Science
Helen Hays, Who Helped Bring Terns Back to Long Island Sound, Dies at 94

Helen Hays, an intrepid ornithologist who for nearly 50 years led scores of volunteers to Great Gull Island, a postage-stamp islet in Long Island Sound, where they endured dive-bombing birds and fierce ocean storms to help revitalize it as one of the world’s largest nesting sites for common and roseate terns, died on Feb. 5 in Scarsdale, N.Y. She was 94.
Her brother, James Hays, said the death, at a care facility, was from dementia.
Terns, both the common and roseate variety, are compact seabirds sometimes confused with gulls. They are also Olympic-level migrators: After nesting in secluded places like Great Gull Island, they travel as far as Argentina for the winter.
Ms. Hays was quite the migrator herself. Every spring she would leave her Manhattan apartment for Great Gull, a narrow, 17-acre slip of land that had been a U.S. Army fort until the end of World War II, when the military gave it to the American Museum of Natural History for $1. It lies just east of the tip of Long Island’s North Shore.
As chairwoman of the museum’s Great Gull Island Project, she would set up camp among the concrete bunkers left over from the fort, welcoming the first of several dozen volunteers, mostly high school and college students, who would arrive for stints on the island over the coming months.
There is no running water or reliable electricity on Great Gull Island; supplies arrive on a weekly mail boat. Should storms hit — and they often do — the researchers simply rode out the weather.
The birds themselves could be a hazard. Aside from their ubiquitous droppings — on the ground, on handrails, falling like rain from overhead — terns are terribly territorial, constantly pecking at the human interlopers. Ms. Hays took the occasional nip in stride; others wore straw hats with fake flowers stuck in the brims, to give the terns something other than a head to attack.
Ms. Hays ran the Great Gull Island Project with precision. Every morning at 6, she would rouse her volunteers over a loudspeaker, shouting things like: “No more napping. Time for trapping!”
They would work sunup to sundown, every day, sometimes braving the birds to collect samples or tag newborns, other times crouching for hours in one of the island’s 31 blinds, wooden structures designed to let them observe the birds up close.
Not surprisingly, most volunteers lasted just a few weeks. Ms. Hays, who began her annual trips in 1969, spent a full five months there, every single year, only stopping when Covid stopped everything in 2020.
Terns had long made Great Gull Island a temporary home. But after hatmakers and fashion mavens of the early 20th century killed them by the millions for their feathers nationwide, the common tern was considered a threatened species and the roseate tern endangered by the time Ms. Hays first began her work.
Thanks in large part to her diligence in making the island once again a welcome site for nesting, the number of mating pairs rebounded, going from about 3,000 in 1969 to more than 11,000 in the 2010s.
Ms. Hays’s work was not just for the good of the birds. Early on, her constant, close observation allowed her to track birth defects in tern chicks; further research led her to conclude that PCBs, a then-unsuspected class of chemicals, was the cause — making her among the first scientists to warn of their danger to animals and humans.
“She was tireless,” Joseph DiCostanzo, an ornithologist at the Museum of Natural History and a frequent volunteer on Great Gull, said in a phone interview. “I can remember being on the island and watching her run circles around students who were a third her age.”
Helen Hays was born on Jan. 22, 1931, in Johnstown, N.Y., an industrial town northwest of Albany. Johnstown specialized in leather goods, and her father, David, ran a glove factory; her mother, Helen (Stewart) Hays, wrote books about the region’s culture and history.
Helen found herself drawn to the idea of biological field work from an early age, and built her academic career around it. She studied biology at Wellesley College, and after graduating in 1953, she cast about for graduate programs that would get her directly into field work.
Soon she was in Manitoba, studying the ruddy duck at a field station run by Cornell University. She was working toward a master’s degree, but left before graduating.
Ms. Hays had been working in an office at the Museum of Natural History for a few years when she learned of discussions about what to do with Great Gull Island. When she heard that at least one museum donor was interested in supporting field research on terns, she jumped at the chance.
Ms. Hays never married and had no children. Her brother is her only immediate survivor.
