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Women don’t have equal access to college in prison. Here’s why

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Women don’t have equal access to college in prison. Here’s why

Janet Johnson receives her college diploma from Kent Devereaux, president of Goucher College.

Jenny Abamu/for NPR


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Jenny Abamu/for NPR

On a spring day earlier this year, the prison gymnasium at the Maryland Correctional Institution for women, about 25 minutes outside Baltimore, was decorated in blue and yellow balloons and flowers. State officials and teary family members gathered with a group of incarcerated people to mark a historic moment: The state’s first ever college graduation ceremony at a women’s prison.

Janet Johnson, one of the two graduates, was bubbling with emotion. She said she waited over 10 years for this moment.

“I feel like this opens a door for me.”

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She’s already thinking about what’s next.

“I really want my master’s degree. I just want to know, like, how do I get it done? That’s my next goal.”

Whatever comes next, Johnson has already defied the odds with a bachelor’s. Across the country, people incarcerated in women’s prisons have less access to higher education opportunities compared to men’s prisons. That’s according to research from the Vera Institute of Justice, a nonprofit that tracks educational opportunities for incarcerated people.

For many people in prison, access to college courses is dependent on access to federal financial aid, including Pell Grants, which currently offer up to $7,395 a year for low-income students.

According to Vera, in over half of all states, men’s prisons offer more access to Pell Grant-eligible courses than women’s prisons do. And it’s not just about the money to pay for college: In 11 states, Vera found there were no college programs at all in women’s prisons.

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There are many reasons for these disparities. In 2022, Vera found that shorter sentences often meant women did not have sufficient time to complete degrees while incarcerated.

People in men’s prisons often have the freedom to transfer between facilities in pursuit of the courses they need to complete degrees. But local prison systems often have fewer women’s prisons; so if a course isn’t offered, in many cases, the student simply can’t take it.

Ruth Delaney, at Vera, says there’s a lot states can do to address these inequities and increase access to higher education in women’s prisons.

Janet Johnson, left, hugs her sister, Vanilla Murphy, at a graduation ceremony inside the prison gymnasium at the Maryland Correctional Institution for women.

Janet Johnson, left, hugs her sister, Vanilla Murphy, at a graduation ceremony inside the prison gymnasium at the Maryland Correctional Institution for women.

Jenny Abamu/for NPR


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“What we’d like to see is colleges and corrections agencies kind of attune their policies a bit better, so that people could, for example, enroll full time instead of part time or in other ways support more continuous enrollment that would allow someone to complete a bit sooner.”

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She says it’s not uncommon for people in prison to take a decade to complete a degree, as Janet Johnson did.

“10 years is a very long time,” she says. “And it’s going to exclude people who don’t have sentences of that length.”

How Pell Grants could help

Delaney says prisons and colleges also need to re-engage with the Pell Grant program. In 2020, President Trump signed legislation that fully reinstated Pell Grant access to all incarcerated individuals for the first time since 1994. The legislation passed with rare bipartisan support, and the law went into effect one year ago in July, opening up a new pipeline of funding for higher education in prison.

States around the country are beginning to ramp up course offerings, but in many places the process has been slow and bureaucratic. According to Vera, though access has expanded, there’s still a long way to go: Many incarcerated people don’t know how to apply for Pell funding, and poor internet access can make it difficult to host virtual classes.

“The restoration of Pell Grants for people in prison will enable more colleges to launch programs in women’s facilities where access to postsecondary education has been limited in the past,” says Delaney. “With greater access to college in prison, more people will leave women’s prisons with the skills and credentials they need to secure living-wage jobs upon their release.”

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How states are changing policies

A new legislative effort in Maryland aims to address the inequities laid out in the Vera reports.

“We know that women … are often the heads of households,” says Maryland Delegate Marlon Amprey, who sponsored a pair of prison education reform bills in his state. “How are we making sure heads of households are making enough money to sustain their families if we are not giving women the same opportunities, workforce training, job training while they are incarcerated?”

In Maryland, Amprey’s bills, which were signed into law earlier this year, require the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services to help incarcerated people access federal Pell Grants. One of the laws also directs the department to track students’ education progress.

The new laws also come with a host of reforms to the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services. Maryland is now the first state, according to the department, where a formal deal has been established with the entire state university system: As part of the agreement, all 12 public colleges will eventually offer bachelor’s degrees and credit-based certificates to incarcerated individuals.

