A new study published Monday finds most of Greenland’s ice sheet melted away in the recent geological past.
Co-authored by University of Vermont researchers Halley Mastro and Paul Bierman, the paper shows the presence of fossils in an ice segment taken from the center of Greenland’s ice sheet. The scientists say this shows life existed in an iceless environment less than 1.1 million years ago.
“I think the picture that’s coming into my mind now is that Greenland is fragile, and that during prior warm periods, it did melt,” said Bierman, a geoscientist with UVM’s Gund Institute for Environment.
That could have implications for today’s warming world, where melting ice sheets are raising global sea levels.
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The study also included researchers from NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, the University of Washington, Williams College, Purdue University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, and the University of New Hampshire.
It builds on Bierman’s previous research. In 2019, his team published a paper showing fragments of soil containing fossils and biomolecules were found in an ice core taken close to Greenland’s coast, at a location called Camp Century, where the ice is thinner. This revealed that the ice had melted within the last 400,000 years — more recently than previously believed.
Bierman said that made them wonder what might be at the bottom of GISP2, a core taken from a deeper area, closer to the center of Greenland’s ice sheet. UVM requested a sample held at the National Science Foundation Ice Core Facility in Colorado, and were given a 3 inch specimen from 2 miles beneath the top of the ice sheet.
Christine Massey
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University of Vermont
Drill dome and camp. GISP2, Summit Greenland.
“I thought, you know, maybe we’d get a chunk,” Bierman said. “But in fact, we got a little baggy that you could hold in the palm of your hand with 30 grams, about an ounce of brown, dry sand and silt, a little bit of gravel in there.”
They were able to identify organic material in the sediment.
“If you imagine like on Lake Champlain … when you see all the debris like washing up onto the shore, you can sort of imagine how it floats sort of differently than like, the dirt and stuff,” said Halley Mastro, a research assistant at UVM. “So that’s sort of what it looks like on a very tiny scale.”
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The sample from the core contained material Mastro had never seen before. There were bits of rock spike moss, the preserved eye of an unknown insect and the seed of an Arctic poppy flower.
“So what the new findings mean right now is that not only do we have this isotopic evidence with mathematical models of the disappearance of the center of the ice sheet, but we actually have this tangible, tractable [thing],” Bierman said. “I mean, when you find a fossil, you can explain that to anybody, right? ‘I’ve got a poppy seed under two miles of ice, how’d it get there?’”
Halley Mastro
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University of Vermont
Willow bud scale, arctic poppy seed, fungal bodies and rock spikemoss megaspores found in the GISP2 soil sample viewed under a microscope.
For each of these remnants of life to have existed, it meant that in the last million years, the ice had to have melted by at least 90% to allow nature to thrive.
The researchers say the sample, taken from where the ice is thickest, at the center of the sheet, expands on the “coastal” findings of Camp Century and gives scientists a better understanding of what has happened with Greenland’s ice sheet in the past.
Rising sea levels
According to a 2015 study, when Greenland’s ice sheet melted 400,000 years ago, sea levels rose between 6 and 13 meters above what they are now.
Today, Greenland holds the equivalent of between 6 and 7 meters of global sea rise in its ice. If it were all to melt, it would pose a catastrophic threat to coastal communities around the world.
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But Bierman said data also shows at some point after 400,000 years ago, the ice sheet did return to the landscape.
“So this is not all doom and gloom, but it came back when atmospheric carbon dioxide was 280 or 290 parts per million, not when it was 420 [parts per million and] headed up fast,” Bierman said, referencing the current measure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. “So I think there’s a big warning in here that, yes, Greenland’s ice sheet is fragile, but we are pushing that ice sheet to melt right now, and we’re pushing it really hard by warming the climate.”
He said that should be a wake up call.
“It takes time to melt the ice sheet, but we are headed right now — unless we get the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, we’re headed for that tens of thousands of years of warmth,” Bierman said.
Sea levels are currently rising over 1 inch each decade. Bierman says right now, reducing carbon emissions and working to remove existing carbon from the atmosphere is the number one priority in keeping sea levels from rising.
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As for the fossil findings, Bierman and Mastro said they came as a complete surprise and can serve as a tool to paint a picture of Greenland in a different geological time, a stark portrait of a scene they’re hoping to prevent.
“I think the poppy seed is sort of a good thing to sort of highlight, just because people understand what a poppy flower looks like, and can sort of get the vision much easier of the landscape,” Mastro said. “People know what flowers are, but rocks, moss, doesn’t really bring anything to the eye. But I think they all gave us different bits of information … and so does Arctic poppy, but knowing that together, we can sort of build this picture of this ecosystem at that time.”
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Voters fill out their ballots in Middlebury in Nov. 2024. File photo by Caleb Kenna/VTDigger
RUTLAND CITY — Vermont argued in federal court Tuesday that the Trump administration’s lawsuit demanding the state’s voter roll data should be dismissed because the administration has not provided a sufficient reason for its request.
The Trump administration sued Vermont’s secretary of state, among many other states, last year after she refused the department’s demand to turn over voter data, including voters’ addresses, drivers license numbers and the last four digits of their Social Security numbers.
Following the hearing, Federal Judge Mary Kay Lanthier will issue a ruling to dismiss or move forward with the case.
Secretary of State Sarah Copeland Hanzas said she had grounds to deny the request because Vermont Law barred the state and local government officials from sharing personally identifying voter data with federal agencies.
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Copeland Hanzas said in an interview before the hearing that the Trump administration’s requests for states’ unredacted voter rolls undermines public trust in elections and points to broader concerns with privacy rights.
“We don’t want the federal government to have that level of information about individual Vermonters,” Copeland Hanzas said.
