offensive.

“Those in control of these prisons need to safeguard materials in these facilities so that the truth can be told and so that those responsible are held accountable,” HRW’s Jarrah explained.

Euronews reached out to the UN to ask whether its investigators have yet been authorised by Syria’s de facto leaders to gain access to the ground, but has not yet received a reply.

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According to the ECHHR, there is also real risk that evidence can be confiscated “to be used as political or commercial capital” or be compromised by secret services agents from countries “interested in destroying evidence and archives.”

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Tesla sets Norway’s annual car sales record

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Tesla sets Norway’s annual car sales record
  • Tesla’s sales in Norway rose 34.6% year-to-date
  • Norway sales volume surpasses earlier record held by Volkswagen
  • Buyers rush to beat upcoming EV tax hike
  • Tesla’s global deliveries expected to decline 7% this year
STOCKHOLM, Dec 1 (Reuters) – Electric-vehicle maker Tesla (TSLA.O), opens new tab has sold more cars in Norway in 2025 than any other automaker ever did in a full year, registration data showed on Monday, beating the country’s annual sales record with one month to spare in a rare bright spot for CEO Elon Musk.
Led by the mass-market crossover Model Y, Tesla’s sales in Norway rose 34.6% year-to-date, overcoming a consumer backlash against the brand in much of Europe over Musk’s support for far-right parties and his backing of U.S. President Donald Trump.

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Tesla registered 6,215 new cars in Norway in November, bringing its January-November tally to 28,606 and surpassing a full-year record of 26,575 set by Volkswagen (VOWG.DE), opens new tab in 2016, according to the Norwegian Road Federation (OFV).
Shows a bar chart of Tesla sales in Norway
Norway’s overall car sales rose by 70% year-on-year in November as buyers rushed to dealerships ahead of a planned hike in EV taxes from January, with Tesla seeing an almost threefold increase compared to the same month of 2024.

“There is a bit of a car bonanza in Norway at the moment,” OFV’s CEO Geir Inge Stokke told Reuters.

Fully electric vehicles accounted for 97.6% of all new cars sold in the Nordic nation last month, registrations show, in line with a long-held aspiration in Norway of ending the sale of petrol and diesel combustion engines in 2025.

By contrast, the Texas-based automaker’s global deliveries are expected to decline 7% this year, according to Visible Alpha, a research consultancy, with European sales down about 30% through October and declining again in November, the continent’s most recent registration data shows.
Tesla’s standing in Norway, built amid heavy subsidies for EVs, made the country a small but important part of the company’s emergence as a leading carmaker, becoming its first market outside of North America more than a decade ago.
Bar chart showing Norway’s top three car brands from 2016 to 2025.
Bar chart showing Norway’s top three car brands from 2016 to 2025.
Sales of the Model Y dropped at the start of the year in Norway, but quickly rebounded from the second quarter with the launch of a long-awaited upgrade.

($1 = 10.1630 Norwegian crowns)

Reporting by Marie Mannes, editing by Terje Solsvik and Rod Nickel

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles., opens new tab

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Muslim dad, sons allegedly drowned teen over ‘Western’ lifestyle, refusing to wear headscarf

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Muslim dad, sons allegedly drowned teen over ‘Western’ lifestyle, refusing to wear headscarf

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Dutch prosecutors demanded Friday that a Muslim father and his two sons face up to 25 years in prison for allegedly drowning an 18-year-old family member because they believed her “Western” behavior was bringing shame to the family.

The body of Syrian woman Ryan Al Najjar was found submerged in a lake with hands and feet bound tightly on May 28, 2024, near Joure in northern Netherlands, six days after disappearing, according to authorities. Officials arrested her father and two brothers, then aged 22 and 24, and charged them in connection with her killing, which prosecutors said likely happened on May 22.

“They saw Ryan as a burden that had to be removed,” the Public Prosecution Service said Friday. “Just because she was a young woman who wanted to live her own life.”

Authorities said her male relatives, who come from what they described as a “strict” Islamic family, allegedly killed her after believing she was “behaving too Western in the eyes of her family.” Al Najjar was reportedly targeted after refusing to wear a headscarf in public-like settings.

