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Paintings on paper reveal another side of Rothko

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Paintings on paper reveal another side of Rothko

Mark Rothko, Untitled (seated figure in interior), c. 1938, watercolor on construction paper sheet.

ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko


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Mark Rothko, Untitled (seated figure in interior), c. 1938, watercolor on construction paper sheet.

ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko

It’s easy to interpret the large, dark paintings of Mark Rothko’s final months as bleak, the work of an artist whose long struggle with ill health and depression ended when he took his own life in 1970. Too easy, as it turns out. A series of lesser known pieces on paper in dreamy pastel hues from that same period counter an enduring narrative of gloom.

The intimate paintings are the pièce de résistance in a show at the National Gallery of Art in Washington running through March 31 that features more than 100 works on paper of an artist best known for towering color fields painted on canvas in the last two decades of his life. It will travel in May to the National Museum in Oslo for the artist’s retrospective in Scandinavia.

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Mark Rothko, Untitled, 1969, acrylic on wove paper mounted on linen overall.

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Mark Rothko, Untitled, 1969, acrylic on wove paper mounted on linen overall.

ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko

“I find them incredibly optimistic,” said Pace Gallery founder Arne Glimcher, a friend of Rothko’s who was his neighbor in New York. “There’s this immediate freshness and minimalist touch to those pictures where he lays the brush down in each color only one time or a couple times, and they’re not worked over like the oil paintings are.”

‘The interpretation is yours’

To conclude that the dark paintings are depressing and the light ones are happy is simply “mindless,” according to Glimcher.

Once, he recalls Rothko telling him, a woman came to the studio for a purchase. Rothko liked to pick himself the work he would sell to individual buyers, in an effort to match the painting to the person who would live with it. This time, he chose a piece redolent with burgundy, dark blue and rust. The woman was not pleased, asking instead for a bright red, yellow and orange painting, which she thought would be more cheerful.

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“And he said to the woman, ‘Red, yellow and orange, isn’t that the color of an inferno?’” Glimcher said. “So you see, the interpretation is yours, but it’s not necessarily his and it’s not necessarily what the work is about.”

Mark Rothko, Untitled, 1969, acrylic on wove paper.

ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko


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ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko


Mark Rothko, Untitled, 1969, acrylic on wove paper.

ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko

In his black and gray paintings on paper, as well as a similar series in blacks and browns, Rothko was also investigating the use of a white edge — using masking tape, he created a sort of frame that’s absent in other paintings.

“Other paintings are like weather coming across the plains, coming into the face,” Glimcher said. “And as soon as you put the white edge around them, you’re looking at something that could be interpreted as a landscape.”

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The ‘essence’ of a life’s work

Glimcher sees in the darker works an artist distilling his oeuvre to “a kind of essence.”

“It’s a natural effect in an artist’s career that they become more and more subtle,” he said, citing Picasso and Matisse as other examples.

Mark Rothko, Baptismal Scene, 1945, watercolor and graphite pencil on paper.

Digital Image © Whitney Museum/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko


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Mark Rothko, Baptismal Scene, 1945, watercolor and graphite pencil on paper.

Digital Image © Whitney Museum/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko

The National Gallery’s show also provides a chronological sample of Rothko’s evolution as an artist. Portraits and landscapes in the 1930s that reference European impressionists like Paul Cézanne give way to surrealist compositions of the 1940s that recall Yves Tanguy or Joan Miró.

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Origin story

By 1949, Rothko was experimenting with what became his recognizable format. In one painting, soft-edged horizontal rectangles glow atop a sunny background.

Mark Rothko, Untitled, c. 1949, oil and watercolor on watercolor paper.

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Mark Rothko, Untitled, c. 1949, oil and watercolor on watercolor paper.

ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko

“Over the course of the late ’40s, Rothko decided that recognizable imagery should be pulverized, that the best way to communicate directly with a viewer was to reduce his compositions to pure color and form,” explained Adam Greenhalgh, curator of the show, which travels in May to the National Museum in Oslo for the artist’s retrospective in Scandinavia.

