North Dakota
Ruling in North Dakota transgender health care case likely months out as trial wraps
BISMARCK — A seven-day trial over North Dakota’s ban on gender-affirming care for minors concluded Tuesday, though a final decision on the case is still months away.
The state in 2023 made it a crime for health care professionals to provide the treatments to anyone under 18.
A lawsuit brought by North Dakota pediatric endocrinologist Luis Casas alleges that the ban is an unconstitutional infringement of personal autonomy and equal protection rights.
South Central District Court Judge Jackson Lofgren took the case under advisement Tuesday. He asked the plaintiffs and defense to present their closing arguments in legal briefs to be filed at a later date.
The state of North Dakota wrapped up its side earlier that day with testimony from Stephen Levine, an adult psychiatrist.
Levine has been a psychiatrist since about 1970, and was a committee chair of a group that would later become the World Professional Association for Transgender Health — the leading professional organization for transgender health care. Like the other three expert witnesses called by the state, Levine has spoken in court in defense of several laws similar to North Dakota’s.
Levine said adolescents cannot consent to gender-affirming care, so it should be limited to adults. He also said therapy is the superior course of action for treating gender dysphoria.
Levine said he knows of many adults who have received gender-affirming care but do not appear to have benefited from it.
“I’ve had the occasional adult who I think has prospered from trans-affirmative care,” he said.
Levine also said he believes that most adolescents who believe they have gender dysphoria are really suffering from other psychiatric conditions. He said this explains the sharp increase in young people who are seeking gender-affirming care over the last 15 years.
Jan Conlin, an attorney for the plaintiffs, indicated Tuesday there are fewer than a dozen kids in North Dakota who have sought gender-affirming medical care.
“Would that surprise you?” Conlin asked Levine.
“I guess it would,” Levine replied.
Levine, like the other three witnesses who testified for the state, stressed that the medical research on gender-affirming care is nascent and unsettled.
He said that most children who believe they’re transgender later come to identify with the sex they were assigned at birth. He said he acknowledges that the North Dakota transgender health care ban may be a source of distress for adolescents who depend on the treatment, but that he’s skeptical that it would cause them to suffer significantly.
“Every crisis doesn’t necessarily harm somebody,” he said. “It’s not necessarily the end of the world for that child. It may, in fact, be the beginning of a chance to rethink this whole matter.”
Casas, the pediatric endocrinologist, last week testified that one of his patients attempted suicide after learning of the health care ban.
The plaintiffs on Tuesday brought back Gabriela Balf, a psychiatrist with experience treating adolescents with gender dysphoria, as a rebuttal witness.
Balf acknowledged that there is limited research exploring the use of transgender health care for minors. She said it is very difficult to conduct top-tier studies like randomized control trials on children because it’s unethical.
“We simply cannot do these kinds of trials with kids,” she said. “I would like to put to rest once and forever this idea that we’re not doing this because we’re lazy.”
Still, Balf said the bulk of research suggests that transgender adolescents have benefited from gender-affirming care. She also said that some of the research cited by the defense’s witnesses has been discredited.
Balf questioned why the state thought it necessary to adopt the health care law when it’s never bothered to regulate other areas of medicine.
“I find it so discriminatory to have so much scrutiny of this condition and others, they are just swept under the rug,” she said.
She said a couple years ago, a scientific review noted that more than 600 medications are prescribed off-label to children.
“And yet, they’re given to kids,” Balf said. “And nobody seems to be very bothered about it.”
Mary Steurer / North Dakota Monitor
Over the course of the trial, Casas, Balf and two other doctors with personal experience treating transgender adolescents testified that in some cases, gender-affirming medication is necessary for patients’ health and happiness.
Two teenage patients of Casas testified last week that the treatment turned their lives around. Both said they also receive therapy, but that the therapy would not be enough to effectively treat their gender dysphoria.
There are only two pediatric endocrinologists in North Dakota: Casas and Amanda Dahl, who is Casas’ clinical practice partner. Casas said he and Dahl both follow the same standards for administering gender-affirming treatment care. No adolescent can receive gender-affirming care without a diagnosis of gender dysphoria, he said. Patients and their families are also informed of what to expect and the risks of the treatment.
The gender-affirming care ban passed North Dakota’s Republican-dominated Legislature with more than two-thirds approval in each chamber.
The ban contains an exemption for children who were receiving treatment before it went into effect. However, even adolescents who fall under the exemption are no longer receiving the care in North Dakota.
Casas testified he no longer provides gender-affirming care to any minors in North Dakota, including patients he saw before the law was enacted, for fear of prosecution. Those patients must travel to Moorhead, Minnesota, to see him for treatment.
The law makes it a Class A misdemeanor to administer gender-affirming treatments like puberty blockers or hormone therapy to a minor. Anyone found guilty of doing so could face up to 360 days in jail, fines of up to $3,000 or both. Medical professionals also fear a violation of the ban could jeopardize their medical licenses, according to records filed in court.
The law also makes it a Class B felony to perform transition-related surgery on a minor. Experts have testified in the case that medical professionals do not perform such surgeries on minors in North Dakota, and did not before the ban.
This story was originally published on NorthDakotaMonitor.com
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North Dakota
Vernon Krause
Vernon Dale Krause, 93, of Fargo, ND, formerly of Wahpeton, ND, passed away peacefully on Friday, July 10, 2026, at Heather’s House in Fargo, ND, under the care of HIA Hospice.
A Celebration of life will be held on Monday, July 20, 2026, at Vertin-Munson Funeral Home, Wahpeton. Visitation will be from 9:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m., followed by a service at 10:00 a.m., with burial immediately following at Fairview Cemetery in Wahpeton.
