Wyoming
How Frugal Wyoming’s Next Budget Is Depends On Who You Ask
Building Wyoming’s biennial budget is a months-long process for the Wyoming Legislature involving hundreds of hours of discussions and mind-numbing number crunching.
When presenting the final $11.1 billion budget that was eventually passed by the Legislature last Friday, state Sen. Tara Nethercott, R-Cheyenne, said it represented $10.6 billion in spending, which both Senate President Ogden Driskill, R-Devils Tower, and House Speaker Albert Sommers, R-Pinedale, intimated they agreed with in a press release that came out later that day.
During the Senate budget discussion, however, some questioned just how much is being spent and how much money Wyoming is saving — and the questioning continues a week later.
Some in the Wyoming Freedom Caucus, like its chairman Rep. John Bear, R-Gillette, have argued that the budget represents as much as $11.5 billion in spending, and told Cowboy State Daily it’s “very unfortunate we hear a lot of different things” about it.
“There’s a lot of smoke and mirrors, and it’s truly by design,” he said. “It’s designed that way so people can say whatever they want about the budget.”
Although these debates may seem rather pedantic and possibly a matter of semantics on the surface, they represent a difference of nearly $1 billion in public money and could highly influence perception of the Legislature entering the upcoming election season.
Saving Counts As Spending
Nethercott explained that the budget is a highly dense fiscal project involving many different moving parts that don’t become concrete until signed off on by the governor.
She and Don Richards, budget and fiscal administrator for the Legislature, said the $10.6 billion total reflects flat spending without counting the $375 million put into savings, which is typically considered an expenditure in the Wyoming Legislature.
“How a government does accounting is different from how a business would do theirs,” Nethercott explained. “A transfer of appropriations appears as appropriations.”
A specific example of this within the accounting is a $31 million expenditure within the Wyoming Military Department. This actually reflects the spending of $15.5 million of general fund money to buy land that the state already owns, proceeds of which will then be transferred to the School Foundation Program.
“We’re taking $15 million from one pocket, putting it in another pocket, but in that $11.1 billion (total) it shows up as spending $30 million,” explained Rep. Clark Stith, R-Rock Springs.
Nethercott said Wyoming state government typically makes $1.2 billion in transfers per year. This year that total is about $1.3 billion.
The Wyoming Constitution also requires that revenue from the state’s 1.5% severance tax be dumped into the Permanent Wyoming Mineral Trust Fund savings account, which is not reflected anywhere in the budget. There’s also an additional 1% statutory severance tax. Stith said when considering these two savings, about $700 million will be put into savings for the upcoming biennium.
What Do The Budget Analysts Say
Richards said the exact cost of the budget as he views it is $11.03 billion. Of this total, $3.4 billion is coming from the state’s general fund, which is supported by tax dollars. The remainder includes various savings accounts and federal dollars. He said the budget as he views it also includes $170 million of discretionary transfers to savings.
Bear said he views the budget as putting $600 million to $700 million into savings, which he believes as a grand total amounts to a wasteful use of money when considering only up to $234 million will be devoted to property tax relief.
“The leadership continues to believe that putting the taxpayers’ money into their own savings account is better than leaving it in the hands and pockets of the taxpayers,” he said.
Richards said transfers to intermediate or long-term savings accounts are still counted as spending as far as his department is concerned within the budget. But he also said considerable double counting occurs within the budget when referring to the spending of “all funds” for programs such as employer paid health insurance and motor pool rates. When removing double counting, he said the budget could be considered as low as $9.7 billion.
Richards said it’s likely some are arriving at the $11.5 billion figure by combining the $234 million general fund cost of all the other bills passed during the 2024 session with the budget. A total of 55 bills, including the budget, are sitting on Gov. Mark Gordon’s desk for consideration.
Bear said these other bills should be considered as part of the overall budget.
“When you look at all-in spending, you’ve got to look at everything we passed,” he said.
As far as the $10.6 billion number offered by Nethercott, Richards said one could also theoretically exclude $416 million in “enterprise funds,” which largely pertains to the state purchase of liquor subsequently distributed to state liquor stores, bars and restaurants, which is then returned.
Stith said he agrees with the $11.03 billion figure.
“Don (Richards) is amazing, he’s never wrong,” Stith said. “He’s nonpartisan, he’s so even-handed.”
Prior Year’s Money
Another factor in the budget calculations is the use of money budgeted from prior years’ budgets to be reappropriated for the upcoming budget, a process known as “reversions.”
