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‘Songs from the Hole’: The story behind JJ’88’s documentary and visual album
Actors gaze up to the sky during JJ’88’s “ROOT” in the hip-hop artist and former inmate’s documentary and visual album Songs from the Hole. Before the song starts, protagonist and producer James “JJ’88” Jacobs describes meditating on his and others’ redemption while incarcerated and in solitary confinement.
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“‘I’m dangerous,’ they said.”
Through tears over the phone, James Jacobs, the hip-hop artist who goes by the stage name of JJ’88, tells his father that the hearing to reduce his sentence was denied. In April 2004, a 15-year-old Jacobs shot and killed an 18-year-old at a party in Bellflower, Calif. At the time he received the letter rejecting his request for a resentencing in 2020, he had lived more years in prison than outside of it.
“They don’t believe me. They don’t believe who I am,” he continues. “They said that all the work that I’m doing, my art and my advocacy work … they said that it’s not real. They say I am a clear and present threat to the community.”
In 2020, Jacobs was denied a hearing to reduce his prison sentence. His father, pictured here, grapples with the news while trying to comfort his son.
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As his father tries to comfort him, an automated voice cuts in: “You have 60 seconds remaining.”
Filmmaker and director Contessa Gayles was in the room with Jacobs’ father as he received that call.
“I remember, too, after that moment, obviously being incredibly concerned for you and your well-being,” Gayles tells Jacobs during an interview with NPR, “but I hesitated, for a long time, to ask you if you wanted to continue with the film. … I just was too afraid for your answer.”
The pair had been working with Jacobs’ producer on a documentary and visual album together. But he said he did want to continue.
“I’ve seen hard moments in film before, I’ve seen hard moments talked about in music — really hard moments — and this was one of the hardest moments in my life,” Jacobs says. “I love [Shakespeare’s] Titus Andronicus — it’s a tragic story, and I remember reading that and I was, like, ‘this is art too’ — it doesn’t always have to be this fairytale Disney ending that I was used to, as a kid and as a fan of films. Some stories end in, ‘this guy found spiritual enlightenment but died in prison.’ That’s the wisdom of the world, I guess. That’s the wisdom of our universe. I couldn’t argue with it, so I was comfortable [with continuing the film].”
Actor Miles Lassiter, as “kid James,” wears antlers in Songs from the Hole. Jacobs says it’s the image he’s asked about most often. “These antlers, along with being [for the song] ‘Most Hunted,’ are very gun-hunting, violent-culture — the experience, as a Black man, was that [Black men] were being hunted like deer, like buck in this country. And early references of Black men in this country — we were called Bucks. And so I thought — we [Jacobs and Gayles] thought — it was fitting … that this character represented the coming-of-age through antlers and the symbolism of being hunted with antlers on his head.”
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Songs from the Hole follows Jacobs’ story as he reflects on his coming-of-age within California’s state prison system, finds healing in an unlikely place and contemplates forgiveness. After meeting and befriending Gayles when she was on assignment for CNN at California’s Correctional Training Facility, commonly known as Soledad State Prison, in 2017, Jacobs and his producer, Richie Reseda, reached out with an ambitious idea: to direct and bring to life the visual album that Jacobs had written entirely from solitary confinement. The request reached Gayles at an important moment of her career: when she was ready to pursue independent filmmaking.
Gayles says she was inspired, during the making of Songs from the Hole, by the 2014 film Boyhood. “I was just thinking about representations that we have of white childhood and the plethora that exists of those depictions, and that often, with storytelling around Black people — Black young people — it’s very limited in scope. And so I was just meditating on, ‘[Richard] Linklater spent 12 years making [Boyhood] about white childhood,’ and I was just saying in my head, ‘we deserve to have as much space to be as indulgent and wide-ranging with how we tell the stories of Black childhood.’”
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Reneasha Jacobs holds a photograph of her and James’ older brother, Victor Benjamin. Benjamin was shot and killed on April 19, 2004.
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Actors reenact a memory from Jacobs’ childhood in Songs from the Hole. In the film, Jacobs says, “Memories are crucial in maintaining your sanity in prison. I remember — maybe accurately or inaccurately — but I remember things from my childhood and relive them, sitting on that bunk, and it reminds me that I was a person and I am a person before being incarcerated.”
