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The Territory Is Tiny and So Is the Newborn Caterpillar Defending It

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The Territory Is Tiny and So Is the Newborn Caterpillar Defending It

When territorial animals are confronted by intruders, they instinctively protect their turf — no matter how small.

For warty birch caterpillars, that means patrolling one of the tiniest territories on Earth: the tips of birch leaves. Scientists observed the caterpillars warding off intruders with loud vibrations that advertise they are in command of a domain that stretches a few millimeters across.

“It’s like rap battles,” said Jayne Yack, a professor of neuroethology at Carleton University in Ottawa and an author of the study, which was published on Tuesday in The Journal of Experimental Biology.

Dr. Yack’s team is the first to observe an insect defending a leaf tip, a discovery that hints at a hidden world of territorial disputes playing out on small scales. These caterpillars are kings of the tiniest castles ever identified.

The behavior of warty birch caterpillars is unconventional. These insects seek turf as soon as they hatch, settling on leaf tips in a “dragon-like” resting stance. While other caterpillar species defend ranges at later developmental stages, they are not as vulnerable to predators and exposure as the warty birches.

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“The remarkable thing about these guys is that they’re so small when they hatch, less than a millimeter,” Dr. Yack said. “The mortality rate for a small insect like that is very high, so usually they form groups to survive in that hostile world. But these guys always go to the tip of a leaf. That’s their strategy.”

Dr. Yack and her team collected eggs laid by two-lined hooktip moths, the adult form of the species, and set up new hatchlings on single birch leaves. The newborns overwhelmingly booked it to the tips.

After staking claims, the caterpillars made vibrational signals, called drums and buzz scrapes, produced by striking and scraping their bodies against the leaf. The vibrations are like a “no vacancy” sign that rumbles across nearby stems and branches.

Rival warty birch caterpillars were introduced onto occupied leaves over the course of 18 trial encounters. When confronted by intruders, the resident caterpillars dialed up the signal rate by about four times. If the intruder breached the perimeter of the leaf tip, the defenders escalated the signal rate by about 14 times.

Newborn caterpillars are too fragile to endure the sort of violent conflicts observed in other territorial animals, from ants to elephants, which can be deadly. But intruders did make body contact in eight of the trials. And such encounters highlighted why the tiny tyrants want to live on a leaf tip: It allows an easy getaway. Faced with insistent invaders they’d never defeat, the caterpillars can rappel off the tip on a silk thread, a strategy called lifelining.

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It took only a light touch to drive a leaf tip’s resident to retreat on its lifeline, leaving the caterpillar literally hanging by a thread. In the other 10 encounters, the intruders heeded the warnings and left the resident in control.

Dr. Yack and her colleagues have since conducted experiments that suggest caterpillars can distinguish signals from different sources. They might even imitate vibrations made by predators, like spiders.

“The vibroscape of insects is really unexplored,” Dr. Yack said.

The new research opens a window into caterpillar communication. But along with evidence suggesting some wasps or aphids defend territory as small as the tip of a birch leaf, the study also shows that territorial conflicts come in all shapes and sizes.

“Territorial behavior is really important to animals, including humans, and there are a lot more strategies out there than we think,” Dr. Yack said.

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For Oprah Winfrey, a croissant is now just a croissant — not a struggle

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For Oprah Winfrey, a croissant is now just a croissant — not a struggle

Yes, Oprah Winfrey has discussed her weight loss and weight gain and weight in general before — many, many times before. The difference this time around, she says, is how little food noise there is in her daily life, and how little shame. It’s so quiet, in fact, that she can eat a whole croissant and simply acknowledge she had breakfast.

“Food noise,” for those who don’t experience it, is a virtually nonstop mental conversation about food that, according to Tufts Medicine, rarely shuts up and instead drives a person “to eat when they’re not hungry, obsess over meals and feel shame or guilt about their eating habits.”

“This type of obsessive food-related thinking can override hunger cues and lead to patterns of overeating, undereating or emotional eating — especially for people who are overweight,” Tufts said.

Winfrey told People in an exclusive interview published Tuesday that in the past she would have been thinking, “‘How many calories in that croissant? How long is it going to take me to work it off? If I have the croissant, I won’t be able to have dinner.’ I’d still be thinking about that damn croissant!”

What has changed is her acceptance 2½ years ago that she has a disease, obesity, and that this time around there was something not called “willpower” to help her manage it.

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The talk show host has been using Mounjaro, one of the GLP-1 drugs, since 2023. The weight-loss version of Mounjaro is Zepbound, like Wegovy is the weight-loss version of Ozempic. Trulicity and Victroza are also GLP-1s, and a pill version of Wegovy was just approved by the FDA.

When she started using the injectable, Winfrey told People she welcomed the arrival of a tool to help her get away from the yo-yo path she’d been on for decades. After understanding the science behind it, she said, she was “absolutely done with the shaming from other people and particularly myself” after so many years of weathering public criticism about her weight.

“I have been blamed and shamed,” she said elsewhere in that 2023 interview, “and I blamed and shamed myself.”

Now, on the eve of 2026, Winfrey says her mental shift is complete. “I came to understand that overeating doesn’t cause obesity. Obesity causes overeating,” she told the outlet. “And that’s the most mind-blowing, freeing thing I’ve experienced as an adult.”

She isn’t even sharing her current weight with the public.

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Winfrey did take a break from the medication early in 2024, she said, and started to regain weight despite continuing to work out and eat healthy foods. So for Winfrey the obesity prescription will be renewed for a lifetime. C’est la vie seems to be her attitude.

