Florida
1850s plant info unearthed, helping Florida scientists untangle climate change
An email from the Smithsonian Institution popped up in Theresa Crimmins’ inbox over a December break about two years ago.
Crimmins was researching phenology — the study of how plants and animals respond to seasonal changes — for a book chapter she was writing, and had requested whatever information the institution could find.
To the average person, the document the Smithsonian had unearthed would have been unremarkable.
It is a nearly 600-page, 19th-century report containing a dizzying amount of entries spanning from 1851 to 1859.
This data was highly unusual in its detail. Most records like it are generic and only cover small regions. This one contained thousands of entries spanning over 200 species across North America, including exact blooming dates, when fruit ripened and when different animals migrated into an area.
Crimmins, the director of the USA National Phenological Network, reached out to colleagues across the country to see if they knew about it.
It was unlike any document they’d seen before. And it apparently had never been utilized.
Comparing the entries to data from today could draw an unprecedented picture of how climate change has affected when plants bloom over the last century and a half.
So Crimmins teamed with Robert Guralnick, curator of biodiversity informatics at the Florida Museum of Natural History in Gainesville, and researchers from the University of Florida to do just that. They released a study in October with their findings.
What they found was a vastly different natural world caused by climate change — one where some species today bloom nearly a month earlier than they did in the 1850s.
When the timing of species that rely on each other shift around, it can create an unsteady ripple through ecosystems — causing a myriad of unforeseen consequences like less pollination or food scarcity.
“I think what this is helping us understand is that we are very much in a period of active change,” Crimmins said, “and really things are drifting earlier.”
How century old data is informing the future
The Smithsonian Institution in the 1850s recruited hundreds of citizen scientists across the nation to track when they saw plants bud or grow leaves.
At the time, Florida had been a state for only six years.
The first Florida entry was for “Alligator,” a city that would later be renamed Lake City in Columbia County. Edward Ives recorded the first leaves growing on a “Red or Soft Maple.”
Another contributor from “Cedar Keys” in Levy County was named Augustus Steele.
Steele is likely the same man who helped found Hillsborough County years prior, according to a Tampa Tribune article.
Vital as the data would turn out to be, the document went unpublished for years because of printing scarcity during the American Civil War.
In 2023, Crimmins was tasked with contributing a chapter for a third edition of a book on phenology. The book’s previous edition briefly mentioned a phenological data collection network in the 1850s, but it was merely a footnote.
It was an opportunity, Crimmins said, to dig deeper. Still, she was floored when she received the full document from the Smithsonian and saw its extraordinary detail.
“I was like ‘Oh my gosh, that’s cool,‘” Crimmins said. “When you have actual direct observations like that, you can directly compare them to the same species and the same events in the present day.”
The project mirrors the work of the USA National Phenological Network. The group, created in 2007, uses a formal tracking program that collects and monitors plant cycles with the help of citizen scientists across the country.
A formula for the future
Scientists don’t know precisely how climate change influences plant cycles.
Researchers know plants are sensitive to cues, like temperatures, but why flowering and leafing varies across species remains a mystery.
As the planet warms from human-caused climate change, these cycles are further muddied.
Guralnick and other colleagues from the University of Florida, including a small group of student interns, spent weeks scraping data from the 19th-century document.
Beyond comparing dates of blooming, they wanted to create a better framework to predict how species respond to climate change.
The October study outlines a revamped formula for predicting when plants will grow buds or leaves by adding an extra variable to how phenological predictions are typically made.
They found that with the added variable, their predictions more accurately aligned with how climate change has affected nature over the past century and a half.
With climate change, not all species are changing in the same way, or in the same direction, Crimmins said.
Are pollen allergies in Florida worsening? Is climate change to blame?
The northeastern part of the country is warming faster than the southeast, for example.
While the October study does not use Florida records (researchers used data as far south as around Georgia), there are some takeaways for the state.
Guralnick said species in the southeast are more sensitive to phenological cues, like temperature or rainfall changes.
Had warming in the south occurred at the same rate as the north, southerly plant cycles would be more affected.
“I think it’s neat,” Guralnick said. “It talks about these different layers, and so now we can predict if more warming happens here over time, we would see stronger phenological responses to that warming.”
When a plant blooms earlier than expected, that’s where mismatches among species that depend on each other can happen, Crimmins said.
If a plant buds before a pollinator arrives, the plant may not be able to reproduce as widely, and it could cause the pollinator’s population to decline.
Crimmins said the phenology network is a way to show how the natural world is changing and document it.
“There’s a lot people can do just with the data coming … but when we can also put into the context of what was happening a hundred or more years ago, with this particular data set, it’s even more powerful,” Crimmins said.
“It helps us to tell an even more robust story of how things have changed.”
EUGENE – Since coach Dan Lanning took over at Oregon, the Oregon Ducks have become one of the top destinations for receivers all over the country. This season, Oregon had one of the best receiving corps in the nation and secured commitments from the top wide receivers in the class of 2025, including ESPN’s No. 3 overall prospect, Dakorien Moore.