Amprey says he looked to California when he was drafting the new legislation: Over the last few years, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation has penned multiple agreements with community colleges to teach in all of the state’s prisons. Eight of those prisons offer bachelor’s degree programs, two of which are available in women’s facilities.

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But all of these programs are relatively new and it is too soon to say whether changes in Maryland or California will lead to more women completing degrees.

Ruth Delaney, at Vera, says efforts to innovate prison education aren’t limited to academics. She points to reforms in Louisiana, which was early to offer internet access to incarcerated people.

Still, she says the level of collaboration in Maryland is unique.

“What really excites me about what is happening in Maryland is this inter-agency connectedness and the willingness of the department of corrections to think about this legislation with optimism. I would love to see more of that across the country.”

Delaney is hopeful it will make a difference, and “help ensure people in Maryland’s women’s prison are not overlooked when it comes to accessing and completing college in prison.”

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How colleges can adapt to better serve incarcerated people

Goucher College, where Janet Johnson got her degree in American Studies, has provided courses at the Maryland Correctional Institution for women since 2012.

Meredith Conde, director of operations and prison affairs for the Goucher Prison Education Partnership, says Goucher is pursuing changes that would allow students to take classes full time, which, she hopes, would allow them to finish bachelor’s degrees in as little as five years. That would give them a better chance of graduating before they’re released, and allow the college to serve more students over time.

But she says most of their students have full-time assigned work and are only able to take classes in the late afternoon or evening.

“Goucher is working with [the department of corrections] to make college a student’s ‘job assignment’ in the same way that GED classes are typically considered someone’s ‘job assignment’ in prison,” explained Conde in a statement to NPR. “This would enable students to enroll in classes all day, rather than just in the late afternoon and evening.”

Conde says that’s not the only barrier. There’s also limited space, and classrooms are often in use during the day by GED instructors. She says Goucher has a plan to build trailers at each of the prisons they work in so college classes can be held all day.

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“Not defined by the worst moment in our life”

Back at the Maryland Correctional Institution for women, college graduate Janet Johnson said that when she gets out, she wants to be an advocate for youth. Her thesis challenges the state to consider more rehabilitative sentences for young adults, who she argues are not at full maturity until their mid-twenties.

Janet Johnson, who spent the last 10 years working toward a college degree in prison, presents her senior thesis at her college graduation ceremony.

Janet Johnson, who spent the last 10 years working toward a college degree in prison, presents her senior thesis at her college graduation ceremony.

Jenny Abamu/for NPR


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As she confidently presented her work to the crowd and took questions from multiple press outlets, she seemed to already be manifesting her dreams.

“Even though I am still incarcerated, I do my best to give back to other people,” she said in an interview with NPR. “Whether it’s here or home, if I hear that there is a problem and I can figure it out or my family could help, we are going to help. We, as incarcerated individuals, are not defined by the worst moment in our life.”

Jenny Abamu is a freelance journalist based in Bethesda, Md. She previously covered education for WAMU, and has a newsletter where she writes about writing.

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Election 2024 Polls: Minnesota

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Election 2024 Polls: Minnesota

About our polling averages

Our averages include polls collected by The New York Times and by FiveThirtyEight. The estimates adjust for a variety of factors, including the recency and sample size of a poll, whether a poll represents likely voters, and whether other polls have shifted since a poll was conducted.

We also evaluate whether each pollster: Has a track record of accuracy in recent electionsIs a member of a professional polling organizationConducts probability-based sampling

These elements factor into how much weight each poll gets in the average. And we consider pollsters that meet at least two of the three criteria to be “select pollsters,” so long as they are conducting polls for nonpartisan sponsors. Read more about our methodology.

The Times conducts its own national and state polls in partnership with Siena College. Those polls are included in the averages. Follow Times/Siena polling here.

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Sources: Polling averages by The New York Times. Individual polls collected by FiveThirtyEight and The Times.

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Donald Trump picks Ohio senator JD Vance as 2024 running mate

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Donald Trump picks Ohio senator JD Vance as 2024 running mate

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Donald Trump has picked Senator JD Vance as his running mate, elevating a former US marine who grew up poor in a move that could help the former president win votes across the crucial swing states of the industrial Midwest.

Trump announced Vance, the junior US senator from Ohio, as his vice-presidential pick on the first day of the Republican National Convention in Milwaukee, and just two days after a gunman attempted to assassinate him.