Richards said there are $244.5 million in reversions included in the biennium budget just passed. In addition, $45 million in unused money from the governor’s energy matching funds program was unofficially reappropriated for other purposes.
Bear said all of this money should be counted as spending.
“Those monies that have been reappropriated have been ignored, and they shouldn’t be,” he said. “They’re being reappropriated so they’re going to be in the budget.”
Transparency
The budget discussions during this year’s legislative session were neither easy to understand nor transparent for the general public to understand.
A total of around 125 amendments were considered during the second Joint Conference Committee meeting to square up differences between the House and Senate budgets. None of these amendments were ever posted to the Legislature’s website or widely distributed to the public by paper, both measures Stith said he would support moving forward.
“It wouldn’t make it any less complicated but at least everyone could see it if they wanted to,” he said.
How Did It Turn Out?
The Freedom Caucus has taken a relatively negative tone to the budget that was passed.
“The uniparty and their allies in the media don’t want you to know how much was just spent in Cheyenne – and how much of it was discretionary spending,” Bear and other members of the Freedom Caucus wrote in a Wednesday column. “We believe that you, the taxpayers, deserve to know how much and to what ends every dollar extracted from you via taxation was directed. After all, it’s your money.”
Bear and the Freedom Caucus supported the original Senate version of the budget that spent around $9.9 billion. He believes the House budget, which he did not support, won out in the final budget that was passed.
“It wasn’t a halfway move whatsoever,” he said.
Stith said the budget was a “true compromise” and represents conservative fiscal spending, referring to the $3.4 billion spent out of the general fund. In the last budget made prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, $2.97 billion was spent from the general fund.
“That $2.97 billion is worth $3.5 billion today,” he said. “That’s the inflation factor. So really, on an inflation-adjusted basis, the budget is probably flat for all our general funding spending.”
The Freedom Caucus responds to this argument saying state budget experts determined that to maintain the same level of government services as included in the previous state budgets, it would add up to $8.7 billion in spending. They criticized expenditures like a $10 million study for a new state museum, $3.5 million for a Cheyenne arboretum, and $150 million for a new Rock Springs High School.
The Wyoming House Democrats put out a press release Thursday highlighting some of their efforts from the session and the budget.
They celebrated funding for the Wyoming Business Council and workforce housing as wins, as well as funding to improve mental healthcare, a $10 million trust fund for suicide prevention, and increased access to affordable healthcare.
“We made our case and ultimately prevailed,” Rep. Trey Sherwood, D-Laramie, said. “It’s hard to find regular people in Wyoming who don’t think we need to diversify our economy, or who think the cost of housing isn’t a problem. I was surprised these common-sense solutions faced opposition at all.”
Leo Wolfson can be reached at Leo@CowboyStateDaily.com.
Wyoming
(LETTERS) Wyoming Supreme Court judges, congressional responsibility, pregnancy and US involvement in the Middle East
Oil City News publishes letters, cartoons and opinions as a public service. The content does not necessarily reflect the opinions of Oil City News or its employees. Letters to the editor can be submitted by following the link at our opinion section.
Wyoming Supreme Court judge process better than federal’s
Dear Casper,
This letter is in response to Mr. Ross Schriftman’s letter to the editor from April 11. His opinion appears to be that the Wyoming process of selecting Wyoming Supreme Court justices is somehow flawed. Justices are selected through a merit-based assisted appointment process. When a vacancy occurs, a seven-member Judicial Nominating Commission recommends three candidates to the governor, who appoints one.
Appointed justices serve at least one year before standing in a nonpartisan retention election for an eight-year term.
The commission consists of the chief justice as chair/tie-breaker, three attorneys selected by the Wyoming State Bar and three non-attorneys appointed by the governor. The governor must select one of the three nominees provided by the commission to fill the vacancy.
After serving at least one year, justices stand for retention in the next general election. Voters cast a “yes” or “no” vote. If retained, the justice serves an eight-year term.
Candidates must be U.S. citizens, Wyoming residents for at least three years, licensed to practice law, and have at least nine years of legal experience. Justices must retire at age 70.
U.S. Supreme Court are appointed for life!
I would offer that the Wyoming process is superior to that of the U.S. Constitution. Voters are involved the process, which we are not at the federal level.
Wyoming justices can be impeached and removed from office by the state House of Representatives and Senate.