Paintings on canvases dominated Rotkho’s work during the next decade. In 1958, he accepted a commission to paint murals for the Four Seasons restaurant in New York’s Seagram building, hoping the pieces would always be shown as a group. What became known as the Seagram Murals were also his first series to focus on a dark palette of browns, blacks and reds.

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Vibrant palette

Ultimately, Rothko grew disillusioned with the project and abandoned it. He then turned back to paper, where the full range of his palette comes through in vibrant yellows, oranges, reds and blues.

“These paintings pulse. They shimmer. They swell. They recede. They’re magnetic and compelling,” said Greenhalgh, the curator.

Mark Rothko, Untitled, 1958, oil on watercolor paper mounted on hardboard.

ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko


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Mark Rothko, Untitled, 1958, oil on watercolor paper mounted on hardboard.

ShootArt Mobile 1/Copyright © 2023 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko

After suffering an aortic aneurysm in early 1968, Rothko worked mainly on paper, creating mostly smaller works.

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He used dynamic brushstrokes, using quick-drying acrylic and ink.

Peering into Rothko’s hazy rectangles of color can be such a visceral experience that some liken it to a spiritual one. Art collector Duncan Phillips, who helped introduce modern art to the United States, used the word “chapel” to describe the room of three Rothko paintings in America’s first modern art museum, the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. And Houston is home to an actual Rothko Chapel. These are non-denominational sanctuaries of sorts, where the visitor is called upon to meditate and turn inwards.

As Rothko once put it, “The people who weep before my pictures are having the same religious experience I had when I painted them.”

The radio and digital versions of this story were edited by Jennifer Vanasco. The radio version was produced by Mansee Khurana.

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‘The Mask’ and ‘Pulp Fiction’ actor Peter Greene dies at 60

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‘The Mask’ and ‘Pulp Fiction’ actor Peter Greene dies at 60

Actor Peter Greene at a press conference in New York City in 2010.

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Actor Peter Greene, known for playing villains in movies including Pulp Fiction and The Mask, has died. Greene was found dead in his apartment in New York City on Friday, his manager and friend, Gregg Edwards, told NPR. The cause of death was not immediately provided. He was 60 years old.

The tall, angular character actor’s most famous bad guy roles were in slapstick and gritty comedies. He brought a hammy quality to his turn as Dorian Tyrell, Jim Carrey’s nemesis in the 1994 superhero movie The Mask, and, that same year, played a ruthless security guard with evil elan in the gangster movie Pulp Fiction.

“Peter was one of the most brilliant character actors on the planet,” Edwards said.

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He went on to work steadily, earning dozens of credits in movies and on TV, such as the features Judgment Night, Blue Streak and Training Day, a 2001 episode of Law & Order, and, in 2023, an episode of The Continental, the John Wick prequel series.

At the time of his death, the actor was planning to co-narrate the in-progress documentary From the American People: The Withdrawal of USAID, alongside Jason Alexander and Kathleen Turner. “He was passionate about this project,” Edwards said.

Greene was also scheduled to begin shooting Mickey Rourke’s upcoming thriller Mascots next year.

Rourke posted a close-up portrait of Greene on his Instagram account Friday night accompanied by a prayer emoji, but no words. NPR has reached out to the actor’s representatives for further comment.

Peter Greene was born in New Jersey in 1965. He started pursuing acting in his 20s, and landed his first film role in Laws of Gravity alongside Edie Falco in 1992.

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The actor battled drug addiction through much of his adult life. But according to Edwards, Greene had been sober for at least a couple of years.

Edwards added that Greene had a tendency to fall for conspiracy theories. “He had interesting opinions and we differed a lot on many things,” said Edwards. “But he was loyal to a fault and was like a brother to me.”