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![Actor Myles Lassiter portrays young Jacobs lying in the bed of a pickup truck, holding a toy gun, during the song, "Most Hunted." Jacobs says the visual was important to him because "in the song itself, I mentioned ... a couple of references to 'Friday,' one of them being during the hook, 'the government launched four drones. Still, I need a Glock to walk Smoke home. I'm not a man with it. I'm a man without it.' And those lines kind of hint toward quotes from the film 'Friday,' which is where Craig [played by Ice Cube] is in the room with his father. He just discovered that his father just discovered that he owns a gun. And [his dad] says, "Back in my day, we would use these," [referencing his fists]. Are you a man or are you not?" And [Craig] says, 'I'm a man without it. I'm a man without this gun.' And I knew when I first saw that, that I was like, 'I'm a man without a gun, but in this world, they don't see a man unless I have a gun."](https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/3840x2076+0+0/resize/1100/quality/50/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F73%2Fbf%2F5306a1244a41b25fddca6158fdfd%2Fsfth-most-hunted-truck-bed.jpg)
Actor Myles Lassiter portrays a young Jacobs lying in the bed of a pickup truck, holding a toy gun, during the song, “Most Hunted.” Jacobs says the visual was important to him because “in the song itself, I mentioned … a couple of references to ‘Friday,’ one of them being during the hook, ‘the government launched four drones. Still, I need a Glock to walk Smoke home. I’m not a man with it. I’m a man without it.’ And those lines kind of hint toward quotes from the film ‘Friday,’ which is where Craig [played by Ice Cube] is in the room with his father. He just discovered that his father just discovered that he owns a gun. And [his dad] says, ‘Back in my day, we would use these [referencing his fists]. Are you a man or are you not?’ And [Craig] says, ‘I’m a man without it. I’m a man without this gun.’ And I knew when I first saw that, that I was like, ‘I’m a man without a gun, but in this world, they don’t see a man unless I have a gun.’”
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Throughout its production, the visual album quickly evolved into a documentary, heavily inspired by Beyoncé’s Lemonade. Where Beyoncé added poetic interludes between songs, in Songs from the Hole, the audience learns about Jacobs’ story and how his music spiritually liberates him while simultaneously being among the reasons officials cited for not considering his request for resentencing.
Gayles uses messages Jacobs wrote while in solitary to portray his vision for the album. When asked about the decision, Galyes says, “We really made use of 88’s handwriting because it was so much a part of his process.” She said she also felt “it would be more impactful to have the audience experience 88 in a similar manner to his loved ones … which is primarily over phone calls and letters.”
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Reneasha Jacobs, James’ older sister, holds an old photograph of herself and her two brothers from when they were kids. James shot and killed someone on April 16, 2004. Three days later, their older brother was murdered.
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The film relies heavily on Jacobs’ letters and recorded phone calls, through which he, Gayles and Reseda talk about the album’s production. The letters consist of scripts, shot lists and lyrics. Through the calls, Jacobs serves as the film’s narrator, speaking about his life and the symbolism of the imagery he’d dreamt up in solitary. The film explores cultural themes that touch on Black boyhood, familial relationships, growing up in the church, crime, forgiveness and redemption.
Actor Devonte Hoy depicts Jacobs forgiving the man who murdered his brother. In the film, Jacobs says, “Tears start coming down my face. And I said, ‘Man, you killed my brother.’ And the first thing out of his mouth was, ‘I’m sorry for what I took from you, bro.’ … And I just told him, ‘Man, I forgive you. If you want my forgiveness, you have it.’ And I got up and left.”
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Jacobs was released in 2022, after serving 18 years in prison.
Now, with the film streaming on Netflix and the team holding screenings in prisons across the country, Jacobs says he hopes the parole board commissioners who kept him locked up think differently about him if they see the film.
“If only you understood me, you’d see my humanity,” he says in the film.
“I would absolutely love to show this film to the commissioners that told me I was a danger to society,” he told NPR. “I would love it. I can’t wait to catch word that they watched it so that I can see — let’s talk again; I don’t even have to go to board, but I would love to talk to you now.”
Hoy depicts an older Jacobs talking to his father through glass during a visitation. In the film, Jacobs says he had just finished writing two verses of his song “Steel Grave,” and rapped both verses over the phone for his dad. When he finished, Jacobs says his father asked him, “What happens to the character? You just described he was in this dark world. Does he ever come out?”
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Songs from the Hole is currently streaming on Netflix. Find more of JJ’88’s work at linktr.ee/jj_eightyeight and on Instagram, at @jj_eightyeight, and more of Contessa’s work on her website, ContessaGayles.com, or on Instagram, at @contessagayles.
The U.S. Supreme Court
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The Supreme Court on Tuesday cleared the way for Alabama to use a congressional district map favored by Republicans.
The court, in an unsigned order, overturned a three-judge district court panel that found that the map is “tainted by intentional race-based discrimination.” The court’s three liberals publicly dissented.