Ms. Hays was herself a volunteer at the museum; though it gave her office space, she raised all her funding herself. Perhaps her greatest skill was persuading so many people to work for her without pay on a near-barren island in the middle of the summer.
Under her command, the Great Gull Island Project became a tight-knit community; marriages came out of relationships borne among the terns, and at least one parent who volunteered as a student later sent her own son to volunteer with Ms. Hays decades later.
“She inspired people,” said Joel L. Cracraft, an ornithologist at the museum. “Helen did it all.”

Science
Biden is diagnosed with 'aggressive' form of prostate cancer

WASHINGTON — Former President Biden has been diagnosed with an “aggressive form” of prostate cancer, his office said Sunday, a devastating development after having dropped his bid for reelection last summer over widespread concerns over his age and health.
Biden’s personal office said he was examined last week after the president reported a series of concerning symptoms.
“Last week, President Joe Biden was seen for a new finding of a prostate nodule after experiencing increasing urinary symptoms. On Friday, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, characterized by a Gleason score of 9 (Grade Group 5) with metastasis to the bone,” the office said in a statement.
“While this represents a more aggressive form of the disease, the cancer appears to be hormone-sensitive, which allows for effective management. The President and his family are reviewing treatment options with his physicians,” the statement added.
The former president, 82, had been making his first public appearances since leaving office in recent weeks, including a public address and a lengthy sit-down on ABC’s “The View,” and also hired a communications strategist to help burnish his legacy amid the publication of a series of books critically examining his time at the White House.
Biden has a tragic personal history with cancer, losing his son, Beau Biden, to glioblastoma in 2015, when he was serving as vice president. At that time, he launched the “cancer moonshot,” a government-wide push for improved cancer treatments that he relaunched during his presidency.
The spread of cancer to the bones will make Biden’s cancer difficult to cure. But its receptiveness to hormone treatments could help his medical team inhibit the cancer’s growth, at least temporarily.
Biden dropped out of the 2024 race in July under immense pressure from leadership in the Democratic Party after a disastrous debate with the Republican presidential nominee, Donald Trump, laid bare concerns over his age and acuity.
Within hours of dropping out of the race, Biden endorsed his vice president, Kamala Harris, to run in his place. She quickly coalesced the party around her nomination and avoided a primary battle, but lost to Trump in November.
In a post on X, Harris said she and her husband, Doug Emhoff, were saddened to learn of Biden’s diagnosis. “We are keeping him, Dr. Biden, and their entire family in our hearts and prayers during this time,” she wrote. “Joe is a fighter — and I know he will face this challenge with the same strength, resilience, and optimism that have always defined his life and leadership. We are hopeful for a full and speedy recovery.”
Last week on “The View,” Biden said he took responsibility for Trump’s return to power, because he was in office at the time. “I do, because, look, I was in charge and he won. So, you know, I take responsibility,” he said.
But he continued to reject criticisms that he and his team worked to conceal the effects of his age on his performance as president, saying he was not surprised by Harris’ loss and suggesting he still believes he could have beaten Trump had he stayed in the race.
“It wasn’t a slam dunk,” he said, referring to President Trump’s victory. “Let me put it this way. He’s had the worst 100 days any president’s ever had. And I would not say honesty has been his strong point.”
Trump expressed concern about Biden’s condition in a Truth Social post Sunday. “Melania and I are saddened to hear about Joe Biden’s recent medical diagnosis. We extend our warmest and best wishes to Jill and the family, and we wish Joe a fast and successful recovery,” he wrote.
California Gov. Gavin Newsom was among the many politicians from both parties who posted their warm wishes and prayers for the former president. “Our hearts are with President Biden and his entire family right now. A man of dignity, strength, and compassion like his deserves to live a long and beautiful life. Sending strength, healing and prayers his way,” Newsom wrote on X.
House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) wrote on X: “This is certainly sad news, and the Johnson family will be joining the countless others who are praying for the former President in the wake of his diagnosis.”
Biden was spending the weekend in Delaware with family, an aide said.