Now, Lanning and his staff have landed a big-time transfer out of Florida State, Malik Benson.
Benson, a 6-foot-1, 195-pound senior from Florida State, has committed to Oregon. The former No. 1 overall junior college recruit out of Hutchinson Community College in Kansas played one season at Alabama and one with the Seminoles before entering the portal and committing to Oregon.
Benson chose Oregon over both Tennessee and Kansas State. He was ranked the No. 91 wide receiver in the transfer portal, according to On3’s 2025 Transfer Portal Player Rankings.
The former Seminole told ESPN on Tuesday that he picked Oregon because he was impressed with the coaching staff and intrigued by the opportunity to play with quarterback Dante Moore, a transfer from UCLA who served as Oregon’s backup QB this season.
“He’ll be a Heisman finalist next year. 100%. Next year,” senior wide receiver Tez Johnson said of Moore. “That boy can throw a ball like no other. I’ve never seen nothing like it.”
Next season, Moore will have another experienced receiver to target in Benson.
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The 2024 season was anticipated to be Benson’s final season of collegiate football before presumably testing his chances in the NFL Draft. However, he now has one more year of eligibility remaining due to the NCAA waiver granted to former junior college players.
“I’m just glad that the Lord blessed me with another opportunity and another year,” Benson told ESPN. “I will not take this for granted.”
In 2024, Benson appeared in all 12 games for the Seminoles. He finished the season with 25 catches for 311 yards and a touchdown. Benson also recorded two rushing attempts and one punt return.
Prior to playing at Florida State, Benson played at Alabama under head coach Nick Saban. While at Alabama, Benson made 14 appearances and six starts. He had 13 receptions for 162 yards, with his best showing of the season coming against Texas, where he recorded two receptions for 33 yards.
Before transitioning to Power 5 football, Benson had the challenge of proving himself at the junior college level, and he exceeded expectations. During his two seasons at Hutchinson, Benson recorded 2,152 receiving yards while ranking second in program history with 21 receiving touchdowns.
Benson has the opportunity to make an impact right away with Oregon, as the Ducks have lost multiple receivers to the NFL, including Johnson, Traeshon Holden, and potentially Evan Stewart, who has yet to make a decision. Benson is sure to provide a boost to Oregon’s 2025 roster as the program looks for redemption after falling to Ohio State in the Rose Bowl. Although it is very early, given the talent and experience on Oregon’s future roster, the Ducks have another opportunity to make the College Football Playoff and contend for a national championship.
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By finishing off the give-and-go, Verhaeghe netted his 10th goal of the campaign.
“He made an awesome pass, really deceptive,” Verhaeghe said of Lundell’s set-up dish.
Starting the second period on the penalty kill, the Panthers held Colorado’s vaunted power play to just two shots on goal. Later in the period, the Panthers got the job done once again with another stalwart showing on the penalty kill, this time surrendering zero shots on goal.
Despite taking the ice without two of their top defensemen and penalty killers in Ekblad and Mikkola, who are both sidelined by injuries, the Panthers went 4-for-4 on the penalty kill.
“I think we did a good job,” forward Eetu Luostarinen said of the team’s work while shorthanded. “We know they have a lot of guys that can make plays and score. I think we didn’t give them too much time and space.”
Evening the score for Colorado, Devon Toews fired a shot through traffic that went off the cross bar, hit Sergei Bobrovsky’s back and then fluttered into the net to make it 1-1 at 18:18.
A grinder of a second period, the two teams combined for just five shots at 5-on-5.
After being shut down on the power play once again early in the third period, the Avalanche found the go-ahead goal they needed at even strength. Notching his second goal of the game, Toews found the back of the net with another point shot to make it 2-0 at 8:54.
From there, Bobrovsky and Blackwood went save for save for several minutes.
A great goaltending battle, Bobrovsky finished with 31 saves, while Blackwood made 26.
“He’s our wall back there,” Verhaeghe said of Bobrovsky. “I can’t say enough.”
Sealing the win for Colorado, Miko Rantanen made it 3-1 with an empty-net goal at 18:03.
“I think it was a tight game, a 2-1 game,” Verhaeghe said of the third period. “It’s a game we’re used to playing in. The last time game we got the better of it. It just took one break. We had our chances and looks to get back into the game or to tie it up. It didn’t go for us.”
THEY SAID IT
“We supported pretty well, moved the puck pretty well. Both team’s penalty kill was really strong. It was going to be a tight game.” – Paul Maurice
“It was kind of back-and-forth of a game. We had our chances, but they capitalized on one, which was kind of the difference. Yeah, we’re comfortable playing in those games. We usually pull it out.” – Carter Verhaeghe
CATS STATS
– Aleksander Barkov went 8-for-13 (61.5%) in the face-off circle.
– Dmitry Kulikov blocked a team-high three shots.