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MOTHER SAYS ALLEGED STALKER WHO KILLED HER DAUGHTER SHOULD BE TRIED AS AN ADULT

Ryan Al Najjar was murdered in May 2024 in the Netherlands. (National Police Corps of the Netherlands)

“The immediate cause of her death appears to be a live video on TikTok, showing Ryan without a headscarf and wearing makeup,” prosecutors said Friday. “The video seriously embarrasses the family, according to their posts, as it does not fit within their traditional views.”

“Once the suspects were aware of the video, they started looking for Ryan,” the authorities added. “According to the Public Prosecution Service, her brothers visited her in Rotterdam and convinced her to come along to a remote location the night before her murder. She was taken to Knardijk, where their father joined. There she was killed.”

Local media NL Times identified the brothers as Mohamed Al Najjar and Muhanad, and their 53-year-old father as Khaled. All three were charged with murdering the young woman, while their father was accused of orchestrating the killing before likely fleeing to Syria, prosecutors said.

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CHARLOTTE TRAIN STABBING SUSPECT’S BROTHER SAYS KILLING COULD HAVE BEEN ‘PREVENTED’ 

Courtroom sketch of suspects Mohammed Al N. (R) and Muhanad Al N. during a hearing in court. The two brothers and their father, Khaled Al N., are suspected of murdering their sister and daughter, Ryan Al Najjar. (Hollandse Hoogte/Shutterstock)

Investigators say Al Najjar was taken to a remote park where “no one for miles around could have heard her” cries for help. Evidence showed signs of strangulation and drowning, and approximately 60 feet of tape had been used to bind her before she was thrown into the water alive. Prosecutors reported that Khaled’s DNA was also found under his daughter’s fingernails, suggesting he was present during the killing.

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Ryan Al Najjar’s body was found in the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve in Lelystad, Netherlands. (Pierre Crom)

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“[Khaled] fled to Syria immediately after the murder and left his sons to take the blame. Cowardly,” the Public Prosecution Service wrote in a statement Friday, according to NL Times. “Khaled has completely destroyed his family.”

Dutch authorities added that extraditing Khaled may be difficult because he married a woman in Syria since Al Najjar’s death, the outlet reported. 

The Public Prosecution Service has recommended a 25-year prison sentence for the father and 20 years for each of the two brothers.

The court is scheduled to issue its ruling on Jan. 5.

Fox News Digital reached out to the Public Prosecution Service for more information.

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‘Based in Russia’: What X’s new location tool does and doesn’t reveal

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‘Based in Russia’: What X’s new location tool does and doesn’t reveal

Dozens of pro-Russia and anti-EU accounts on X have been accused of misleading users after the platform rolled out a new transparency feature revealing where profiles are posting from, how they downloaded the app and when they joined.

The “about this account” tab, now visible on every profile, shows a user’s reported location. X warns that the feature may not be accurate, and can be affected by VPNs, travel or temporary relocations.

“This is an important first step to securing the integrity of the global town square. We plan to provide many more ways for users to verify the authenticity of the content they see on X,” announced the platform’s head of product, Nikita Bier, amidst longstanding criticism that fake and automated accounts flood X with misinformation.

The Cube, Euronews’ fact-checking team, could not independently verify the locations of X profiles.

Russian war bloggers ‘post from Ireland’

Since the update, X users have identified a cluster of Russian war bloggers whose accounts repeatedly post updates from inside Russia, yet X lists their locations as Ireland.

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One example is Maryana Naumova, a Russian powerlifter turned “war correspondent” with more than 14,000 followers, whose stream of content shows her interviewing Russian soldiers and civilians.

Her most recent posts include clips linked from Rutube, a Russian video platform, claiming to locate her in the Russian town of Gorodets.

However, X’s data says Naumova is not in Russia, but in Ireland. X warns that her account shows signs she could be using a VPN that might inaccurately represent her actual location.

She’s one of several Russian war bloggers whose locations say they are in Russia, but whose X data traces them back to Ireland. Combined, they have thousands of followers.

Is the tool reliable?

Bier described the rollout as having some “rough edges”, adding that incorrect details would be “updated periodically based on best available information”.

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By 24 November, he claimed the tool was “nearly 99.9% accurate”.

But Euronews can confirm notable inconsistencies. Over the weekend, the official Euronews account was incorrectly listed as being located in the United States. By Tuesday, this had shifted to France, where the company was founded and still has offices.