Michael Bond
Casper
Wyoming delegation must answer for President Trump’s Iran policy
Dear Casper,
Sent this to each of our Wyoming congressional delegates. I lived in Montana for years. These are the questions the Daily Montanan asked of their elected congressional representatives.
I ask the same questions of our Wyoming delegation. Montana got no answers. I doubt that we will either.
- President Donald Trump has continued to threaten to hit targets that would affect or kill civilians in Iran. Do you support his stated objectives and deadlines?
- Are you concerned that some of these targets could be construed as attacking civilians and therefore become war crimes?
- Do you have any concerns about wiping out an entire civilization, as Trump has threatened?
- If these are only rhetorical threats, what does that do to our stature in the world when we make threats, but don’t follow through with them?
- Polls have continued to show more than a majority of Americans do not support the efforts against Iran. Why do you support the effort?
- If you do not support the effort in Iran, at what point would you support Congressional intervention or oversight on the issue?
- Have you been briefed and do you believe that there are clear objectives in this war with Iran, and how can you communicate those with your constituents?
- The U.S. has repeatedly criticized Vladimir Putin and Russia for its invasion and treatment of the Ukrainian people and it sovereignty. How does that differ from America’s “excursion” into Iran?
- What is your message for Montanans who are seeing gas prices and the cost of living generally increase?
- Last week, President Trump said that America doesn’t have enough money for healthcare and childcare; further, those things must be left to the individual states in order to fund the military? Do you agree?
- President Trump continues to boost military budgets and request additional funding for the war in Iran. Do you support these?
Tami Munari
Laramie
Pregnancy is personal, not political
Dear Casper,
The recent Wyoming Supreme Court ruling, which affirmed abortion is health care, has caused some who disagree with the ruling to attack Wyoming’s judicial system.
In an opinion letter, candidate Ross Schriftman facetiously writes, “…our God-given First Amendment right of free speech does not apply when criticizing our fellow citizen judges.”
This is the first flaw in his logic because the Constitution was not written by God, therefore the right of freedom of speech was thought up and written by men. God is not the author nor guarantor of personal freedoms — our Constitution and judicial system are.
The second flaw in his argument references a letter signed by 111 professionally-trained, experienced, and well-respected Wyoming judges and attorneys explaining how the courts arrive at their rulings. It is illogical to claim we are all “citizen judges” because even though citizens have a constitutionally-guaranteed right to an opinion, it does not make every citizen a legal expert. The judges’ and attorneys’ excellent letter speaks for itself.
Mr. Schriftman claims the Supreme Court, “… create(d) an absurd definition of health care to include the intentional murder of pre-born human persons; something they did to justify overriding the equal protection clause… .” This logic is flawed because it is based on a conflation of an obsession with “pre-born human persons” and equal protection under the law.
There is significant disagreement on the issue of fetal personhood and who gets to determine it: the doctors? the lawyers? the pregnant woman? the anti-choice crowd?
Many understand and appreciate it has taken women almost 200 years to gain and keep Equal Protection Under the Law, and the disagreement over who is legally, materially, and morally responsible for a fertilized human egg has always been part this historical struggle. But it was the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision that finally established a constitutional right, for women and men, to private health care decisions and, since pregnancy is a health condition, that included abortion.
Even though it wasn’t explicit, Roe also effectively affirmed that bestowing of “personhood” is a private determination to be made by the pregnant woman and her God. But, sadly, here we are again, dealing with folks who mistakenly believe they have a right to interfere in someone else’s pregnancy.
The Rev. L Kee
Casper
Why does the U.S. keep troops in oil producing countries?
Dear Casper,
There are two facts that don’t ever seem to be considered by our government that cost us dearly.
Osama Bin Laden said the stationing of U.S. troops in the Middle East was the reason Al Qaeda attacked us on 9/11. Does the U.S. believe that the oil producing countries in the Middle East will only sell us oil if we force them to by stationing troops there? I’m not aware of any other countries that believe that.
The other fact is, the U.S. is the only country to ever use a nuclear weapon offensively. There are several countries that have nuclear weapons, including North Korea. The reason countries have been reluctant to use nuclear weapons is MAD, mutually assured destruction. Consequently, is it reasonable to expect Iran, should they develop a nuclear weapon, to attack the U.S., knowing that our superiority in nuclear capability would assure the complete destruction of their country? It clearly would be suicidal for them to do so.
But, just to be cautious, rather than destroying the entire country to deter Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon, wouldn’t it make more sense to destroy their nuclear infrastructure?