Science
Nearly half of Pasadena Unified schools have contaminated soil, district finds

Eleven of the 23 Pasadena Unified School District schools, where students have been back on campus since January, have contaminated soil after the Eaton fire, the district found.
More than 40% of the schools had lead at levels exceeding the state’s health-based limits for residential soil, and more than 20% had arsenic levels beyond what L.A. County considers acceptable, according to the results released Wednesday.
The district found lead at more than three times the state’s allowable limit of 80 milligrams per kilogram of soil next to Blair High School’s tennis courts and more than double the limit at four elementary schools. Lead, when inhaled through dust or ingested from dirt-covered hands, can cause permanent brain and nerve damage in children, resulting in slowed development and behavioral issues.
Arsenic, a known carcinogen, was found at a concentration of 92 mg/kg at San Rafael Elementary School. The county has used 12 mg/kg as a reference level, based on an estimate of the highest naturally occurring arsenic levels in all of Southern California. The naturally occurring background level of arsenic in Altadena and Pasadena ranges from 4 to 10 mg/kg, according to a 2019 study by the U.S. Geological Survey.
There is no safe exposure level for arsenic or lead.
“I’m worried about her safety,” said Nicole Maccalla of her daughter, a sixth-grader at Octavia E. Butler Magnet, which is located less than a mile from the Eaton fire burn area. “I would really like to have assurances that she’s physically safe while she’s at school.”
Instead, what she got was a map of the school posted by the district showing lead levels 40% and 70% above the allowable limit in soil samples taken next to the school entrance and near the outdoor lunch tables, respectively.
“If, literally, you’ve got to walk by lead to walk up the steps to school, then how many kids are walking through that with their shoes and then walking into the classroom?” Maccalla said. “It’s not like these are inaccessible areas that are gated off.”
Maccalla made the hard decision to let her daughter return to school in January despite early fears — worrying that the trauma of changing schools directly after the fire would be too much.
Along with other concerned parents, Maccalla has been pushing for both soil and indoor testing for months at school board meetings. It was only after the L.A. County Department of Public Health announced in April that it had found 80% of properties had lead levels exceeding the state’s standards in some areas downwind that the district hired the environmental firm Verdantas to conduct testing at schools.
“The school board has been very resistant to any request for testing from parents,” she said. “The superintendent kept saying it’s safe.” The parents’ response: “Prove it.”
The district released test results for 33 properties it owns — some with district schools and children’s centers, others with charter and private schools, some rented to nonprofits — that were all largely unscathed by the fires. On the 22 properties with public schools, students have been back in the classroom since late January. The full results with maps for each school can be seen on the school district’s website.
The district stated on its website there was “no indication that students or staff were exposed to hazardous levels of fire-related substances in the soil,” noting that any contamination found was highly localized. (For example, although seven samples at Blair High School identified elevated lead levels, 21 samples did not.)
Health agencies also advised the district that soil covered with grass or cement was unlikely to pose a health risk.
In response to the results, the district stated it would restrict access to contaminated areas, complete follow-up sampling and work on remediation over the summer. No classroom instruction would be affected.
“We want to be abundantly clear: Safety is not negotiable,” Pasadena Unified School District Supt. Elizabeth Blanco said in a press release. “That’s why we’re moving forward with both urgency and care.”
For Maccalla, it’s too little too late. “I would like to know what their plan is for monitoring the health of the children, given you’ve got kids that have already been playing outside in that soil for four months straight,” she said. “So what’s their health crisis mitigation plan?”
The test results also found high levels of chromium — which, in some chemical configurations, is a carcinogen — on one campus. Another had high levels of a class of contaminants called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which can cause headaches, coughing, skin irritation and, over long periods of exposure, can come with an increased risk of cancer.
Three of the five properties with the district’s children’s centers also had elevated levels of heavy metals — two with lead, one with arsenic.
When Maccalla — who has spent much of her time after the fire volunteering with the community advocacy group Eaton Fire Residents United — first saw the map of her daughter’s school, she began to formulate a plan to rally volunteers to cover the contaminated areas with mulch and compost before school buses arrive again Monday morning. (That is an expert-approved remediation technique for fire-stricken soil.)
