North Dakota

Fatal flogging of young ND man helped end prison chain gang brutality in the U.S.

Published

2 years ago

October 1, 2024

Fatal flogging of young ND man helped end prison chain gang brutality in the U.S.

MUNICH, N.D. — In the portrait, 22-year-old Martin Tabert gazes outward with a stoic, serious expression, perhaps hoping to appear older than his years. Standing beside a chair, he’s dressed in a slightly oversized blue suit, complete with a crisp white detachable collar — evoking the style of silver-screen icons of the day Clark Gable and Douglas Fairbanks.

He looks every bit like a young man ready to leave behind his North Dakota farm for adventures unknown.

“He wanted to see the world,” nephew Clifford Tabert told a reporter in 2004 about his uncle. “He saw the bad part of it, I guess.”

Martin Tabert was 22 when he left North Dakota for Florida where he would make history in the most tragic of ways.

Contributed/Find a Grave/Martin Tabert

Born on a 560-acre farm near Munich, North Dakota, in Cavalier County, Martin was the ninth of 12 children. Like some of his siblings before him, when he came of age and saved a few dollars, he left the farm in search of bigger and better things.

In the fall of 1921, he took a train south. His plan was to find work on farms along the way and learn about farming in other parts of the U.S. Everything was going well until December in Florida, when his luck and money ran out.

The Benjamin and Katie Grimson farm in Munich, N.D. in Cavalier County.

He took a chance and hitched a ride on a train near Tallahassee. But a deputy spotted him and arrested him for vagrancy. Because he didn’t have the money to pay the $25 fine, he was sentenced to 90 days in jail.

Tabert sent a telegram home to his parents, Benjamin and Katie.

“In trouble and need 50 dollars to pay fine.”

His father replied (misspellings in the original message):

“Dear Martin, Am sending you $75.00 so you can pay the $50.00 fine and have $25.00 so if you can’t git no work, then you will have some money to live on. We could not git no mony till now. Ma would like to have you come home. It’s to bad that it happent to you. Ma would like to know why you went down there, and how you are feeling. As this is all I can think of just now so I must close. We are all well and hope this will find you the same.”

The check Martin Tabert’s parents sent to Florida to free him. It was never cashed as Martin had already been taken into a prison labor camp.

But days later, on Dec. 21, the letter was returned to the Taberts unopened with the words:

“Returned by request of Sheriff. Party gone.”

His North Dakota family was relieved. They figured he had found another way out of his jam and would be home soon, maybe even in time to sit down for Katie’s Christmas dinner.

That didn’t happen. Christmas came and went without Martin. In January, Ben and Katie received a letter from Putnam Lumber Company informing them Martin died in one of the firm’s camps of “fever and other complications.”

Those “other complications” were about to set off a firestorm in Florida.

returned letter.jpg — The letter Ben and Katie Tabert sent to Florida, including a check to pay his fine, was never opened and later sent back them.

Shocked and saddened, Ben and Katie grieved the loss of their son. While they were a bit confused as to how he ended up with what was believed to be malaria at a lumber camp, they accepted the circumstances surrounding his death and were relieved when the company assured them Martin received “a proper Christian burial.”

That changed when the Taberts received a letter in July from Glen Thompson, who slept in the bunk beside Martin at Putnam.

According to historian Curt Eriksmoen, the letter was sent to the postmaster in Munich with these words:

“Please find out whether the parents or kinfolk of Martin Tabert know or care to know the particulars of Martin’s death. I was an eyewitness of the boy’s death and I am doubting whether any particulars were sent to the folks.”

The Taberts and Thompson corresponded for months. But they needed more information, so they eventually contacted Cavalier County State’s Attorney Gudmundur Grimson, who had begun his law career in Munich.

An Icelandic fighter gets answers

Grimson immigrated to North Dakota from Iceland as an infant. He grew up on a farm in Pembina County and worked as a teacher to earn the $150 tuition to the University of North Dakota, where he earned a law degree. While at UND, he shared a modest shack with another soon-to-be famous Icelandic immigrant, polar explorer

Vilhalmjer Steffanson.

Described in one Forum news story as possessing “personal grit and determination,” Grimson went to Florida and got to the bottom of Tabert’s death.

