Lifestyle
Writer Thoreau warned of brain rot in 1854. Now it's the Oxford Word of 2024
“Brain rot” is the term of the year for 2024, referring to concerns that endlessly scrolling through social media videos and other content can cause harm. Here, TikTok’s logo is seen on a mobile phone in front of a computer screen showing a TikTok home screen. (AP Photo/Michael Dwyer, File)
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It’s not unusual for the words of influencers to gain popularity. But the influential philosopher Henry David Thoreau was born more than 200 years ago — and now a term he’s credited with introducing, “brain rot,” is the Oxford University Press’s word or phrase of 2024.
Brain rot was selected by thousands of online voters. But that doesn’t necessarily mean they’re well-versed in Thoreau’s work, particularly his 1854 book Walden, or Life in the Woods, where he wrote about “brain-rot.” It was the first recorded use of the term, according to Oxford University Press.

Today, brain rot reflects a worry that consuming the internet’s endless waves of memes and video clips, especially on social media, might numb one’s noggin.
In Walden, Thoreau used the term as he railed against oversimplification.
He asked, “Why level downward to our dullest perception always, and praise that as common sense?”
Thoreau ended that paragraph with another question: “While England endeavors to cure the potato-rot, will not any endeavor to cure the brain-rot, which prevails so much more widely and fatally?”
So, is the new rot the same as the old rot?
Oxford’s language experts say brain rot gained traction on platforms such as TikTok this year, thanks to Gen Z and Gen Alpha. Frequency of the term’s use grew by 230% from 2023 to 2024, according to the publisher’s monitoring tools.
At first glance, the connection to Thoreau may seem odd, but consider this: when Thoreau relocated to his cabin near Walden Pond to get back to basics in 1845, he was 27 years old — the same age as the oldest Gen Z members.
To better get a sense of how Thoreau saw brain rot in the 1800s, NPR contacted Cristin Ellis, an authority on Thoreau who teaches literature at the University of Mississippi.

“For Thoreau, ‘brain-rot describes what happens to our minds and spirits when we suppress our innate instincts for curiosity and wonder,” Ellis says, “and instead resign ourselves to the unreflective habits we observe all around us — habits of fitting in, getting by, chasing profits, chatting about the latest news.”
In today’s usage, brain rot is seen as a bad thing, sort of a cautionary term for what might happen to us if we get too distracted.
“I think the definitions are related but Thoreau’s sense of brain rot is way more extreme,” Ellis says.
“It’s not just TikTok dance crazes but virtually our entire 24/7 media culture — including the “serious” news of newspapers — that Thoreau would accuse of trivializing our minds,” she adds.
“Thoreau really values direct experience over our habits of consuming other peoples’ ideas at second hand,” Ellis says. “He wants us to go outside to feel and think something for ourselves; he wants us to get to know the places where we actually live.”
Popularity hints at online anxieties
Words of the year often mark shifts in thought and concerns about where society is heading — see “climate emergency” from 2019 and “vax” from 2021.
Compared to Oxford’s recent words of the year, brain rot suggests a reflective mood, after the more indulgent vibes of “goblin mode” in 2022 and “rizz” in 2023.
Casper Grathwohl, president of Oxford Languages, said in a news release sent to NPR that he finds it fascinating that “brain rot” is being embraced by younger people. “It feels like a rightful next chapter in the cultural conversation about humanity and technology,” he said.
“There’s an anxiety coming through about striking the right balance between the online world and losing touch with the real world,” Oxford Languages product director Katherine Martin said. “I think it’s great that young people also use this term to refer to the type of language used by people who overindulge in online content, which is wonderfully recursive and self-referential.”
“Brain rot” beat out five other contenders: demure; dynamic pricing; romantasy; slop; and lore.
Demure became a sensation — and is Dictionary.com’s word of 2024 — largely thanks to online content creator Jools Lebron’s catchphrase, “very demure, very mindful.”
Back to Thoreau — how might he have seen our culture?
“I think he might actually see us as in a more or less similar predicament as the society he lived in,” Ellis says. “He had no time for the complaint that societies in the past were somehow better, nobler, smarter than the present day.”