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How maths can help you wrap your presents better

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How maths can help you wrap your presents better

Acute solution

The method sometimes works for triangular prisms too. Measuring the height of the triangle at the end of the prism packaging, doubling it and adding it to the overall length of the box gives you the perfect length of paper to cut to cover its triangular ends with paper three times for a flawless finish.

To wrap a tube of sweets or another cylindrical gift with very little waste, measure the diameter (width) of the circular end and multiply it by Pi (3.14…) to find the amount of paper needed to encircle your gift with wrap. Then measure the length of the tube and add on the diameter of one circle to calculate the minimum length of paper needed. Doing this should mean the paper meets exactly at the centre of each circular end of the gift requiring one small piece of tape to secure it. But it’s best to allow a little extra paper to ensure the shape is completely covered or risk spoiling the surprise.

Circling back

If you have bought anyone a ball, then woe – spheres are arguably the hardest shape to wrap. It’s impossible to cover a ball smoothly using a piece of paper, not only because the properties of paper stop it from being infinitely bendable, but because of the hairy ball theorem, says Sophie Maclean, a maths communicator and PhD student at King’s College London. The theorem explains it is impossible to comb hair on a ball or sphere flat without creating at least one swirl or cowlick.

“If you think about putting wrapping paper round a ball, you’re not going to be able to get it smooth all the way round,” says Maclean. “There’s going to have to be a bump or gap at some point. Personally, I quite like being creative with wrapping and this is where I would embrace it. Tie a bow around it or twist the paper to get a Christmas cracker or a present that looks like a sweet.”

If paper efficiency is your goal when wrapping a football, you may want to experiment with a triangle of foil. An international team of scientists studied how Mozartkugel confectionery – spheres of delicious marzipan encased in praline and coated in dark chocolate – are wrapped efficiently in a small piece of foil. They observed that minimising the perimeter of the shape reduces waste, making a square superior to a rectangle of foil with the same area.

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It’s Christmastime —– and if you live in the Alps, watch out! Krampus is coming

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It’s Christmastime —– and if you live in the Alps, watch out! Krampus is coming

Krampuses take part in the annual Krampuslauf or “Krampus Run” on the evening of the Feast of St. Nicholas in the Austrian city of Salzburg. The tradition is centuries-old in the eastern parts of the European Alps.

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SALZBURG, Austria — As you approach Salzburg’s Max Aicher Stadium on the eve of the feast of St. Nicholas, you’d be forgiven if you thought that, from a distance, there appeared to be a Chewbacca convention underway. As you got closer, though, you’d realize the few hundred mostly men dressed in furry brown costumes were not from a galaxy, far, far away, but had instead assembled for a far more traditional, Earth-bound reason: to play, en masse, the alpine character of Krampus, the monstrous horned devilish figure who, according to custom in this part of Europe, accompanies St. Nicholas as he visits children and assesses their behavior from the past year. While St. Nick rewards the good boys and girls, his hairy, demonic sidekick punishes the bad children.

“It’s basically a good cop, bad cop arrangement,” says Alexander Hueter, self-proclaimed Überkrampus of Salzburg’s annual Krampus Run, an event when hundreds of Krampuses are let loose throughout the old town of Salzburg, where they terrorize children, adults, and anyone within the range of a swat from their birch branch switches they carry.

Members of Krampus clubs throughout Austria and the German state of Bavaria gather at a local soccer stadium to change into their Krampus costumes.

Members of Krampus clubs throughout Austria and the German state of Bavaria gather at a local soccer stadium to change into their Krampus costumes.

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When asked to explain why people in this part of Europe take part in this centuries-old tradition, Hueter skips the centuries of Roman, Pagan and early Christian history that, together, morphed into the legend of the Krampus figure and instead cuts straight to the chase: entertainment.

“If St. Nicholas comes to town on his own, it’s nice,” says Hueter with a polite smile, “but there’s no excitement. No tension. I mean, St. Nick is all well and good, but at the end of the day, people want to see something darker. They want to see Krampus.”

