Wyoming’s economy has a problem: The population is shrinking rapidly. In less than five years, the number of deaths could eclipse births. That could make it hard for rural towns to keep enough families to keep schools open or enough youthful entrepreneurs to start new businesses.

But there is one bright spot.

Between 2020 and 2025, “rural Wyoming gained about 8,400 new residents during that time, and nearly 30% of that growth, which equals around 2,600 people, came from international migration,” said The Daily Yonder rural data journalist Sarah Melotte. She’s been covering how immigration is staunching rural America’s population decline in states like Kentucky and Wyoming. “So a huge part of Wyoming’s rural population growth is coming from people who were born outside the U.S.”

But as Wyoming adopts more hardline immigration policies, some immigrants are choosing to leave.

Case in point: 27-year-old Ana Castro. She came to Jackson at age seven. Growing up, she got straight A’s and started volunteering in high school.

“I joined the Rotary Club. I was actually the Rotary student-of-the-month at one point,” Castro said over Zoom from her new apartment in Mexico City. “I joined the Latina Leadership program, which also has connections to the University of Wyoming. I joined different student organizations. I also was dabbling in immigration work at the time, and I was just very passionate about social causes.”

But Castro didn’t consider herself a Wyomingite until she got a full Hathaway scholarship to the University of Wyoming. There she earned a degree in criminal justice and eventually a job working for Laramie Main Street, a nonprofit advocating for local businesses. She helped found the Wyoming chapter of Juntos, an immigrant advocacy group, and sat on the boards of both the Laramie Plains Civic Center and the Laramie Public Art Coalition.

All the while, she was trying to get legal citizenship. Both of her sisters are legal citizens – one was born in the U.S. and the other married a citizen – and her mom has permanent residency because she was able to claim amnesty. That option was available to Ana as well but required testifying about traumatic events. Her mental health issues made this impossible.

“ I tried every single avenue to try to fix my status, and I exhausted all my options,” said Castro.

After Trump’s election, Castro began feeling unsafe. Especially when friends warned of ICE sightings in Laramie.

“I started to get really paranoid,” Castro said. “In the spring, we had a few incidents where immigration, whether it was a rumor – and there were a couple times where it wasn’t a rumor and immigration was present in Laramie. I remember I had to pack up all my stuff from the office at Main Street and [my boss] took me home one time. [Another time] my coworker drove me home.”

Castro had a mental health break. She couldn’t eat, couldn’t sleep.

“I remember laying in bed and just thinking, ‘Okay, I think I have to leave,’ in order to protect myself and in order to be able to move forward in a way that I felt was dignified,” said Castro through tears.

Her community in Laramie threw her a going away party.

Three months later, Castro flew to Mexico City, population 9 million. She hadn’t lived in a city larger than 30,000 since she was a child. She left behind all her belongings and her beloved dog, Paco, taking only two small suitcases and a carry-on. It was a difficult transition. For the first month, she lived with an aunt and uncle she barely remembered.

“I remember sobbing and saying, ‘You don’t understand because I had my future planned out. I had my entire future planned out in this beautiful community that I adored in the state that I loved and was so proud to be from.’”

Castro thought that future would include growing the Laramie arts and culture community. She’d been doing that by teaching pottery at the Laramie Plains Civic Center.

There, Jessica Brauer, the director of the center, went on a search to find signs of Castro. She made a beeline for the pottery studio where Castro spent much of her time.

“I’m curious if there’s any of her pieces left here,” Brauer said.

She looked over the name tags of artists on the shelves, but Castro’s name was gone. All of her artwork had been taken away, too.

“She taught workshops in here with Laramie Public Art. She made her own art that she sold,” Brauer said.

In a recent op-ed she wrote for WyoFile, Brauer said people like Castro are leaving because Wyoming is sending a message of cruelty.

“I think when Governor Gordon announced his support of ICE, I think that was probably a moment in which Ana and many people around the state said, ‘Well, that changes the risk I’m willing to take to stay in this place.’”

Brauer said that message is hurting nonprofits. For instance, she’s not getting as many volunteers these days and not as many organizations are partnering with hers.

“That weight is on my shoulders and it’s impossibly unsustainable.”

Rural data journalist Sarah Melotte said last year Albany County would have lost 158 people but instead it grew by 13 people, thanks to a foreign-born influx. Other counties have benefitted, too, Platte County perhaps most of all.