Experts have also noted that the platform provides no access to methods used to determine a user’s location, making its accuracy difficult to independently verify.

“It can be a useful tool for improving transparency as long as the data is accurate,” Philipp Darius, a postdoctoral researcher at the Hertie School’s Centre for Digital Governance, told The Cube. “But X should restore researchers’ access to its Research API and make the location data available there as well.”

“However, depending on the granularity, it can also cause privacy and security risks to users, for example, for journalists’ accounts in authoritarian states,” he added. “Without insight into the processes, it’s quite difficult. If X doesn’t share its methods, the data can’t be tested outside the platform.”

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Darius also warned that a clustering of multiple accounts in one location could indicate a large VPN provider operating there, rather than provide clues about a user’s real location.

“Many Russian bloggers are very active online, but in Russia, many social media platforms are blocked. So people often use VPN services to re-route their internet traffic,” he told The Cube.

But whilst some users might be hiding their true location for personal or security reasons, others may be part of coordinated efforts.

“There can be many motives and backgrounds possible,” Darius said. “So this can reach from individuals, to organised influence campaigns, such as disinformation campaigns, to individuals with financial motivations, maybe to build a higher follower count and monetise posts.”

‘Unfiltered insights’ on Russia

The update has nevertheless provoked X users to point out how several large anonymous accounts have locations that do not necessarily match what they post, and raised questions about potentially fake and automated accounts.

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A collection of accounts that post regular updates and photos about Russia, President Vladimir Putin and negative posts and videos about Ukraine and its politicians are all, according to X, not based in Russia.

Moscow has long been accused of sponsoring anonymous internet political commentators and trolls to orchestrate large-scale disinformation campaigns that spread pro-Putin and Kremlin propaganda online.

One account with more than 225,000 followers titled “RussiaNews” claims to be based in St Petersburg. X shows its location as the United Arab Emirates. The account has changed its username 10 times since it joined.

Another, a self-proclaimed spoof account titled “Vladimir Putin News”, is based in South Asia, according to X, although it clarifies in its biography that it isn’t based in Russia. A third, titled “Russian Army” with more than 69,000 followers, is also based in south Asia.

‘European’ accounts not in Europe?

The Cube has also found several accounts promoting negative content about migrants and the European Union whose locations X lists as outside Europe, despite the profiles presenting themselves as European.

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One account under the name of Laure Krause posts in German under the tagline “News from Europe and the World”. Its updates cover a wide range of topics and regularly highlight crimes committed by asylum seekers or migrants.

Krause’s supposed channel says it’s based in “the EU”. However, X’s location data places it in western Asia.

Similarly, the account “Based Hungary” that claims to be based in northwestern Romania, and frequently shares anti-EU posts aligned with Hungarian government narratives, is listed by X as being in North America. The account has changed its username nine times since 2022.

Monetisation incentives

The majority of the accounts the Cube found to have locations incompatible with their profiles also had blue ticks and therefore subscribed to X’s premium feature, which allows users to potentially earn money from posts.

X users need to have at least 500 verified followers and 5 million impressions in the last three months to start monetising their content.

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According to Darius, financial motives could indeed be a possible reason an account may be utilising a politically divisive topic from a totally different location to drive up clicks.

Political motives or organised influence campaigns are, however, not out of reach. Accounts posting from unexpected locations, particularly the Global South, may reflect the presence of English-speaking click workers employed at lower labour costs for information campaigns.

“Many of these false accounts present themselves as, for example, a Trump supporter and a mother from the Midwest, but they may actually be steered by foreign actors with strategic interests,” Darius said.

“Platforms have historically failed to conduct proper accountability checks on profiles or advertisements, especially when stricter checks might reduce their earnings,” he added. Identity verification on social media has also been criticised as weak, with multiple opportunities for users to exploit loopholes.

Overall, the tool may have temporarily increased transparency, but it is likely easy to circumvent.

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“Whenever new rules are introduced, people adapt,” Darius said. “We may see more users relying on VPNs and routing their traffic through the United States.”

“But that comes with greater friction, because US IP addresses are more heavily monitored and often trigger additional CAPTCHAs or security checks,” he added.

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