Health
Puberty blockers could cause long-term fertility and health issues for boys, study finds: ‘May be permanent’
Puberty blockers have been shown to cause long-term fertility problems in boys, according to a preprint study from Mayo Clinic.
The study, which has not yet been peer-reviewed, analyzed more than 130,000 sperm cells from male children with gender dysphoria.
All participants were 17 or younger.
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The researchers analyzed the testicular cells of boys who had been taking puberty blockers for anywhere from three months to 52 months, and compared them to cells of a control group who had not been on the blockers.
Among those on puberty blockers, the researchers identified mild to severe “sex gland atrophy,” determining that the medications accelerated the aging and function of testicular cells.
Puberty blockers have been shown to cause long-term fertility problems in boys, according to a Mayo Clinic preprint study. (iStock)
The findings suggest that puberty blockers’ impacts may be permanent — disputing claims that such effects can be reversed.
The researchers also detected cases of microlithiasis, which is marked by the presence of small clusters of calcium in the testicles.
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Additional research from Mayo Clinic has linked testicular microlithiasis to an increased risk of testicular cancer.
“We provide unprecedented histological evidence revealing detrimental pediatric testicular sex gland responses to [puberty blockers],” the authors wrote in the study findings.
Doctors highlight the risks
Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, was not involved in the Mayo Clinic research but commented on the use of puberty blockers.
“Thousands of U.S. children — more than ever before — are experiencing gender dysphoria and many go on to identify as transgender,” Siegel told Fox News Digital.
Dr. Marc Siegel, left, of New York, and Dr. Brett Osborn, right, of Florida, both offered thoughts on the potential risks of puberty-blocking medications. (Dr. Marc Siegel/Dr. Brett Osborn)
“They certainly still face a stigma for this, which needs to be addressed — but at the same time, the growing rush to gender-affirming treatment is disturbing, particularly without parental approval.”
In 2021, approximately 42,167 children received gender dysphoria diagnoses, almost triple the 15,172 reported in 2017, according to Reuters.
“Much of this is politically driven, and may lead to premature treatments that are not offered in the U.K., Finland, Sweden or many other countries,” Siegel said.
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Among the puberty-blocking drugs is lupron (leuprolide), which is a type of hormone therapy used for advanced prostate cancer.
It is also used to stop early puberty in children, according to WebMD.
“It helps to delay sexual development (such as growth of the breasts/testicles) and the start of menstrual periods,” WebMD reported.
“It also helps slow down early bone growth to increase the likelihood of reaching normal adult height.”
In the majority of cases, one physician recommends that any hormonal interventions should be delayed until an older age. (iStock)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported 10,000 adverse effects in children in 2017 — including mood swings, cognitive problems, suicidal thoughts, longer-term fertility problems, seizures, migraines, brittle bones, brain swelling and vision loss, according to Siegel.
Experts also warn of the potential mental impacts of these drugs.
“Transgender individuals are three times more likely than the general population to suffer from anxiety, depression and neurodevelopmental issues,” Siegel warned.
“Much of this is politically driven, and may lead to premature treatments.”
Although some studies have shown that interventions such as puberty blockers may decrease anxiety in the short term, Siegel pointed out that “there are no longer-term head-to-head trials versus extensive therapy and watchful waiting.”
Puberty blockers typically lead children down a path to long-term use of transgender-affirming hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, he noted.
Puberty blockers typically lead children down a path to long-term use of transgender-affirming hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, according to doctors. (iStock)
“These hormones carry their own risks — for example, estrogen may increase the incidence of breast cancer,” Siegel said.
“Bottom line, I don’t believe puberty blockers should be given routinely to children and teens for gender dysphoria,” Siegel said. “There are too many long-term risks, including the idea that the children or teens may change their minds.”
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In the majority of cases, Siegel recommends that any hormonal interventions or gender reassignment surgeries be delayed until an older age.
He added, “Intensive supportive and cognitive therapy makes sense as an initial approach.”
“Transgender individuals are three times more likely than the general population to suffer from anxiety, depression and neurodevelopmental issues,” Dr. Marc Siegel of New York warned. (iStock )
Dr. Brett Osborn, a Florida neurologist and longevity expert who was also not involved in the new research, noted that previous studies have shown that puberty-blocking drugs can alter the normal progression of testicular cells, potentially leading to atrophy or abnormal development.