“If the district is not going to do it, the state’s not going to do it, our county’s not going to do it, our city’s not going to do it,” she said, “well, the citizens will. We absolutely will.”
Science
California board voted to nix a controversial hazardous waste proposal
A state environmental oversight board voted unanimously to rescind a controversial proposal that would have permitted California municipal landfills to accept contaminated soil that is currently required to be dumped at sites specifically designated and approved for hazardous waste.
Earlier this year, the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) released a draft of its first-ever Hazardous Waste Management Plan, a document intended to guide the state’s strategy on dangerous waste.
The draft plan included a recommendation to weaken California’s disposal rules for contaminated soil — typically the largest segment of hazardous waste produced each year. The potential change would have allowed contaminated soil from heavily polluted sites to be dumped at landfills that were not designed to handle hazardous waste.
Environmental advocates and community members expressed concerns that the rollback could result in toxic dust blowing into communities near local landfills or dangerous chemicals leaching into groundwater. State officials countered by saying that contaminated soil would only go to landfills equipped with liners that would prevent toxic substances from seeping into local aquifers.
At a public meeting on the plan held on Thursday evening, the Board of Environmental Safety — a five-member panel established to provide oversight of DTSC — unanimously voted to remove that recommendation from the state’s draft plan. That followed months of intense scrutiny from residents and environmental groups directed toward the plan. DTSC officials present at the meeting also signaled that they would support the board’s decision to nix the revision.
“I heard you talk about the pollution burdens you already face,” DTSC deputy director Mandi Bane said to the crowd of a few dozen who had gathered at the department’s offices in Cypress. “The worry that DTSC is taking steps that will endanger your community by making that pollution burden worse, and [the] outrage that these steps will be taken without consultation and discussion. As a public health professional, the stress, the fear, the anger that I heard from folks was very concerning … and I do want to apologize that this plan had that impact.”
Heavily polluting industries have tainted soil across California. More than 560,000 tons of hazardous soil are produced each year in California as environmental regulators endeavor to prevent residents from coming in contact with chemical-laced soil and developers build on land in industrial corridors.
However, the vast majority of this soil is not considered hazardous outside of California. The state has hazardous waste regulations that are more stringent than the federal government and most states in the country.
There are only two waste facilities in California that meet the state’s rigorous guidelines for hazardous materials, both in the San Joaquin Valley. Any hazardous dirt in California must be trucked there, or exported to landfills in neighboring states that rely on the more lenient federal standards.
State officials argued the current rules make it difficult and expensive to dispose of contaminated soil, noting that the average distance such waste is trucked right now is about 440 miles, according to the draft plan.
Ahead of the board vote, environmental advocates rallied outside of the DTSC offices in Cypress, calling on state officials to uphold California’s hazardous waste standards for contaminated soil. Angela Johnson Meszaros, an attorney with Earthjustice, said the proposal would effectively forgo California’s regulatory authority and rely on the federal environmental rules — at a time when the Trump administration is repealing environmental policy.
“This plan is a travesty, and I’m calling on DTSC to be better than this,” Johnson Meszaros said at Thursday’s meeting. “If we don’t draw the line with this massive deregulatory effort, there is no line. We will be swept up in the insanity we see at the national level.”
The discussion of hazardous waste disposal has been thrust into the public spotlight recently as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers continues to remove toxic ash and contaminated soil from properties destroyed in the Eaton and Palisades wildfires. Because disaster debris is traditionally considered not hazardous, federal contractors have been hauling this material to several nonhazardous local landfills without testing it.
In response to the federal cleanup plans, residents in unincorporated Agoura and the Granada Hills neighborhood in Los Angeles staged protests near local landfills.
Melissa Bumstead, an environmental advocate and San Fernando Valley resident, urged the Board of Environmental Safety to consider factoring disaster debris into the hazardous waste plan. With climate change fueling increasingly destructive wildfires, this will continue to be an issue for years to come, she said.
“This is an opportunity, not just with hazardous waste that is manufactured,” Bumstead said, “but also hazardous waste that is created by wildfires on how to create a plan that is going to protect Californians in the future.”
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