Gudmundur Grimson was the Cavalier County State’s Attorney when he took on the Florida Penal System for the death of North Dakotan Martin Tabert.

It turns out that after Tabert was sentenced to 90 days in jail, he was whisked off to the town of Clara, Florida, in Dixie County, 60 miles south of Tallahassee. He was assigned to work in the prison labor force at the Putnam Lumber Company.

Grimson learned it was part of an arrangement between the company and Sheriff J.R. Jones. Jones was promised around $20 for every man he could send to work for Putnam, earning him the nickname “The Slave Catcher.”

map that ran in the paper.jpg — A map of a portion of the Florida panhandle drawn by an artist at The Forum in 1921. Tabert was arrested in Leon County and later sold into forced labor to a lumber company 60 miles south in Dixie County.

According to a 1923 story in The New York Age newspaper, Tabert and the other convicts were forced to work long days “waist-deep in swampy water” and “fed and housed in a way that no North Dakota farmer would feed and house his domestic animals.”

Tabert soon suffered from fever, headaches and open sores. When he couldn’t keep up with his work, Thompson and others said Putnam’s “whipping boss” Walter Higginbotham propped him up on his swollen feet and flogged him 50 times with “Black Aunty,” a 5-foot-long, 7.5-pound rawhide strap.

He then forced Tabert to the ground, stepped on his neck, and kept beating him. His fellow prisoners carried him back to his bunk, where he lay in excruciating pain before dying three days later.

Prison chain gangs began around the turn of the 20th century and required prisoners, often chained together, to work on public works projects in horrendous conditions. The majority of those forced into prison slave labor were African-American.

When Grimson returned to Cavalier County and shared the news about Tabert, his fellow North Dakotans were outraged.

Local leaders set up a defense fund and distributed a pamphlet titled “Can America Stand For This?”

With residents of Cavalier County leading the way, people from all over the state contributed a total of $4,000 to help pay for the prosecution of individuals connected to Tabert’s death.

The North Dakota Legislature also passed a resolution demanding the Florida Legislature investigate the matter.

Eriksmoen said newspapers in the Sunshine State didn’t take the criticism lying down.

“When the Florida newspapers learned of the demands from North Dakota, they stirred up their readers by writing that these impertinent farmers should ‘go back home and slop their hogs,’ ” he wrote.

Grimson urged major national newspapers to cover Martin Tabert’s story, and they did. By July 1923, more than 50 papers worldwide had covered the flogging. Renowned author Marjory Stoneman Douglas penned a poignant poem about Tabert, set to music in a minor key and sung by schoolchildren across Florida. The story even inspired a film, “The Whipping Boss.”

whipping boss.jpg — In 1924, a film was released called “The Whipping Boss,” based on the Tabert case.

It’s important to note that despite the publicity exploding around the case, Martin Tabert was hardly the first man fatally beaten in a prison camp. But sadly, people and the press paid attention, partly because he was white, well-educated, and came from a family with the ability to pay his fine and a community willing to finance a fight.

The majority of the convicts killed previously were either Black or poor whites who didn’t have the means to fight the system.

The New York Age noted in 1923, “The case of Tabert, as terrible as it is, could be matched and outmatched by the cases of thousands of Negroes who have suffered and died under the systems of convict leasing and peonage.”

Whether embarrassed by the publicity or not, the Florida Legislature eventually agreed with North Dakota’s position and passed a resolution thanking the state for bringing the Tabert incident to their attention. Meanwhile, fearing the matter would hurt tourism, Florida’s governor, Cary Hardee, ordered Higginbotham to be arrested.

While initially defensive of North Dakota’s attack, after intense publicity the Florida legislature thanked North Dakota for raising awareness about the convict leasing system in their state.

‘Lightly beat’ or ‘brutally whipped’?

The trial took place in Columbia County, 150 miles from Putnam’s lumber camp. Higginbotham faced first-degree murder charges. He claimed he only “lightly beat” Tabert for neglecting his duties.

Sixteen witnesses testified. Most of them disputed Higginbotham’s story.

