On the morning of July 16, 2024, an ultrabright meteor streaked across the sky above New York City. It exploded midflight, and part of it smashed through the roof of a home in Hillsborough, New Jersey.

“I heard an immense crash and felt the house shake,” one of the homeowners, who wanted to remain anonymous for privacy, tells Robin George Andrews at the New York Times. He then went to the source of the sound: the main bedroom. “I open the door, and I see a hole in the ceiling above my bed.”

The crime scene smelled like rotten eggs and was covered in black soot. Scattered about were several dark rocks—fragments of a meteorite, a space rock that reached Earth’s surface. Together, the recovered pieces formed a roughly three-pound object dubbed the Hillsborough meteorite.

Now, scientists have analyzed the Hillsborough meteorite and determined that it belongs to a rare class of primitive meteorites and contains certain building blocks of life and evidence of salty water. The findings, published in the journal Science Advances on July 15, provide a new window into our solar system’s past and clues about the origins of life on Earth.

AMS event #3491-2024 caught from Wayne US

The Hillsborough meteorite fortunately caused no injuries and landed in the home of a couple that was eager to safeguard the space-faring debris for scientists. They quickly contacted study co-author Mike Hankey, an amateur astronomer at the American Meteor Society, who guided them through the process of properly preserving the samples, reports Ashley Strickland at CNN. The homeowners donned gloves and carefully collected the fragments using aluminum foil and glass containers.

The rock fragments were then brought into a lab for analyses involving high-powered microscopes and investigations into its mineral and chemical composition. The work revealed that the meteorite was a CM carbonaceous chondrite, a carbon-rich class of meteorite that may have delivered water to Earth during its youth.

“These are primitive meteorites,” says Peter Brown, a meteor physicist at Western University in Canada who was not involved in the study, to the Times. “They resemble the chemistry that made the planets.”

CM carbonaceous chondrites are usually classified as either CM1 or CM2, largely depending on how much water changed their composition when they were attached to their parent asteroid. But curiously, the analyses hinted that the Hillsborough meteorite sits in between the classes. While scientists have been able to witness 22 CM-type meteorites fall to Earth, only two, including Hillsborough, have been intermediate CM1/2-types.

“Thanks to the homeowner’s quick reaction, these are the most pristine CM1/2 [meteorite pieces] we know of,” says study co-author Peter Jenniskens, a planetary astronomer at the SETI Institute, in a statement.

This exceptional state of preservation meant the Hillsborough meteorite retained much of its original composition. The rock contains microscopic fractures filled with sodium-rich material, the team found, which suggests that the parent asteroid once had salty water moving through it. The meteorite also holds a plethora of amino acids, the units that build proteins, most of which don’t occur naturally on Earth.

“One of the big surprises for me when we analyzed a small chip of the Hillsborough meteorite was the complexity of amino acids and other organic compounds,” says study co-author Danny Glavin, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, in a NASA statement.

What’s more, cameras across New Jersey recorded the trajectory of the blazing meteor—considered a fireball since it outshone Venus—as it zipped through the atmosphere, which helped the scientists figure out where in the solar system the space rock came from. The team suspects that the rock was once part of the 45-mile-wide asteroid 163 Erigone in the inner asteroid belt, located between Mars and Jupiter. A huge object slammed into it about 155 million years ago, creating a family of asteroids. Then, around six million years ago, “a smaller collision destroyed one of these asteroids, from which a piece ended up in near-Earth orbit,” writes Jenniskens in an email to CNN.

“That piece experienced heat/cold cycles from spinning in the sunlight and fragmented about 200,000 years ago,” he adds. Eventually, it entered Earth’s atmosphere at 32,000 miles per hour, most of it getting vaporized on the way to the house in New Jersey.

Jenniskens says that people shouldn’t fear a home visit from a celestial rock. It’s unlikely to happen, and even if it does, a meteorite is a “treasure,” he tells Lisa Grossman at Science News. “I think you are very lucky if it happens to you.”