Oklahoma
Catholic Church historian looking for ‘honest assessment’ of Indigenous boarding schools in Oklahoma
Catholic Church is conducting oral history interviews of people who attended Oklahoma Catholic boarding schools for Native Americans
Impacts of Catholic Indian boarding schools reach across generations
The Archdiocese of Oklahoma City and Diocese of Tulsa launched a program for healing and reconciliation surrounding the Native boarding schools.
Addison Kliewer, Oklahoman
An oral historian has begun conducting interviews with people whose family histories are intertwined with Oklahoma Catholic boarding schools for Native Americans.
The interviews of former boarding school students and their descendants are being conducted to glean information for the Oklahoma Catholic Native Schools Project, an ambitious effort launched in 2021 by the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City, the Diocese of Tulsa and St. Gregory’s Abbey.
Through the project, Oklahoma Catholic leaders said they hoped to gain an honest assessment of the history and legacy of boarding schools for Native Americans that were operated by the church from 1880 to 1965.
According to the archdiocese, 14 Catholic boarding schools for Native Americans existed in Oklahoma between 1880 and 1965. The first one opened in Konawa in 1880 and closed in 1926. The last boarding school, St. Patrick’s in Anadarko, closed in 1965. They were all overseen by various Catholic religious orders.
George Rigazzi, the archdiocese’s archivist, said about seven people showed up in Anadarko to share their histories with an independent historian.
But the oral history initiative hit a snag when a planned second set of interviews in the Fairfax/Pawhuska area was not as fruitful. Because of this, a third interview time in Hominy has been postponed as church leaders regroup to determine how to encourage more people to share their stories.
“I understand the reticence, believe me, because it’s a matter of trust,” Rigazzi said. “We know not everything that happened in the Catholic Indian schools was bad, but we also know there were some things that were not right.”
The interviews in Hominy were initially planned for the first week of January. Rigazzi said church leaders are working with various groups to spread the word to Indigenous communities around the state and a meal designed to open up the lines of communication may be held in February. He said the church is primarily targeting Indigenous people for the interviews, but other people who attended the schools or their descendants are welcome to share their stories, as well.
The Native Schools Project came in the wake of a reckoning that began in Canada after the May 2021 discovery of 215 unmarked graves of Indigenous children by Canada’s Tk’emlúps te Secwepemc First Nation at the Kamloops Indian Residential School in British Columbia. Shortly afterward, U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland launched a comprehensive review of the federal government’s role with Indigenous boarding schools, aiming to discover and highlight the intergenerational effect of the schools and the trauma they created for hundreds of Indigenous children and families.
More: Deb Haaland visits Oklahoma ’12 years of hell’: Former students recount life at Native American boarding schools in OK
In May 2022, the Interior Department published a federal report based on its investigation, underscoring the wide-ranging forms of abuse that Native students were forced to endure at the boarding schools, all with the purported goal of helping them assimilate into white culture. In June 2022, Oklahoma — which had 76 of the schools, more than any other state ― was the first stop on Haaland’s “Road to Healing” listening tour to hear boarding school survivors talk about their experiences.
Oral histories versus ‘listening sessions’
Thus far, the project has included research being conducted in partnership with Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which holds the archives for the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. Specific collaboration is with Marquette professor Bryan Rindfleisch, who specializes in Native American history and studies.
More: Boarding school research Days of Native Americans at boarding schools are being brought to light with professor’s work
Notably, the project also has included “listening sessions” which were designed to draw former Indigenous boarding school students or their descendants to local churches to talk about their experiences with Deacon Roy Callison, with the archdiocese’s American Indian Catholic Outreach.
Callison, who facilitated the sessions with his wife, Susan, has said the listening sessions were generally informative and positive. At least one, a listening session held in early 2022 at Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Konawa was not as positive, after it ended abruptly when several Native American women spoke about the troubled history of some of the boarding schools. The session ended on a sour note when a priest asked the Native American women to leave because church members became upset about the women’s negative portrayal of the boarding schools.
Rigazzi said the listening sessions were helpful by providing the Callisons with opportunities to talk about the Native Schools Project with local church members. They also gave Indigenous people and others in the community opportunities to share their stories about the boarding schools with those who gathered for the sessions.
He said the oral history interviews are different because they are being conducted in private and in non-church settings. Also, the archivist said church leaders have ensured that people may share their stories privately with oral history interviewer Lisa Lynn Brooks, an educator who is Choctaw. Rigazzi said Brooks is an Oklahoman who currently lives in New Jersey and she is not Catholic.