 ”In the five-year period between 2020 and 2025, Platte County didn’t see all that much population change as a net change. However, between 2020 and 2025, they saw almost 80 new residents from international immigration. So they would’ve lost population, and that’s not an insignificant number, considering this is a small rural county,” Melotte said.

Goshen County is gaining almost all of its growth from an immigrant influx. But Melotte said recent immigration policies may be causing a chilling effect for these counties.

“Population decline can hollow out essential workers from rural communities and decrease the tax base that towns rely on to keep lights on, to pay administrators. There are fewer nurses, there are fewer teachers,” she said.

According to U.S. census data, 26% of the state’s service jobs are held by immigrants, compared to 16% of locals. Immigrants are also twice as likely as locals to fill construction jobs. Same goes for jobs in the arts, entertainment and recreation sector. Plus, the state’s immigrant population is quite a bit younger. While only 26% of locals are working age, 44% of immigrants are.

“I think a lot of these jobs that normally would be held by Wyoming citizens are being held by immigrants,” said Platte County Representative Jeremy Haroldson, a founding member of the Wyoming Freedom Caucus that supports Trump’s deportation policies.

“When we pay out a wage to someone who’s not keeping that money in our communities or in our economy, we lower the level of our pond,” Haroldson said. “We are now at a point across the nation where we’ve watched the immigration workforce lower the level in the pond. I understand they’ve got families they’re feeding, they’ve got loved ones they’re taking care of, and I’m not at all upset about that. But I do understand the economic driver that it does for our entire economy, that is very detrimental.”

Still, Haroldson is sympathetic to Castro’s situation.

“If you consider yourself a Wyomingite, that’s awesome,” he said. “Let’s make the paperwork to make you a Wyomingite. That said, we also need to make sure that it isn’t so hard for these individuals to do that that’s an impossibility.”

It might be too late for Castro. She found an apartment, is working remotely for Laramie Main Street and making friends.

“I mean, here I have free healthcare,” Castro said. “I’m free. I have so much peace and calm.”

Castro has no plans to try to return to Wyoming.

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A trans woman in Wyoming is facing two felony charges — aggravated assault and possession of a deadly weapon with unlawful intent — after pulling out a gun on someone who had pushed her to the ground, per journalist Jeff Victor of The Laramie Reporter.

Rihanna Kelver was standing outside the Crowbar & Grill in Laramie, Wyoming, when a man — whom local state news publication Cowboy State Daily identified as Scott Durham —  began to shout homophobic and transphobic slurs at her. Durham later shoved Kelver to the ground with such force that she injured her tailbone, per court testimony and surveillance footage detailed in the affidavit reviewed by The Laramie Reporter, which initially reported the altercation.

In response, Kelver drew a pistol from her bag, put in a round and pointed the weapon at Durham, which caused him to flee. Kelver, per The Laramie Reporter, kept the safety on and never fired.

Despite Wyoming’s “Stand Your Ground” statute, which allows people to use reasonable force in moments of self defense, Kelver faces up to 15 years in prison for both charges, as well as up to $11,000 in fines, per Cowboy State Daily. Kelver faces an additional year and $1,000 fine for a charge of interference with a peace officer.

Per the statute, “A person who uses reasonable defensive force … shall not be criminally prosecuted for that use of reasonable defensive force.”

According to video evidence detailed in court documents reviewed by The Laramie Reporter and Slate, Kelver was “alone, outnumbered, physically assaulted and left on the ground facing multiple aggressors,” as Durham was not alone during the incident.

Despite the overwhelming evidence that Kelver acted in self defense, a judge at a pretrial hearing agreed with the charges against Kelver, forcing her to go to trial.

Some of the facts of the case are disputed, per Cowboy State Daily, including Durham’s claim that Kelver initially approached him and that Durham only shoved her because she was the aggressor, despite Durham admitting this was a “three-on-one” situation, with the numbers stacked against Kelver.

Police who reviewed the footage wrote that Kelver approached Durham and that Durham pushed Kelver, per the affidavit.

Kelver allegedly said that she “did not recall pulling the firearm during the altercation.” Kelver said she had the gun for personal safety, having been stalked just the night before.