Trump confirmed his pick in a post on his Truth Social platform on Monday afternoon, saying “after lengthy deliberation and thought, and considering the tremendous talents of many others”, he had decided Vance was the “person best suited to assume the position of vice-president”.

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Vance, who once described Trump as an “idiot” and said he was a “never Trump guy”, has been among the former president’s most ardent supporters in recent years and one of his most fluent surrogates on the campaign trail.

The announcement ended months of speculation and completed the Republican party’s 2024 ticket with less than four months to go until November’s election. Trump leads his Democratic rival, President Joe Biden, in most national and swing state polls.

Trump’s decision marks a meteoric rise for Vance, who was elected to the Senate for the first time just two years ago. If Trump, 78, wins another term, Vance, 39, will be just a heartbeat away from the presidency. The vice-president is the first person in the presidential line of succession.

Vance first came to national prominence in 2016 with the publication of Hillbilly Elegy, his memoir about growing up in white, working-class America surrounded by substance abuse. The US Marine Corps veteran and Yale Law School graduate worked in venture capital before turning to politics.

Soon after Trump’s announcement, Biden issued a call for donations to his campaign, posting on X: “Here’s the deal about JD Vance. He talks a big game about working people. But now, he and Trump want to raise taxes on middle-class families while pushing more tax cuts for the rich.”

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Trump suggested on Monday that Vance’s background would help him appeal to voters in the industrial Midwest. He said in his social media post that his running mate would be “strongly focused on the people he fought so brilliantly for, the American Workers and Farmers in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Minnesota, and far beyond”.

Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin are seen as critical battleground states for Trump to win if he is to secure another four years as president.

Scott Reed, a veteran Republican strategist, praised the pick, saying: “Vance will help Trump climb the blue wall of Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania — and win the White House.”

Within minutes of Trump’s post, his campaign published a 60-second advertisement featuring the Ohio senator and the branding “Trump-Vance 2024”.

Vance’s brand of populist politics has earned him plaudits from the Republican base and Trump. But it has also ruffled feathers among more traditional Republicans who bristle at his isolationist foreign policy views — the senator has long opposed more US aid for Ukraine — and embrace of a higher minimum wage, trade protectionism and more aggressive antitrust enforcement.

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“Wall Street will be begging for the return of Lina Khan after two months of the Trump-Vance administration,” said one New York dealmaker, reacting to the news.

GOP consultant Ken Spain said Vance “proudly represents the ascendant blue-collar wing of the GOP that is sceptical of business”, adding: “He’s not a counterweight to Trump aimed at ‘balancing out’ the ticket. He’s a potential heir apparent.”

Trump had delayed making an announcement until the last possible minute, in a drawn-out process that he likened to a “highly sophisticated version of The Apprentice”, his one-time reality television franchise. As recently as last week, he had said he was still weighing “four or five” possible running mates.

Trump famously fell out with his former vice-president, Mike Pence, after the January 6 2021 attack on the US Capitol, when a mob of the then-president’s supporters threatened Pence for his decision to certify the results of the 2020 presidential election, confirming Biden’s victory.

Pence has not endorsed Trump’s latest bid for the White House, but at the weekend said he was praying for his former boss’s “full recovery” after the shooting at a campaign rally in Pennsylvania.

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Additional reporting by James Fontanella-Khan in New York and Alex Rogers in Washington

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See full RNC roll call of states vote results for the 2024 Republican nomination

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See full RNC roll call of states vote results for the 2024 Republican nomination

Washington — Republican governors, lawmakers and nearly 2,500 delegates are convening in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for the Republican National Convention, with former President Donald Trump formally receiving the party’s 2024 nomination for president during a roll call vote of the state delegations Monday.

The roll call brings to an end the GOP presidential primary, though it’s been known for months that Trump would be the party’s choice to take on President Biden in November. The former president clinched the nomination in March, after he secured the 1,215 Republican delegates needed to become the presumptive GOP presidential nominee.

Trump announced Ohio Sen. J.D. Vance as his vice presidential running mate as the roll call was underway. Trump will also deliver a speech formally accepting the Republican presidential nomination to close out the convention Thursday.

With the announcement of Florida’s 125 votes for Trump, delivered by his son, Eric Trump, the GOP officially nominated him for president. Eric Trump was accompanied by Donald Trump Jr., the former president’s eldest son, and Tiffany Trump, his daughter.

House Speaker Mike Johnson, who is chair of the convention, announced at the conclusion of the roll call that 2,387 votes were cast for Trump.