The state of Vermont’s lawyer Samuel Stratton, representing Copeland Hanzas, argued the case should be dismissed because the Department of Justice did not provide a factual basis and purpose for the request and therefore does not comply with the Civil Rights Act.
“We are proud to defend Secretary Copeland Hanzas in this case, and we will continue working to protect our elections from federal interference,” the Attorney General Charity Clark wrote in a Tuesday statement.
The Department of Justice attorney Brittany Bennett argued that the federal government has broad authority under the Civil Rights Act to seek voter data in order to determine whether the state of Vermont’s elections are in compliance with federal law.
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The hearing comes after judges recently dismissed similar cases in California, Michigan, Oregon and Massachusetts. A federal judge in Massachusetts dismissed the case last week, asserting that the department failed to comply with Title III of the Civil Rights Act of 1960 by not sharing in detail how the department will use voter information.
The Department of Justice has brought similar lawsuits against 30 states for withholding voter rolls, while 12 states have complied or said they would comply with the Justice Department’s request, according to a tracker run by the Brennan Center for Justice.
“We certainly hope and expect that the outcome of ours will be similar to what’s happened with the states that have gone before us,” Copeland Hanzas said. “But if the motion to dismiss isn’t approved, then we will continue to fight, and we will have our day in court.”
Disclosure: VTDigger reporter Greta Solsaa worked in summer 2022 as a paid canvasser for the Vermont Public Interest Research Group, which filed several motions in the case.
The most widespread storm coverage will occur between 2-8 PM Tuesday, April 14
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Timeline: When to expect showers & thunderstorms Tuesday in Vermont, New York
The most widespread storm coverage will occur between 2-8 PM Tuesday, April 14
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NBC5 First Warning Meteorologist
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NBC5 meteorologists expect strong to locally severe thunderstorms Tuesday afternoon into the evening for Vermont and northern New York.Watch the video to see when showers, downpours, and storms are most likely near your town.
BURLINGTON, Vt. —
NBC5 meteorologists expect strong to locally severe thunderstorms Tuesday afternoon into the evening for Vermont and northern New York.
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Watch the video to see when showers, downpours, and storms are most likely near your town.
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A movement to limit the resale price of concert and event tickets is growing in Vermont.Last Thursday, renowned Vermont singer Noah Kahan submitted a video to a state Senate committee voicing his support of H.512. The bill passed the House last month. “This bill is a critical step in eliminating predatory resale behaviors and offering promoters a great solution for exchanging and reselling tickets in a safe marketplace,” the Strafford native said to lawmakers.The bill would limit the resale of tickets to 110% of the value they were originally purchased at. Other Vermonter’s testified that day and said they found themselves purchasing tickets online, not from the event’s venue or artist. They said the price was way above the original rate. “Now I was not just mad at myself, but I was mad at this person who did it to me,” Marina Cole of Wheelock told lawmakers. In 2024, the National Association of Ticket Brokers told NBC 5 that they were against price caps, which this bill is currently pursuing.”We have really good businesspeople who are doing the right thing,” Executive Director Gary Adler said at the time. The bill, as passed by the House, would charge the Vermont Attorney General’s Office with enforcing the resale cap. The office would have the authority to conduct audits, issue penalties and revoke a reseller’s license. Resale licenses would be a new requirement under the current bill. “I suspect the enforcement won’t be easy,” executive director of the Champlain Valley Exposition Tim Shea said Monday. “But it’s something we’re looking to follow and advocate for the right ticket buyer.”Shea said the Expo has been approached by consumers who have faced high resale prices and even some cases of ticket fraud through online reselling. He believes the legislation would help avoid those issues and keep revenues for Vermont venues and artists within the state. “When tickets are marked up to the level, they are that money’s going out of Vermont. It’s not staying here. It’s not going to the promoter. It’s not going to the concessioners on the ground,” Shea said. The bill is currently being reviewed by the Senate Committee on Economic Development, Housing, and General Affairs.
MONTPELIER, Vt. —
A movement to limit the resale price of concert and event tickets is growing in Vermont.
Last Thursday, renowned Vermont singer Noah Kahan submitted a video to a state Senate committee voicing his support of H.512. The bill passed the House last month.
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“This bill is a critical step in eliminating predatory resale behaviors and offering promoters a great solution for exchanging and reselling tickets in a safe marketplace,” the Strafford native said to lawmakers.
The bill would limit the resale of tickets to 110% of the value they were originally purchased at. Other Vermonter’s testified that day and said they found themselves purchasing tickets online, not from the event’s venue or artist. They said the price was way above the original rate.
“Now I was not just mad at myself, but I was mad at this person who did it to me,” Marina Cole of Wheelock told lawmakers.
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In 2024, the National Association of Ticket Brokers told NBC 5 that they were against price caps, which this bill is currently pursuing.
“We have really good businesspeople who are doing the right thing,” Executive Director Gary Adler said at the time.
The bill, as passed by the House, would charge the Vermont Attorney General’s Office with enforcing the resale cap.
The office would have the authority to conduct audits, issue penalties and revoke a reseller’s license. Resale licenses would be a new requirement under the current bill.
“I suspect the enforcement won’t be easy,” executive director of the Champlain Valley Exposition Tim Shea said Monday. “But it’s something we’re looking to follow and advocate for the right ticket buyer.”
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Shea said the Expo has been approached by consumers who have faced high resale prices and even some cases of ticket fraud through online reselling. He believes the legislation would help avoid those issues and keep revenues for Vermont venues and artists within the state.
“When tickets are marked up to the level, they are that money’s going out of Vermont. It’s not staying here. It’s not going to the promoter. It’s not going to the concessioners on the ground,” Shea said.
The bill is currently being reviewed by the Senate Committee on Economic Development, Housing, and General Affairs.