One of them, John T. Gardner, a one-time U.S. Army private who was in the camp, testified to the brutality Higginbotham inflicted upon Tabert despite Tabert screaming and begging for mercy.

“I’ve seen Higginbotham beat five or six men in one night,” Gardner testified. “Seems like when he got started, he wouldn’t know when to quit.”

tabert face on newspaper.jpg — Fellow prisoners at Putnam said Martin Tabert came into camp “big and strong,” but within weeks was “sick and skinny,” thanks to working in hip-deep, swamp water and getting frequent beatings from “whipping boss’ Walter Higginbotham.

On July 8, 1923, Higginbotham was found guilty of second-degree murder and sentenced to 20 years in prison.

Gudmundur Grimson received a letter of thanks and congratulations from the U.S. Attorney’s Office, commending him and the State of North Dakota for the conviction, calling it “an accomplishment of the greatest public importance and a godsend to the future protection of the American people.”

However, the conviction didn’t stand. The Supreme Court of Florida overturned it, ruling that while there was enough evidence to support the guilty verdict, it would be necessary to retry the case in Dixie County because of legal technicalities.

After two years, a trial was held in Dixie County. But getting a conviction again would be an uphill battle.

Irving Wallace, author of “The Last of the Whipping Bosses,” said the Putnam Lumber Company owned 75% of the land in Dixie County, and most residents were dependent on it for their livelihood.

Additionally, Wallace said the county sheriff was the brother-in-law of Higginbotham’s attorney and a member of the Board of Commissioners whose job was to select juries.

“The drawing had not been properly done, and the court had been having the sheriff select the jurors,” Wallace wrote.

Higginbotham was found not guilty.

Despite Higginbotham’s release from prison, the Tabert case led to change throughout the South. In 1924, Florida abolished the convict leasing system and corporal punishment for prisoners and revised other penal laws. Other Southern states followed.

The New York World won a Pulitzer Prize for public service in 1924 for its coverage of the Tabert case and for raising awareness about the abuses in Southern states surrounding the leasing of convicts for forced penal labor.

After he was acquitted in the Tabert case, Higginbotham faced charges of beating another inmate. However, before that trial started, he was seriously injured in a car accident and excused from the proceedings. He kept a low profile after that.

marjorie stoneman douglas poem about tabert.jpg — Marjory Stoneman Douglas, who was born in Minnesota, wrote a poem about the death of North Dakotan Martin Tabert. It was put to music and sung in a minor key, often by schoolchildren. The barrage of publicity surrounding the case helped establish penal reforms throughout the South.

Other men connected to the Tabert case also faced consequences. Martin’s sentencing judge, Ben Willis, and Sheriff Jones were removed from office, the prison supervisor resigned, and Dr. T. Caper Jones, the Putnam physician who failed to tend to Martin’s needs, was condemned by the legislature as “a disgrace to his profession.”

Gudmundur Grimson eventually climbed the ladder in the North Dakota court system, becoming the chief justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court from 1957 to 1959. The Tabert case was a highlight of his career.

Gudmundur Grimson, right, became chief justice of the Supreme Court of North Dakota. He is pictured here sitting next to former presidential candidate, orator and attorney William Jennings Bryan on the steps of the Florida capital building. Bryan was giving an address to the joint session of the legislature in support of Grimson’s case.

In a 1953 letter to the editor of The Forum, he expressed gratitude for the changes made in the penal system.

“That result could never have been accomplished except for the support and encouragement of friends and newspapers in North Dakota and all over the United States.”

Grimson died in 1965 at the age of 86.

Putnam Lumber paid the Tabert family $20,000 in damages for the death of their son.

Martin Tabert’s body was never returned to North Dakota, where his family longed to lay him to rest in their family plot.

The fate of his remains is unknown. The lumber company lied when it said Martin received “a proper Christian burial.” By most accounts, he was thrown into a swamp.

Yet, despite this tragic loss, Martin Tabert’s legacy endures.

The farm kid who left home in ‘21 to make a name for himself did that, forever becoming synonymous with efforts to improve America’s penal system.

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North Dakota

Icelandic State Park to host astronomy shows

Published

54 minutes ago

July 17, 2026

Press Room

Icelandic State Park to host astronomy shows

CAVALIER, N.D. — A chance to look among the stars is coming to a North Dakota state park this weekend.