– Tobias Bjornfot saw 15:29 of ice time in his season debut.
– Sergei Bobrovsky made 10 high-danger saves, per NaturalStatTrick.com.
WHAT’S NEXT?
The Panthers will close the book on their two-game road trip with their first-ever trip to Salt Lake City for a matchup against the Utah Hockey Club at Delta Center on Wednesday at 10 p.m. ET.
To find a place to watch the game in South Florida, click HERE.
It’s high school football season once again in the Sunshine State! Nope, not that kind of football. Not yet anyways, darn it.
Girls flag football season will be getting underway throughout the state of Florida in about a month and there’s plenty to think about before then.
So how about some preseason rankings for an appetizer?
Headlining the top of the rankings heading into preseason play is the No. 1, Robinson Knights of Hillsborough County, and at No. 2 is Miami Palmetto. Both teams won state championships last May and are coming off strong 2024 campaigns. There’s a slew of teams we looked at for our initial rankings and now we break out the preseason edition. Check out our power rankings and let us know what you think.
The Knights went 24-0 last season, winning the Class 1A state championship the end. Returning quarterback Haidyn Spano and an experienced roster makes this an easy pick.
Miami Palmetto won the Class 2A state championship last season and Kevin Mujica returns a slew of starters, including his quarterback. Definitely will be in to winning it all this spring.
Never too far away from the top are the Ravens out of Tampa. Alonso fell well short of its annual goal of winning it all, but returning quarterback Gabby Werr and dynamo Makenna Sturgis makes this team a dangerous one.
After falling in a heartbreaker to Miami Palmetto last season, Lennard returns plenty of talent, though who will be the quarterback after Abby Ewell is a question mark.
The Patriots were the youngest team among those that played at states last year in Tampa. Returning quarterback Amaya Pablo and other starters, we like this team to make another deep run with what they have coming back.
Keidran Willis and his girls last season made program history by reaching the Class 1A state championship game. The Jaguars have the offensive talent to get back to Tampa this season.
Indians’ quarterback Diaris Morales was sensational as a sophomore last season and should be that much better as a junior this spring.
When you have a player of the caliber of Adrienne Rivera running your offense, it’s hard to ignore the Cobras as a viable state championship team this spring.
Some tend to forget that the Wolves took teams like Alonso to the brink. Newsome always is in the thick of it all when it comes to being one of the top clubs out of Hillsborough County.
The Broncos’ offense was electric last season behind the play of quarterback Jerniyah Fowles, who is back this season.
If you didn’t learn this name last year, get to know it this spring: KK Ramsey.
Beating Class 2A state runnerup Lennard during the season speaks volume of how good this Hawks’ team really is. Keep an eye on this team.
Though the Wolverines lost quarterback Keelin Coleman due to graduation, the Wolverines will be one of the top teams out of the 561.
The Raiders have continued to make their way upwards in the rankings as they came within a score of Pembroke Pines Charter in the playoffs. Easily a team we could see playing deep into the postseason this spring.
Though the Pirates lost quarterback Cydnee Brooks and a few other starters, this team has re-stocked and will be the best out of the South Suncoast.
When it came to the best of Pinellas County, the Green Devils were the top team. Beat Braden River last season during the season and have the talent to compete with anyone once again.
The Eagles finished with 13 victories a year ago and are a program on the rise out of South Florida.
Central Florida just started fielding flag football, but the Panthers have made a quick acension up the ranks. Dr. Phillips should be ready to take the next step this season.
The Wildcats are perennially one of the best teams in the state, but an early playoff exit last season set them back. Western will be looking to establish themselves as South Florida’s best.
If not for Homestead, we could’ve easily been thinking Miami Edison higher up in these initial rankings.
If there was one thing for certain, the Blue Devils’ defense was something serious in 2024. Clay only allowed 33 points last season.
Looking at the kind of talent coming back, Somerset Academy-Canyons will be a team that could move up the rankings sooner rather than later.
All three losses suffered by the Spartans last season came at the hands of Class 2A state champion Miami Palmetto.
Having quarterback Robyn Cantwell back under center has us thinking the Crusaders will be one of the better Tampa Bay area clubs.
Only team out of the North Suncoast in these rankings is the Panthers as they bring back a bevy of talent, including quarterback Peyton Dison.
Follow High School On SI throughout the 2024 high school football season for Live Updates, the most up to date Schedules & Scores and complete coverage from the preseason through the state championships!
Be sure to Bookmark High School on SI for all of the latest high school football news.
High School On SI will serve as the premier destination for high school sports fans, delivering unparalleled coverage of high school athletics nationwide through in-depth stories, recruiting coverage, rankings, highlights and much more. The launch of a dedicated high school experience expands Sports Illustrated’s reach to even more local communities as fans can now truly follow athletes from “preps to the pros” on a single platform, bringing them closer to the action than ever before. For more information, visit si.com/high-school.
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— Andy Villamarzo | villamarzo@scorebooklive.com | @highschoolonsi
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