“Specifically, the drugs impact the normal function of ‘spermatogonial’ stem cells (SSCs), which are crucial for sperm production and overall reproductive health,” he told Fox News Digital.
“The changes induced by these medications may be permanent, contrary to popular opinion among transgender activists.”
“Disruption in their development could result in reduced fertility or other reproductive issues later in life,” he continued. “Based on the researchers’ histologic findings, the changes induced by these medications may be permanent, contrary to popular opinion among transgender activists.”
Added Osborn, “These medications are not as benign as billed.”
Hormones such as testosterone, progesterone and estrogen are critical for brain development, memory and cognition, one doctor noted. (iStock)
The risks go beyond infertility, the doctor warned.
“There are also downrange effects of altered hormone levels on brain development, let alone other organ systems,” he said.
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Hormones such as testosterone, progesterone and estrogen are critical for brain development, memory and cognition, Osborn pointed out.
The doctor called for “safer and more effective” treatments for those with gender dysphoria.
“Gaining insight into the full impact of these medications – the usage of which has become more prevalent — is crucial for future generations.”
Fox News Digital reached out to the Mayo Clinic researchers for comment.
For more Health articles, visit www.foxnews.com/health.
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Health
Switching from cigarettes to vapes linked to higher risk of major eye diseases, large study finds
US cigarette smoking drops to record low, vaping and nicotine pouch use surges
Fox News medical analyst Dr. Marc Siegel discusses a New England Journal of Medicine study reporting US adult cigarette smoking rates dropped to a record low of 9.9% in 2024. Siegel warns about the addictive nature of vaping and nicotine pouches, which contain high levels of nicotine. He expresses concern over potential GI tract and heart issues, stressing social media’s role in promoting these products to younger generations.
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Switching from cigarettes to electronic vapes is often seen as a healthier move, but a massive nationwide study published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology suggests that smokeless alternatives could increase the risk of serious eye diseases compared to quitting nicotine altogether.
Researchers from the Korea University College of Medicine in Seoul, South Korea, analyzed health data from a group of 179,273 adults through the Korean National Health Insurance Service, according to a press release.
All participants had smoked traditional cigarettes between 2011 and 2012 and then quit smoking by 2018 or 2019, they reported.
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To ensure a fair comparison, the researchers paired up participants who shared similar backgrounds, including their age, gender, medical history, existing health conditions and general lifestyle habits.
Switching from cigarettes to electronic vapes is often seen as a healthier move, but a large study suggests it could pose a risk to eye health. (iStock)
This process created a balanced group of 32,316 matched participants, who were divided into two categories: complete quitters who stopped using all nicotine products and those who transitioned to smokeless nicotine products, such as vapes.
The researchers followed the participants for an average of 4.6 years to determine whether they developed eye conditions, including cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and focus-related eyesight disorders.
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Over the tracking period, the group experienced a total of 6,328 major eye disease events. People who quit nicotine entirely had the lowest disease rate in the study, at 41.1 cases per 1,000 person-years (a measure that accounts for both the number of people in the study and how long they were followed).
In comparison, that rate rose to 44 cases for individuals who had switched over to smokeless alternatives like vapes.
The people included in the study were divided into two main categories: complete quitters who stopped using all nicotine products, and switchers who transitioned to smokeless tobacco or nicotine products, like vapes. (iStock)
Ultimately, the data showed that switching to alternative nicotine products carried a steady 7% increased risk of serious eye diseases compared to quitting nicotine completely.
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Most notably, those who switched faced a 24% higher risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, a condition that damages the blood vessels in the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.
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Additionally, those who ditched cigarettes for vapes had a 7% higher risk of developing refractive and accommodation disorders, which affect the eye’s ability to focus clearly.
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“These findings challenge the assumption that substituting noncombustible nicotine or tobacco products for conventional cigarettes is visually harmless,” the researchers noted.
“These findings challenge the assumption that substituting noncombustible nicotine or tobacco products for conventional cigarettes is visually harmless,” the researchers noted. (iStock)
The authors did point out a few limitations of the research. Because this was a study looking back at health insurance data, it cannot definitively prove that vaping directly causes eye damage.
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Additionally, the study relied on people filling out questionnaires about their own smoking and vaping habits, which can sometimes lead to underreporting or simple memory errors.
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Still, the researchers concluded the findings suggest that replacing cigarettes with alternative nicotine products may not eliminate the risk of certain eye diseases.
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