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“Let’s make it official,” he said. “Accordingly, the chair announces the President Donald J. Trump, having received a majority of the votes entitled to be cast at the convention, has been selected as the Republican Party nominee for president of the United States.”

Results of the RNC roll call of states for 2024

State delegations announced their votes for the presidential nomination. Here is the breakdown of votes from each state and territory:

  • Iowa: 40 votes for Trump
  • Nevada: 26 votes for Trump
  • Oklahoma: 43 votes for Trump
  • West Virginia: 32 votes for Trump
  • New Hampshire: 22 votes for Trump
  • Nebraska: 36 votes for Trump
  • California: 169 votes for Trump
  • Tennessee: 58 votes for Trump
  • Washington state: 43 votes for Trump
  • Alabama: 50 votes for Trump
  • Massachusetts: 40 votes for Trump
  • Indiana: 58 votes for Trump
  • Georgia: 59 votes for Trump
  • Utah: 40 votes for Trump
  • Maryland: 37 votes for Trump
  • Texas: 161 votes for Trump
  • Ohio: 79 votes for Trump
  • American Samoa: 9 votes for Trump
  • Wisconsin: 41 votes for Trump
  • New York: 91 votes for Trump
  • Florida: 125 votes for Trump
  • Puerto Rico: 23 for Trump
  • Kentucky: 46 votes for Trump
  • Hawaii: 19 votes for Trump
  • Kansas: 39 votes for Trump
  • Louisiana: 47 votes for Trump
  • Delaware: 16 votes for Trump
  • Guam: 9 votes for Trump
  • Connecticut: 28 votes for Trump
  • Alaska: 29 votes for Trump
  • Oregon: 31 votes for Trump
  • Mississippi: 40 votes for Trump
  • Northern Mariana Islands: 9 votes for Trump
  • Wyoming: 29 votes for Trump
  • Maine: 20 votes for Trump
  • Missouri: 54 votes for Trump
  • Idaho: 32 votes for Trump
  • Illinois: 64 votes for Trump
  • North Dakota: 29 votes for Trump
  • Arizona: 43 votes for Trump
  • New Jersey: 12 votes for Trump
  • U.S. Virgin Islands: 4 votes for Trump
  • North Carolina: 62 votes for Trump; 12 votes to be cast pursuant to convention rules
  • Arkansas: 40 votes for Trump
  • Virginia: 42 votes for Trump; 6 votes to be cast pursuant to convention rules
  • Michigan: 51 votes for Trump; 4 votes to be cast pursuant to convention rules
  • Minnesota: 39 votes for Trump
  • Colorado: 37 votes for Trump
  • Rhode Island: 19 votes for Trump
  • Pennsylvania: 67 votes for Trump
  • South Dakota: 29 votes for Trump
  • New Mexico: 22 votes for Trump
  • Montana: 31 votes for Trump
  • South Carolina: 50 votes for Trump
  • Vermont: 17 votes for Trump
  • Washington, D.C.: 19 votes to be cast pursuant to convention rules

How does the RNC’s roll call of states work?

During the roll call, the head of each state’s and territory’s delegation was called on to announce the votes of their state or territory’s respective nomination for president. If a state delegation had passed when its name is called, it will be called again at the conclusion of the roll call.

Delegates are selected to represent their state or area at the convention, and most of those are bound to back Trump, as they’re required to vote in accordance with the outcome of their state’s primary or caucus. Roughly 150 delegates were unbound heading into the convention, since a small number of delegations, including those from Montana, New Mexico and South Dakota, were not required to vote for their state’s chosen candidate.

Trump came into the convention with an estimated 2,243 delegates based on the results of primaries and caucuses held earlier this year, according to the CBS News Delegate Tracker.

What happens to delegates for candidates who have dropped out?

Though Trump cruised to victory during the primary elections, his former rival in the race, Nikki Haley, secured 94 delegates, according to the Delegate Tracker. Haley’s campaign said she earned 97 delegates during the primary process.

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But Haley announced last week she would be releasing those delegates and encouraged them to vote for Trump at the convention. State party rules dictate whether Haley’s delegates are bound to her or whether they’re free to vote for a different candidate since she withdrew from the presidential contest.

In Iowa, for example, Trump, Haley, Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis and biotech entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswaky secured delegates after the caucuses. But under state party rules, since Trump was the only candidate nominated at the convention, the entire 40-person delegation voted for him.

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