He said another individual helping with this latest part of the project is Dana Attocknie, managing editor of the Sooner Catholic, the Oklahoma City archdiocese’s official news outlet. Rigazzi and the archdiocese’s chancellor, Michael Scaperlanda, said Attocknie, who is Comanche and Pueblo, has been helping spread the word about the oral history effort. Scaperlanda said she recommended that the initiative be advertised in tribal newspapers and that has been done.
Scaperlanda said church leaders had hoped to begin the oral history interviews sooner but encountered a few roadblocks. He said they knew the interviews needed to be conducted by someone with no church ties but also a person who has been trained to conduct such interviews, particularly because of the sensitive and personal nature of the topic.
He said Brooks was added to the project once they determined she was the right person for the task but the logistics of where the interviews would take place also slowed the process down.
“We also knew that time was of the essence because the last school closed in 1965 and a lot of these folks are getting older,” Scaperlanda said.
He said it’s important to note that the church will not publicize oral histories if people don’t want to make them public. The idea behind the effort is to record the histories for the project, but only publicize them if the individual grants permission.
“We want to capture that history and preserve their privacy,” Scaperlanda said.
Like Rigazzi, he said he’s hoping that people will see the advertisements or hear about the oral history effort through word of mouth and decide to share their stories “because we really do want to understand what our boarding school history is.”
For more information about the oral history interviews, go to https://archokc.org/oknativeschoolsproject.
More: Catholic Indian boarding schools Catholic leaders exploring history, legacy of Oklahoma Catholic Indian boarding schools
Oklahoma
Oklahoma death row inmate granted clemency on the morning of his scheduled execution
A death row inmate in Oklahoma was preparing for his scheduled execution Thursday when Gov. Kevin Sitt spared his life and announced his decision to commute Tremane Wood’s sentence from death to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
Wood, 46, is the sixth condemned person to receive clemency in the state in the modern history of capital punishment.
Clemency came after a vote last week by the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board recommended it.
“After a thorough review of the facts and prayerful consideration, I have chosen to accept the Pardon and parole Board’s recommendation to commute Tremane Wood’s sentence to life without parole,” Sitt said in a statement Thursday morning. “This action reflects the same punishment his brother received for their murder of an innocent young man and ensures a severe punishment that keeps a violent offender off the streets forever.”
Wood was convicted and sentenced to death for the 2001 murder of Ronnie Wipf, a migrant farmworker from Montana, during a botched robbery at an Oklahoma City hotel on New Year’s Eve, according to court records. He and his legal representatives maintained Wood’s innocence in the murder, saying the inmate was involved in the robbery but not the killing — which, they say, his brother committed alone.
The brother, Zjaiton Wood, was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for Wipf’s murder and died while incarcerated in 2019, The Associated Press reported.
“We are profoundly grateful for the moral courage and leadership Governor Stitt has shown in granting mercy to Tremane,” said Amanda Bass Castro-Alves, one of Wood’s current attorneys, in a statement on Thursday. “This decision honors the wishes of Mr. Wipf’s family and the surviving victim, and we hope it allows them a measure of peace.”
The announcement marked Sitt’s second clemency grant since taking office, with the last going to former death row inmate Julius Jones in 2021. Jones’ commutation came on the heels of significant public outcry over his case, as people questioned whether or not his conviction for murder was legitimate.
Wood and Jones sought to overturn their death sentences in 2017 with a lawsuit that alleged Oklahoma’s capital punishment infrastructure was racist and biased, according to the nonprofit Death Penalty Information Center.
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Sheriffs’ Association backs strengthening cockfighting laws
COMANCHE COUNTY — The Oklahoma Sheriffs’ Association is calling cockfighting a public safety crisis. The OSS wrote a letter to the Oklahoma Congressional Delegation, strongly supporting the FIGHT (Fighting Illegal Gaming and High-Risk Animal Trafficking) Act, or HR 3946.
It is viewed as a positive step by animal rights groups, like Animal Wellness Action, that have often accused Oklahoma law enforcement of turning a “blind eye” to enforcing illegal animal fighting operations.
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According to the letter signed by OSA Deputy Director Kyle Keller, the FIGHT act would provide tools that would be indispensable to Oklahoma sheriff’s departments, many of which are limited on budget and manpower.
It states sheriffs often encounter other illegal activity associated with animal fighting events, like gambling, drug dealing, violence and human trafficking.