Per Cowboy State Daily, the charges against Kelver have changed multiple times. In November, Albany County Attorney Kurt Britzius lowered the charges from two felonies and a misdemeanor to two misdemeanors: reckless endangering and interference.

Kelver wrote a letter to Judge Robert Sanford apologizing for using the gun.

“I do not wish to spend any time attempting to garner sympathy nor victimhood,” Kelver wrote, per a court file reviewed by the Daily. “I wish to offer my sincerest apologies and condolences to your court and to my community.” She added she was “deeply sorry.”

However, following that letter, negotiations fell apart and the felony charges were reinstated in March.

“I fully respect the legal process and intend to address the facts in court, not necessarily anymore in the media,” Kelver told the Daily over the phone. “I did not go looking for confrontation. I genuinely believed my safety was threatened and my actions were taken in response to that threat.”

Once the facts are heard, she added, “it will be clear that this was a defensive response to a frightening situation. I just ask that people not rush to judgment based on incomplete information.”

CASPER, Wyo. — The Wyoming Joint Minerals, Business and Economic Development Interim Committee is considering a proposal to exempt some electricity generators from public utility regulations to meet power demands from state industries^.

The draft bill would allow electricity producers to operate outside utility rules if they serve one customer with a demand of at least 25 megawatts. It would also apply if they serve up to four customers with a combined demand of at least 100 megawatts. A staff alternative would limit the exemption to new or expanded power demands after July 1, 2027.

Supporters said utility rules slow economic growth and fail to meet the needs of industrial consumers^.

“The facts on the ground have not changed,” said Pete Obermueller, president of the Petroleum Association of Wyoming. “We are in a situation where electricity customers in the entire state essentially are facing one of three, and in some cases multiple, problems as it relates to electricity price, capacity and reliability.”

Jody Levin, representing the Wyoming Mining Association and the trona industry, said her sector is vulnerable to power disruptions. She said the industry can’t rely on the alternate draft that only addresses future load growth. A recent 15-minute power disruption damaged a boiler, took a plant offline for three months and cost revenue, she said.

“We are not asking for widespread deregulation, but we are asking for when you find yourself in these very challenging situations, you can’t get power, you’re seeing reliability disruptions, when is it appropriate for you to then have a mechanism to protect your operations,” Levin said^.

Mary Throne, representing data center developer Prometheus Hyperscale, the developer behind the proposed 1.5-gigawatt data center project straddling the Natrona-Converse county line, also supported the bill.

“I think generation flexibility is necessary to meet the demands of data center development,” Throne said^{. She said third-party generation is a tweak to the utility model.}

Utilities opposed the legislation^{. They said bypassing the grid could leave residents to pay the costs.}

Thom Carter, representing Rocky Mountain Power, said the current draft fails to protect customers from the financial risks of stranded assets or the costs of maintaining backup power reserves.

“Both versions … do not exempt the risk for if you’re going to leave,” he said, adding that without protections, “my current ratepayer then has to carry the cost and the risk for the backup.” Carter said the company is developing an alternative to offer different tools for varying load sizes.

David Bush of Black Hills Energy said the bill could threaten the company’s power contract tariff in Cheyenne. The tariff uses industrial growth to keep base rates low for other customers, a tool that’s been cited by Cheyenne city leaders as being directly responsible for protecting ratepayers amid the city’s recent data center industry’s growth.

Rural electric cooperatives also opposed the draft bill. They said they’re already developing tariffs and micro-grid concepts to serve customers quickly without legal changes.

Chris Petrie, deputy chairman of the Wyoming Public Service Commission, said his agency is working on rules to create a designation for non-public utility generators. Utilities have a legal obligation to serve their territories, he said.

“The idea here is that we want safe, adequate, and reliable service at just and reasonable rates to be available everywhere in the state,” he said.

The committee opted to carry the bill forward to its next meeting in August without making any immediate amendments.

Rep. Martha Lawley, R-Big Horn/Washakie counties, introduced a motion to advance the bill using only the first option of the draft, but withdrew it after legislative staff said no motion was needed to advance a bill as-is.

The committee also supported a motion by Sen. Tara Nethercott, R-Laramie County, to draft a second bill to put the Public Service Commission’s proposed rules into law. The senator said the new draft would “provide some statutory authority which is more powerful than rulemaking” and give the Legislature a vehicle to solve the issue.

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