“I’m not constantly punishing myself,” she said. “I hardly recognize the woman I’ve become. But she’s a happy woman.”

Winfrey has to take a carefully managed magnesium supplement and make sure she drinks enough water, she said. The shots are done weekly, except when she feels like she can go 10 or 12 days. But packing clothes for the Australian leg of her “Enough” book tour was an off-the-rack delight, not a trip down a shame spiral. She’s even totally into regular exercise.

Plus along with the “quiet strength” she has found in the absence of food noise, Winfrey has experienced another cool side effect: She pretty much couldn’t care less about drinking alcohol.

“I was a big fan of tequila. I literally had 17 shots one night,” she told People. “I haven’t had a drink in years. The fact that I no longer even have a desire for it is pretty amazing.”

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So back to that croissant. How did she feel after she scarfed it down?

“I felt nothing,” she said. “The only thing I thought was, ‘I need to clean up these crumbs.’”

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Owners of mobile home park destroyed in the Palisades fire say they’re finally clearing the debris

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Owners of mobile home park destroyed in the Palisades fire say they’re finally clearing the debris

Former residents of the Palisades Bowl Mobile Home Estates, a roughly 170-unit mobile home park completely destroyed in the Palisades fire, received a notice Dec. 23 from park owners saying debris removal would start as early as Jan. 2.

The Bowl is the largest of only a handful of properties in the Palisades still littered with debris nearly a year after the fire. It’s left the Bowl’s former residents, who described the park as a “slice of paradise,” stuck in limbo.

The email notice, which was reviewed by The Times, instructed residents to remove any burnt cars from their lots as quickly as possible, since contractors cannot dispose of vehicles without possessing the title. It followed months of near silence from the owners.

“The day before Christmas Eve … it triggers everybody and throws everybody upside down,” said Jon Brown, who lived in the Bowl for 10 years and now helps lead the fight for the residents’ right to return home. “Am I liable if I can’t get this done right now? Between Christmas and New Year’s? It’s just the most obnoxious, disgusting behavior.”

Brown is not optimistic the owners will follow through. “They’ve said things like this before over the years with a bunch of different things,” he said, “and then they find some reason not to do it.”

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Earlier this year, the Federal Emergency Management Agency denied requests from the city and the Bowl’s owners to include the park in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers cleanup program, which FEMA said was focused on residential lots, not commercial properties. In a letter, FEMA argued it could not trust the owners of the Bowl to preserve the beachfront property as affordable housing.

A tattered flag waves in the wind at Asilomar View Park overlooking the Pacific Palisades Bowl Mobile Estates.

(Myung J. Chun/Los Angeles Times)

The Bowl, which began as a Methodist camp in the 1890s, was purchased by Edward Biggs, a Northern California real estate mogul, in 2005 and split between his first and second wives after his death in 2021. The family has a history of failing to perform routine maintenance and seeking to redevelop the park into a more lucrative resort community.

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After FEMA’s rejection, the owners failed to meet the City of L.A.’s debris removal deadlines. In October, the city’s Board of Building and Safety Commissioners declared the park a public nuisance alongside seven other properties, giving the city the authority to complete the debris removal itself and charge the owners the bill.

But the city has yet to find funds to front the work, which is expected to cost millions.

On Dec. 10, City Councilmember Traci Park filed a motion that would order the city to come up with a cost estimate for debris removal and identify funding sources within the city. It would also instruct the city attorney’s office to explore using criminal prosecution to address the uncleared properties.

The Department of Building and Safety did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

Despite the recent movement on debris removal, residents of the Palisades Bowl still have a long road ahead.

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Fire debris remains at Pacific Palisades Bowl Mobile Estates on Dec. 31, 2025.

On Wednesday, numerous burnt out vehicles still remained at the Pacific Palisades Bowl Mobile Estates. The owners instructed residents they must get them removed as quickly as possible.

(Myung J. Chun/Los Angeles Times)

In mobile home parks, tenants lease their spaces from the landowners but own the homes placed on the land. Before residents can start rebuilding, the Bowl’s owners need to replace or repair the foundations for the homes; fix any damage to the roads, utilities and retaining walls; and rebuild facilities like the community center and pool.

The owners have not responded to multiple requests for comment, but in February, Colby Biggs, Edward Biggs’ grandson, told CalMatters that “If we have to go invest $100 million to rebuild the park and we’re not able to recoup that in some fashion, then it’s not likely we will rebuild the park.”

Mobile home law experts and many residents doubt that the Biggs family would be able to convert the rent-controlled mobile home park into something else under existing law. The most realistic option, should the Biggs decide against rebuilding, would be to sell the park to another owner — or directly to the residents, a course of action the residents have been actively pursuing.

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The lack of communication and action from the owners has nonetheless left the Bowl’s eclectic former community of artists, teachers, surfers, first responders and retirees in limbo.

Many are running out of insurance money for temporary housing and remain unsure whether they’ll ever be able to move back.

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Video: Drones Detect Virus in Whale Blow in the Arctic

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Video: Drones Detect Virus in Whale Blow in the Arctic

new video loaded: Drones Detect Virus in Whale Blow in the Arctic

Scientists flew drones with petri dishes above several species of whales in northern seas to collect samples of whale blow, which they tested for four different viruses. For the first time in the Arctic, researchers found cetacean morbillivirus, a highly infectious and deadly virus for marine mammals.

By Jamie Leventhal and Alexa Robles-Gil

January 2, 2026

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