The ruling means that Alabama’s 2026 midterm elections will feature six Republican-leaning districts and one Democratic-leaning one, as opposed to a map with only five safe Republican seats. Democrat Shomari Figures, who represents Alabama’s Second District, will likely lose his seat as a result of the high court’s ruling.
The story of Alabama’s congressional map is long and tortured. It began in 2021, when the state implemented a new map to account for population changes in the census. The map featured only one majority-black district out of seven, even though the state is more than one-quarter Black.
Voters immediately sued, claiming the map illegally diluted minority votes in violation of the Voting Rights Act and the Constitution. Lower court judges agreed, ruling that the state must draw a map with two districts where Black voters have a realistic chance of electing their candidate of choice. The Supreme Court more than once has ordered Alabama to draw a compliant map.
But the state has refused and instead continued to litigate the case. On Tuesday, that tactic paid off.
What changed? In April, the Supreme Court’s conservative supermajority all but gutted what remains of the Voting Rights Act, ruling that states cannot purposefully draw districts that are majority-minority.
Alabama then asked the high court to reinstate the state’s old map, under the theory that this new ruling meant that it was permissible to use a map with only one majority-Black district. In an unsigned, unexplained order in May, the high court essentially reversed its previous opinions, and allowed Alabama to use the old map for the upcoming midterm elections.
This set off a flurry of activity in Alabama. By the time the Supreme Court issued its May order, absentee balloting had already begun, using the court-drawn map. So Republican Governor Kay Ivey cancelled elections and scheduled a special primary for August for the affected congressional races.
The case, however, was not over.
In its ruling, the Supreme Court had ordered a lower court panel to continue evaluating Alabama’s map in light of its recent Voting Rights Act decision. And just 15 days after that order, the panel, composed of three Republican judges—two of them Trump appointees—concluded unanimously that even under the Supreme Court’s new standards, the plan for a single black district was “intentionally discriminatory.”
So, once again, Alabama returned to the Supreme Court, arguing that the map was partisan, not racially discriminatory. In short, that the Republican legislature simply drew the map to elect more Republicans. And that under the Supreme Court’s new interpretation of the Voting Rights Act, the GOP map should be allowed to stand.
The court’s conservative agreed, writing that the lower court “did not heed the presumption of legislative good faith.”
The court’s three liberals publicly dissented, castigating the conservative majority for failing to abide by its 2006 decision in the case of Purcell v. Gonzalez. That decision declared that courts should not change election rules too close to an election.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor, in her dissent, said the court “debases the democratic process” and “corrodes the rule of law by rewarding Alabama’s gamesmanship and outright defiance of court orders.”
Tuesday’s decision is the latest in a series of Supreme Court rulings that could well reshape the 2026 midterm elections, making it much harder for Democrats to prevail.
Note: Map shows the area with a shake intensity of 3 or greater, which U.S.G.S. defines as “weak,” though the earthquake may be felt outside the areas shown. The New York Times
A minor, 3.7-magnitude earthquake struck in the San Francisco Bay Area on Tuesday, according to the United States Geological Survey.
The temblor happened at 9:44 a.m. Pacific time about 4 miles southeast of Cloverdale, Calif., data from the agency shows.
U.S.G.S. data earlier reported that the magnitude was 3.6.
As seismologists review available data, they may revise the earthquake’s reported magnitude. Additional information collected about the earthquake may also prompt U.S.G.S. scientists to update the shake-severity map.
Subsequent quakes have been reported in the same area. Such temblors are typically aftershocks caused by minor adjustments along the portion of a fault that slipped at the time of the initial earthquake.
Aftershocks detected
Quakes and aftershocks within 100 miles
Aftershocks can occur days, weeks or even years after the first earthquake. These events can be of equal or larger magnitude to the initial earthquake, and they can continue to affect already damaged locations.
The New York Times When quakes and aftershocks occurred
Sources: United States Geological Survey (epicenter, aftershocks, shake intensity); LandScan via Oak Ridge National Laboratory (population density) | Notes: Shaking categories are based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. When aftershock data is available, the corresponding maps and charts include earthquakes within 100 miles and seven days of the initial quake. All times above are Pacific time. Shake data is as of Tuesday, June 2 at 12:59 p.m. Eastern. Aftershocks data is as of Tuesday, June 2 at 1:59 p.m. Eastern.
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered:
Section 1. Purpose. The United States continues to lead the world in Artificial Intelligence (AI) because of the enormous talent and innovation of our AI industry, and because we refuse to stifle this innovation with overly burdensome regulation. My Administration has unleashed tremendous technological growth and economic investment in AI by slashing the bureaucratic constraints that the prior administration placed on America’s AI developers and researchers, and by instead encouraging AI innovation and accelerating responsible AI adoption across government and industry.