Vern was born on February 16, 1933, in rural Wyndmere, ND, one of eleven children born to Theodore and Ella (Rohl) Krause. He grew up in Wyndmere and attended Wyndmere Public School, where he left his studies behind to volunteer for the United States Army. Vern proudly served from 1953 to 1956 before transferring to the Army Reserves. He was awarded the National Defense Service Medal and, throughout his life, carried great pride in his years of military service.
He married Jean (Carey) Krause, and together they built a life and raised their family in Wahpeton, where he would spend most of his years. They were blessed with two children. In his later years, after developing severe dementia, Vernon moved to Fargo so he could receive the care he needed and be closer to family.
For 41 years, he worked for the City of Wahpeton Water & Sewer Department, where he was highly regarded and known for knowing every inch of the city like the back of his hand. Even after retirement, he continued to volunteer his time and expertise whenever the City needed him. Among the accomplishments he was most proud of were his early years helping develop the Chahinkapa Zoo.
Above all, he cherished his family. He loved anything to do with his grandchildren — from crafting chairs out of tree trunks and splitting wood, to watching their sporting events and helping them grow into who they were meant to be. His great-grandchildren were a true blessing to him — even if their energy made him a little nervous, he always looked forward to their visits. His nieces and nephews brought him great joy as well especially in his later years and he loved being an uncle to them. When his brother Leyone “Spud” moved to town, Vern couldn’t wait to deliver him the daily newspaper and share a chat. He loved tinkering in the garage, always engineering new ways to drain water, and he was the biggest Green Bay Packers fan around — proud to call himself a team shareholder. After moving to Fargo, Vernon was grateful for the time he was able to spend with his sister, Carole Jean, who had always been his protector.
Vernon will be remembered for his steady hands, his quiet devotion to family and community, and the example he set of showing up — for his country, for his city, and most of all, for the people he loved. He will be deeply missed.
Vern is survived by his son, Mark Krause, Fargo; two sisters-in-law, Priscilla Krause and Donna Krause; two brothers-in-law, Ron Carey and Don Carey; eight grandchildren, Carey, Danielle, Margo, Jodi, Nikki, Kevin, Brad and Tracee; 13 great-grandchildren; and many nieces and nephews.
He was preceded in death by his parents; his wife, Jean Krause; his daughter, Deb Christopher; five brothers, Alfred, Donald, Willard, Kenneth and Leyone Krause; five sisters, Dorothy Peterson, Loretta Dable, LaVelle Odegard, Lucille Kruchek and Carole Jean Johnson-Bohlken; sisters-in-law, Viola Krause, Marleen Krause, Amy Carey and Linda Carey; brothers-in-law, Elroy Odegard, Robert Johnson, Willis Bohlken, Pete Peterson, Johnny Kruchek and Frank Dable; granddaughter, Robyn Krause; and grandson, Jack Bollman.
North Dakota
‘I think I was cheated’: Men speak out after birth switch discovery
GRAFTON, N.D. — Two North Dakota men are speaking out about a 38-year-long alleged mistake that altered their entire lives.
The men and their families are suing Unity Medical Center in Grafton, saying the hospital is responsible for
switching them at birth in 1988
. The hospital denies the allegations.
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North Dakota
Neighbors, not competitors
There are moments that remind us exactly who we are as a community, and the recent fire at Antelope Creek Bar and Grill in Mooreton was one of them. Many already know the awful loss that unfolded. It was a brutally hot day, the kind where the sun feels heavy and the air is so thick, and social media quickly filled with photos, videos, and comments documenting the devastation. Heartbreaking. Gut‑wrenching. A place that held memories for so many suddenly only visions smoke and charred remains.
But even in the middle of all that loss, something else rose up, something that always seems to show itself around here when life gets hard. Kindness. Pure, steady kindness.
The volunteer firefighters were the first reminder. They never cease to amaze me. They drop everything … work, family, whatever they were in the middle of and suit up in layers of gear despite the heat and humidity. They’re regular people with regular jobs, yet they show up like it’s the most natural thing in the world. No spotlight. No applause. Just service. Just heart.
Then came the folks who arrived with water, Gatorade, and anything they could think of to help ease the burden of those battling the blaze. Nobody organized it. Nobody asked. They simply showed up because that’s what people do here. That alone would have been enough to warm my heart.
But it didn’t stop there.
As the day went on, I saw posts from other regional businesses, specifically other bar and grills, reaching out with messages of support. These are places that could easily be seen as competition, yet there they were, offering help, extending care, and standing shoulder to shoulder with the owners who had just watched their livelihood disappear. “We are here. How can we help?” they wrote. No rivalry. No hesitation. Just neighbors being neighbors.
If you ever need a reminder of what makes this valley special, it’s moments like that. People who could have stayed quiet choosing instead to lift someone else up. Businesses that could have focused on themselves choosing instead to stand with another in their darkest moment. It’s the best of us. The part of small town life that doesn’t make headlines but makes all the difference.
We talk a lot about community, but this, this right here is what it looks like. It looks like firefighters sweating through their gear on a 90‑degree day. It looks like strangers handing out cold drinks. It looks like business owners reaching across the aisle to say, “You’re not alone.” It looks like compassion showing up before anyone has time to think twice.
Loss has a way of revealing character. And what I saw in the wake of that fire was a valley full of people who still believe in showing up, still believe in helping, still believe in each other. In a world that can feel divided and loud, this quiet, steady goodness is worth noticing. Worth celebrating. Worth holding onto.
Because when the smoke clears and the debris settles, what remains is the strength of a community that refuses to let anyone face hardship alone. And that, more than anything, is the story worth telling.
That is the true Best of the Valley. The people.
Bobbi Steffens resides in the Southern Valley and discovered her passion for writing through an unexpected path.
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