On Friday, July 17, the Icelandic State Park in Cavalier will hold an astronomy show at 9 p.m., where you can have a chance to see the moon.

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North Dakota

Vernon Krause

Published

13 hours ago

July 16, 2026

Press Room

Vernon Dale Krause, 93, of Fargo, ND, formerly of Wahpeton, ND, passed away peacefully on Friday, July 10, 2026, at Heather’s House in Fargo, ND, under the care of HIA Hospice.

A Celebration of life will be held on Monday, July 20, 2026, at Vertin-Munson Funeral Home, Wahpeton. Visitation will be from 9:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m., followed by a service at 10:00 a.m., with burial immediately following at Fairview Cemetery in Wahpeton.

Vern was born on February 16, 1933, in rural Wyndmere, ND, one of eleven children born to Theodore and Ella (Rohl) Krause. He grew up in Wyndmere and attended Wyndmere Public School, where he left his studies behind to volunteer for the United States Army. Vern proudly served from 1953 to 1956 before transferring to the Army Reserves. He was awarded the National Defense Service Medal and, throughout his life, carried great pride in his years of military service.

He married Jean (Carey) Krause, and together they built a life and raised their family in Wahpeton, where he would spend most of his years. They were blessed with two children. In his later years, after developing severe dementia, Vernon moved to Fargo so he could receive the care he needed and be closer to family.

For 41 years, he worked for the City of Wahpeton Water & Sewer Department, where he was highly regarded and known for knowing every inch of the city like the back of his hand. Even after retirement, he continued to volunteer his time and expertise whenever the City needed him. Among the accomplishments he was most proud of were his early years helping develop the Chahinkapa Zoo.

Above all, he cherished his family. He loved anything to do with his grandchildren — from crafting chairs out of tree trunks and splitting wood, to watching their sporting events and helping them grow into who they were meant to be. His great-grandchildren were a true blessing to him — even if their energy made him a little nervous, he always looked forward to their visits. His nieces and nephews brought him great joy as well especially in his later years and he loved being an uncle to them. When his brother Leyone “Spud” moved to town, Vern couldn’t wait to deliver him the daily newspaper and share a chat. He loved tinkering in the garage, always engineering new ways to drain water, and he was the biggest Green Bay Packers fan around — proud to call himself a team shareholder. After moving to Fargo, Vernon was grateful for the time he was able to spend with his sister, Carole Jean, who had always been his protector.

Vernon will be remembered for his steady hands, his quiet devotion to family and community, and the example he set of showing up — for his country, for his city, and most of all, for the people he loved. He will be deeply missed.

Vern is survived by his son, Mark Krause, Fargo; two sisters-in-law, Priscilla Krause and Donna Krause; two brothers-in-law, Ron Carey and Don Carey; eight grandchildren, Carey, Danielle, Margo, Jodi, Nikki, Kevin, Brad and Tracee; 13 great-grandchildren; and many nieces and nephews.

He was preceded in death by his parents; his wife, Jean Krause; his daughter, Deb Christopher; five brothers, Alfred, Donald, Willard, Kenneth and Leyone Krause; five sisters, Dorothy Peterson, Loretta Dable, LaVelle Odegard, Lucille Kruchek and Carole Jean Johnson-Bohlken; sisters-in-law, Viola Krause, Marleen Krause, Amy Carey and Linda Carey; brothers-in-law, Elroy Odegard, Robert Johnson, Willis Bohlken, Pete Peterson, Johnny Kruchek and Frank Dable; granddaughter, Robyn Krause; and grandson, Jack Bollman.

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North Dakota

‘I think I was cheated’: Men speak out after birth switch discovery

Published

1 day ago

July 16, 2026

Press Room

‘I think I was cheated’: Men speak out after birth switch discovery

GRAFTON, N.D. — Two North Dakota men are speaking out about a 38-year-long alleged mistake that altered their entire lives.

The men and their families are suing Unity Medical Center in Grafton, saying the hospital is responsible for

switching them at birth in 1988

. The hospital denies the allegations.

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