The letter states the FIGHT act would:
• Ban simulcasting and gambling on animal fights
• Prohibit the shipment of mature roosters through the U.S. mail
• Create a citizen suit provision, allowing private individuals to take legal action against illegal animal fighters
• Enhance forfeiture provisions to include real property used in the commission of animal fighting crimes
2 News often hears from the gamefowl community after airing stories, and are told their voice isn’t heard. We spoke with B.L. Cozad of Comanche County on his views of the laws.
He believes that banning cockfighting goes against seven amendments of the U.S. Constitution, and that the government shouldn’t place higher value on gamefowl lives than his rights.
2 News interview with gamefowl farmer
2 News’ Erin Christy: Are you a cockfighter?
Cozad: I own gamecocks. Yes, I do I’m a gamecock farmer.
Christy: Do you fight them?
Cozad: You harvest your gamecock, you harvest your livestock.
Christy: When you use the term harvest, what do you mean?
Cozad: You’re making an economic harvest are you not?
Christy: Oh you’re making money. So your ‘economic harvest’ is fighting gamefowl.
Cozad: The same way gamecocks have been harvested for more than 3,000 years. You compete them against another gamecock.
Christy: You believe cockfighting should be legal because it’s within your right?
Cozad: It is legal. The law is unconstitutional. Any law that is unconstitutional is an illegal law.
Christy: But you would have to take the issue of cockfighting to the Supreme Court for them to declare it’s unconstitutional. We can’t just make that assumption on our own.
Cozad: Oh, yes, we can, because every person every person has their own, ideas and their own understanding of the Constitution of the United States. We don’t have rulers in America.
Christy: You believe regardless of whether the state law, the federal law… you just believe that no matter what, the current status is– It is a legal thing to do.
Cozad: Here’s the thing…
Christy: No, I’m asking you a question.
Cozad: I understand you’re asking me a question. The thing is, is what I’m telling you, the law is unconstitutional. Any law that is unconstitutional is illegal.
Christy: As one, I’m assuming, goes or has been to cockfighting events, based on what you’re telling me, do you believe the notion that cockfighting events bring along with it other illegal activity?
Cozad: No, there’s no notion. Understand, If you criminalize a football… there are drugs at every football game ever played. Okay? And if you criminalize football, Or, can you criminalize football because someone at the football game had drugs?
Christy: Football is not illegal.
Cozad: If somebody was to show up at a football game with drugs, we could call the police and have them arrested. But if somebody, because I wouldn’t want drugs at the football game, if someone shows up with drugs, we are at a disability (sic).
Christy: Because you’re at an illegal event.
Cozad: When are you gonna wrap your head around the fact that the law is unconstitutional, and any law that is unconstitutional is an illegal law?
Stay in touch with us anytime, anywhere —
Oklahoma
Sooners win over Arkansas-Pine Bluff at McCasland Field House
The Oklahoma men’s basketball team returned to form Tuesday night, cruising to a 95-69 win over Arkansas-Pine Bluff in front of a packed student crowd at historic McCasland Field House.
After head coach Porter Moser challenged his team to be more aggressive on the glass following last week’s loss, the Sooners responded with one of their most physical performances in recent memory. Forward Tae Davis delivered his first double-double as a Sooner, posting 13 points and a career-high 15 rebounds, including 11 on the offensive end the most by an OU player since at least the 1995-96 season.
Guard Nijel Pack knocked down five 3-pointers on 5-for-7 shooting from deep to finish with 15 points, helping Oklahoma build a double-digit lead in the first half. Xzayvier Brown led all scorers with 19 points, adding four steals and three assists while shooting a perfect 5-for-5 at the free-throw line.
The Sooners (2-1) dominated the glass with a 13-rebound advantage and outscored the Golden Lions (0-4) 25-12 in second-chance points. Sophomore guard Dayton Forsythe added 15 points off the bench, while forward Derrion Reid chipped in 12 on efficient 5-for-8 shooting.
Oklahoma turned a one-point deficit midway through the first half into a 42-31 halftime lead behind a 10-0 run sparked by Davis and Pack. Arkansas-Pine Bluff made a brief push early in the second half, trimming the margin to eight, but the Sooners answered with another surge to put the game out of reach.
Next up, the Sooners travel to Sioux Falls, South Dakota, for a neutral-site matchup against Nebraska on Saturday in the “Battle of the Big Reds.”
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