Shortly after Thoreau raises the specter of “brain rot” in Walden, he warns readers against being distracted by questions about the deterioration of society’s collective intellect. He also returns to a central theme: people should aim for their own personal achievements.
“His point here is that whether or not things are worse now than they were (and in general he’s skeptical of that kind of nostalgia), our task at all times is the same: to try our hardest to commit ourselves to the things that matter most in our brief and miraculous lives,” Ellis says.
“Devote your attention to what you know, in your heart of heart, really matters: meaning, beauty, love, wonder, and gratitude for this earth.”
Lifestyle
‘How to Rule the World’ explores education and power at Stanford University
Students walk on the Stanford University campus on March 14, 2019, in Stanford, Calif.
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When Theo Baker arrived at Stanford University a few years ago, he joined the student newspaper, following the path of his journalist parents, Peter Baker, a White House correspondent for The New York Times, and Susan Glasser, a writer for The New Yorker.
Through his reporting as a student journalist, he eventually broke a story about manipulated data in Stanford President Marc Tessier-Lavigne’s neuroscience research that helped lead to the university president’s resignation.
Theo Baker’s book, How to Rule the World: An Education in Power at Stanford University was released May 19. In it, Baker describes Stanford as a place where proximity to Silicon Valley gives rise to a parallel system of influence, recruitment and money, with investors looking to identify promising students almost as soon as they arrive on campus.
He told Morning Edition host Steve Inskeep there was “a sort of Stanford inside Stanford,” where elite students are drawn into an “alternate reality” of excess and access to cut corners.
In the interview, he discusses how Stanford is not just a university but also a pipeline where status and power can matter as much as ideas.
We reached out to Stanford University for comment and have not heard back.
Listen to the interview by clicking play on the blue box above.
Lifestyle
OTB Takes Full Control of Viktor & Rolf
Lifestyle
How having zero points in tennis — or ‘love’ — came to sound so sweet
The scoreboard shows the results of the women’s singles final match between Iga Swiatek of Poland and Amanda Anisimova of the U.S. at the Wimbledon Tennis Championships in London, Saturday, July 12, 2025.
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Kirsty Wigglesworth/AP
Fifteen points in tennis? Nice. Thirty, 40 — even better. Advantage — that sounds good. “Love” — that also must be great, right? Well, not quite.
As the French Open rolls on and Serena Williams has announced her return to the sport, maybe you’ve been paying a little more attention to tennis. The sport’s scoring system is notably distinct, and can sometimes be hard to grasp for newcomers. But even tennis aficionados might not know why, or how, “love” became the unmistakable callout for zero points. For this installment of NPR’s Word of the Week, we’re exploring how a word that signifies trailing behind got such a sweet name.
“Love” comes from the heart — or an egg?
It’s hard to pinpoint when the first tennis ball went over the net. Tennis is a derivative of lots of other sports, such as “jeu de paume,” a handball game played in France, said JT Buzanga, the collections manager at the International Tennis Hall of Fame museum.

But tennis became a patented, official sport in 1874, said Steve Flink, a journalist whose tennis coverage got him inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. It has retained its unique, mysterious scoring system ever since.
“By and large, the original system has held up almost entirely,” Flink said.
The use of “love” goes back to the late 18th century, said Jesse Sheidlower, a lexicographer. But it was used earlier than that in card games such as whist and bridge. Before the term made its way to tennis, the sport favored plain old “nothing,” or “nil,” he said.
Why love in the first place, though? Historians don’t really know for sure, but there are a few theories.
The French could have something to do with it. Some historians believe “love” derives from “l’oeuf,” which means “the egg” in French. Because eggs are shaped like zeros, terms such as “goose egg” and “duck’s egg” have been used in other contexts to mean zero, Sheidlower said.
It’s also possible English speakers mispronounced l’oeuf as “love.” But Sheidlower isn’t convinced that’s the answer.
“It’s the French equivalent of an English expression. But since that expression doesn’t appear in French, the French word wouldn’t have been used,” he said.
To be sure, France has had a lot of influence on tennis culture, Buzanga said. For example, “deuce” or a game tied at 40 points, comes from the French word for “two”: “deux.” But he prefers another prominent theory: that “love” comes from the idiom “for the love of the game.” Even if a player hasn’t scored, it doesn’t matter, because their heart is in it. It’s the theory Sheidlower said is the most plausible, because the idiom was used by the English before tennis was popularized.

Another variation of the “love of the game” theory is that the word could have come from the Dutch “lof,” or “honor” — or the Latin “amare,” meaning “to love,” Flink said.
But if tennis’ “love” doesn’t come from a French word, the theory at least has a French sensibility.
“I think the ‘for the love of the game’ is kind of romantic,” Buzanga said.
“Love” probably isn’t going anywhere
Tennis used to be a sport of leisure. The style of play has changed a lot over the years; players are more athletic and competitive, for instance, Flink said. But the rules of the sport are more steadfast, he said.
“There’s this incredible, enduring respect for tradition in tennis,” he said. “Changes are not made easily.”
There has been one major change in modern history: the tie-break. Matches can go on and on because players have to score two consecutive points to break a deuce, or by two games to break a tied set. But the onset of television meant matches would have to get shorter if the sport wanted to capture a larger audience, Flink said.

Change even came for “love.” An alternative sprouted up in the 1970s, and is still used today: “bagel,” named for its zero shape, Sheidlower said. Novices may say “zero,” and insiders will understand what they mean, but they “will needle them about it,” Flink said.
But “love” still prevails.
“People kind of like it,” Flink said. “It’s different. Why say zero when you can say love?”
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