And if it’s Krampus they want, it’s Krampus they’ll get, says Roy Huber, who’s come across the border from the German state of Bavaria to take part in this year’s Krampus Run. “The rest of the year, I feel like a civilian,” Huber says with a serious face, “but when the winter comes, you have the feeling under your skin. You are ready to act like a Krampus.”

Huber stands dressed in a coffee-colored yak and goat hair costume holding his mask which has a scar along the left side of its face, two horns sticking out of the scalp, and a beautifully waxed mustache that makes his monstrous avatar look like a Krampus-like version of the 1970s Major League Baseball closer Rollie Fingers.

Roy Huber, from Bavaria, holds his Krampus mask prior to the Krampus Run. “When the winter comes, you get the feeling to be Krampus,” he says.

Roy Huber, from Bavaria, holds his Krampus mask prior to the Krampus Run. “When the winter comes, you get the feeling to be Krampus,” he says.

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Behind Huber stands a Krampus with a red face and several horns that make up a mohawk. Benny Sieger is the man behind this punk version of a Krampus, and he says children are especially scared of his get-up.

“Very scared,” he says, “but if I act like a sensitive Krampus, it can go well. In fact, our hometown Krampus club hosts an event called ‘Cuddle a Krampus’ to ensure that we are not so scary.”    
       
Sieger, though, says he shows no mercy for young adults, especially young men, who he says “are basically asking to be hit” if they come to a Krampus run. He shows off a long switch made up of birch tree branches that smarts like a bee sting when hit with it.

Normally Nicklaus Bliemslieder would be one of those young adults asking for it at the Krampus run — he’s 19 years old — but his mother boasts of how her son gamed the system by playing a Krampus for 14 years straight since he was 5 years old.

“I was never scared of being a Krampus,” he says, “but I was scared of the Krampus. The first time I put the mask on, I wasn’t scared anymore.”

Blieslieder, Siger, Huber and dozens of other Krampuses pile onto a row of city buses that will take them to Salzburg’s old town, singing soccer songs on the way to rile themselves up. In the town center, they put their masks on, the bus doors swing open, and dozens of Krampuses empty into the streets of downtown Salzburg, lunging at shoppers, swatting them with switches, their cowbells a-clanging. At the front of the procession dressed in a white and gold robe is St. Nicholas, holding a staff, handing out candy with a serene smile, and blissfully oblivious of the cacophony of blood-curdling chaos behind him.

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After a city bus drops off more than 200 Krampuses at the entrance to the old town of Salzburg, the Krampuses start to put their masks on and get into character.

After a city bus drops off more than 200 Krampuses at the entrance to the old town of Salzburg, the Krampuses start to put their masks on and get into character.

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Salzburg resident Rene Watziker watches the Krampuses go by, his 4 1/2 year-old son Valentin perched on his shoulders, his head buried into the back of his father’s neck, and his oversized mittens covering his eyes in terror. As Valentin shakes in fear, his father tries to coax him out of it — unsuccessfully.

“He’s too scared of the Krampuses,” says Watziker, laughing. “This is great, though, because this is my childhood memory, too. I want him to have the same good memories of his childhood. He’s going to look at the video I’m shooting and then he’ll be very proud he came.”

Salzburg resident Rene Watziker watches the Krampuses go by, but his four-and-a-half year-old son Valentin perched is too scared to look at them.

Salzburg resident Rene Watziker watches the Krampuses go by, but his four-and-a-half year-old son Valentin perched is too scared to look at them.

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Further down the pedestrian street, Krampuses hit onlookers with handfuls of branches and smear tar on people’s faces. Onlooker Sabeine Gruber, here with her 13-year-old daughter, manages to crack a smile at the spectacle, but she says the Krampus Run has gotten tamer with time. She points to the stickers on the backs of these Krampuses exhibiting numbers in case you want to complain that a particular Krampus hit you too hard.

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“When I was a child,” says Gruber, “this was far worse. You were beaten so hard that you woke up the next day with blue welts on your legs. These days the Krampus run is more like a petting zoo.”

Esme Nicholson contributed reporting.

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