Bill Douglass
Casper
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Wyoming
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Wyoming
Artemis II Astronauts Credit Wyoming-Based NOLS For Prepping Them For Moon Mission
Before they ever left Earth, all of NASA’s Artemis II astronauts trained with the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) — and for some, that preparation included long days navigating Wyoming’s backcountry.
That NOLS training was singled out by Artemis II Commander Reid Wiseman Thursday during the crew’s first group interview from NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, after returning to Earth on April 10 from it’s 10-day mission to the moon and back.
He reflected on decision-making under pressure and how lessons learned through NOLS resurfaced during moments of stress and distraction.
“There’s a saying that we learned from one of our National Outdoor Leadership School instructors: integrity is not a one or a zero,” Wiseman said. “You can be in integrity, and you can be out of integrity — and I’ll be the first to admit that there were moments when I was out of integrity because sometimes the view or the human experience would just pull me away from the work.”
The partnership reflects a longstanding relationship between NOLS and NASA, the United States’ civilian space agency, and the Lander-based outdoor education organization.
Since 1999, NASA has worked with a variety of organizations and contracted NOLS for more than 45 wilderness expeditions designed to help astronauts prepare for the realities of long-duration spaceflight.
Those expeditions place crews in remote, resource-limited environments where communication, leadership and teamwork become essential for safety — conditions that mirror life inside a spacecraft.
In 2023, Cowboy State Daily chronicled the Artemis II astronauts training in the Cowboy State. At the time, the connection between Wyoming’s wind-carved wilderness and the engineered isolation of deep space felt philosophical.
Now, after completing their mission, the astronauts say the lessons they learned in Wyoming followed them all the way to lunar orbit.
From Wyoming Backcountry To The Moon
For NOLS instructors, the connection between wilderness leadership and spaceflight comes down to a single idea, what the school calls “expedition behavior.”
Rick Rochelle, senior faculty and leadership coach at NOLS, told Cowboy State Daily on Friday that the concept explains why NASA continues to partner with the organization decades after the relationship began.
“There’s a phrase that NOLS calls ‘expedition behavior,’ and that is clearly the most important part of why NASA works with us and how it translates,” Rochelle said.
The term was coined by NOLS founder Paul Petzoldt, a mountaineer who set an altitude record on K2 in 1938, served in the 10th Mountain Division during World War II and later built the school around the idea that leadership is defined by responsibility to others.
“He said it’s an awareness of others’ needs and the character to make those needs as important as your own,” Rochelle said. “It’s really about how to be a great team member.”
Lynn Petzold, also senior faculty at NOLS, said astronauts who train with the school are placed in situations where leadership theory becomes practical experience — where decisions must be made under stress, and reflection becomes part of daily operations.
“NOLS provides experience for astronauts to go through leadership theory, work under stress, and reflect and debrief — extracting the learnings from the day and implementing them moving forward,” Petzold said. “That’s how you continue to grow and become a better team.”
The wilderness setting itself plays a critical role.
Long stretches in remote terrain force participants to manage fatigue, communicate clearly and make decisions without outside support. These are conditions that closely resemble life inside a spacecraft.
“This ties to the previous question, which is being in an austere environment for long periods away from distractions,” Rochelle said.
Why Wyoming Keeps Showing Up In Spaceflight
The connection between Wyoming and human spaceflight has grown steadily over the past quarter century, turning Lander into an unlikely but consistent training ground for astronauts preparing to leave Earth.
In the Wyoming backcountry, that might mean navigating a sudden weather shift or managing exhaustion miles from the nearest road.
In space, the same principles scale to orbital mechanics, life-support systems, and the psychological weight of isolation.
For instructors who have watched astronauts move through Wyoming’s mountains and deserts, the pride in the Artemis II mission is personal, Rochelle said.
“These are amazing human beings,” he said. “They love each other. They’re mission-focused, and they clearly want to have a positive impact on all of humanity.”
Petzold agreed.
“These are awesome human beings who were excited to be part of this mission,” she said. “They had a lot to contribute as individuals, and as a group they really brought it together.
“NOLS is just really excited and proud to work with NASA and this crew to pave a new path forward as we return to the moon. We’re proud to have been a small part of it.”
The same training that teaches students to read about weather, manage fatigue and support teammates in the Wind River backcountry is now helping shape how astronauts operate in deep space.
Kolby Fedore can be reached at kolby@cowboystatedaily.com.
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