Advanced AI capabilities make our Nation stronger, but also introduce new national security considerations that require coordinated action across executive departments and agencies (agencies), and components. As these capabilities evolve, my Administration will continue to work closely with industry to ensure that the best and most secure technology is deployed rapidly to confront any and all threats to our country. We will continue to lead an America First cybersecurity effort that enhances both our national security and our global AI dominance.
It is the policy of the United States to promote AI innovation and security by working collaboratively with the private sector to modernize government and private sector information systems and harden them against external threats; to protect American ingenuity and intellectual property from exploitation and theft by adversaries; and to cultivate America’s advanced AI-enabled capabilities.
Sec. 2. Upgrading American Systems for Advanced AI. (a) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Committee on National Security Systems shall prioritize the cyber defense of National Security Systems, as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3552(b)(6)(A), by taking appropriate and expeditious action consistent with the purpose of this order.
(b) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of War shall prioritize the cyber defense of Department of War information systems by taking appropriate and expeditious action consistent with the purpose of this order.
(c) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, through the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and the National Cyber Director, shall release Binding Operational Directives and other guidance as appropriate to:
(i) expedite and prioritize the cyber defense of civilian Federal Government information systems in order to protect our Nation’s vital functions;
(ii) establish or expand Federal programs and cybersecurity services that enhance AI-enabled defensive tools; and
(iii) facilitate access to cybersecurity tools and services including, where appropriate, covered frontier models for agencies, State and local authorities, and operators of critical infrastructure such as rural hospitals, community banks, and local utilities.
(d) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the National Cyber Director, the Secretary of War, through the Director of the National Security Agency (NSA), and the Secretary of Homeland Security, through the Director of CISA, shall form an AI cybersecurity clearinghouse, in voluntary collaboration with the AI industry and operators of critical infrastructure, that coordinates and deconflicts scanning for software vulnerabilities, discovers and validates such vulnerabilities, and coordinates and prioritizes remediation and distribution of vulnerability patches.
(e) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Director of OMB, in coordination with the National Cyber Director and the Director of CISA, shall determine whether any Federal grant programs have available and relevant funding that can be directed toward applicants developing advanced AI vulnerability detection.
(f) Within 60 days of the date of this order, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall expand the United States Tech Force Information Cybersecurity Specialist hiring and placement pathways.
Sec. 3. Secure Frontier Model Deployment. Within 60 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, through the Director of NSA, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, through the Director of CISA, in consultation with the White House Chief of Staff, through the National Cyber Director, the Assistant to the President for Science and Technology (APST), and the Secretary of Commerce, through the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and in coordination with other agencies, as appropriate, shall:
(a) develop and maintain a classified benchmarking process to assess the advanced cyber capabilities of AI models and determine the threshold at which an AI model should be designated a “covered frontier model” for the purposes of this order, sharing such assessments with AI developers and researchers as appropriate. Such a determination shall be made by the Director of NSA, in consultation with the National Cyber Director, the APST, the Director of CISA, and other representatives of the Department of War, as appropriate.
(b) design a voluntary framework with AI developers through which developers would be able to:
(i) engage the Federal Government to determine whether model(s) under development meet the designation of “covered frontier model”;
(ii) provide the Federal Government with access to covered frontier models, subject to appropriate confidentiality, cybersecurity, insider-risk, and intellectual-property protection, use, and nondisclosure requirements, for a period of up to 30 days before they plan to release such models to other trusted partners; and
(iii) collaborate with the Federal Government to select trusted partners that will have early access to covered frontier models to promote secure innovation and strengthen the cybersecurity of critical infrastructure.
(c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the creation of a mandatory governmental licensing, preclearance, or permitting requirement for the development, publication, release, or distribution of new AI models, including frontier models.
Sec. 4. Protection Against Criminal Actors. The Attorney General shall prioritize the enforcement of 18 U.S.C. 1028, 18 U.S.C. 1030, 18 U.S.C. 1343, and all other applicable Federal criminal laws against anyone who utilizes AI to illegally access or damage a computer without authorization, or who utilizes AI while engaged in such illegal access to further any other crime. This includes breaching any public or private information technology system, or employing AI agents to unlawfully access data or information that is subsequently used for a criminal or unlawful purpose.
Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
(d) The costs for publication of this order shall be borne by the Department of War.
DONALD J. TRUMP
THE WHITE HOUSE,
June 2, 2026.
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