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Swimming vs. running: Choosing the better exercise for your body

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Swimming vs. running: Choosing the better exercise for your body

Anyone picking a new exercise routine won’t lack for opinions from among the tens of millions of runners and swimmers in the U.S. There are passionate communities on both sides that will tell you their sport is superior.

Better to ask someone who does both.

“I tolerate swimming to be able to do sports we like, to travel to cool places and race together,” says Jacob Gilden, a 36-year-old competitive triathlete and swimrunner. “But if I was less injury-prone, I would probably be doing a lot less swimming and a lot more running.”

His wife, Liz Gilden, a former professional triathlete herself, also loves running, but the 36-year-old says that age has changed the equation. Swimming isn’t as hard on the body, she says: “We can’t really run as much as we used to. So supplementing swimming really helps preserve that aerobic capacity.”

We all know the basics: Both running and swimming can boost your cardiovascular and mental health. Doing either is generally better than doing nothing.

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How to decide which is better for you? We talked to experts to determine the factors—including your training, injury history and natural affinity—that play into the decision.

Born to run

Contrary to popular belief, running doesn’t have to destroy your knees and can actually benefit them. Some exercise scientists and researchers say that, with the proper routines, people can continue running into their 60s and 70s—or maybe even later.

Careful and informed training for a marathon can have a protective effect on knee joints of sedentary people without prior knee pain or issues, according to a pair of published studies from 2019 in the BMJ and 2020 in Skeletal Radiology.

Using magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, researchers analyzed the knee joints of dozens of middle-aged, first-time marathoners. Many people assume that joints, bones and muscles wear down over time like car parts, says Alister Hart, a professor of orthopedics at University College London and the chief investigator of the studies.

But our body parts are biological, he says. “By doing exercise, they actually repair, renew and improve.”

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Because running is a load-bearing exercise, research suggests it can build bone health. “We know that bones respond to force,” Hart says. “Running improves your knees by improving the quality of the bone on either side of the knee joint.”

But runners shouldn’t do anything too vigorous or bear too much weight until their bodies are able to manage. Instead, they should start out with easy runs and gradually increase the intensity and mileage.

“We don’t want someone who’s not conditioned to run to jump into running,” says Laura Richardson, a clinical associate professor of applied exercise science and movement science at the University of Michigan.

That includes people with arthritis and joint pain or those who are recovering from an injury or surgery. They may want to opt for swimming instead of running, researchers say.

“If you had a soccer injury at a young age, and you ruptured your cruciate ligament, and you never had it repaired, you’re going to be running on a joint that’s going to be not moving normally,” Hart says. “Your risk of developing joint damage is real.”

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High-water marks

Proponents of swimming point to the fact that it activates muscles throughout your body, while running mainly works the lower body.

And because moving through water can be less harsh on the body than pounding pavement, swimming is often useful for rehabbing from injuries—including overtraining in running—and for those seeking joint-friendly exercise, says Scott Trappe, the director of the Human Performance Laboratory at Ball State University. Regular swimming has been found to reduce joint pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis.

Other health benefits have gotten less attention.

Researchers found that masters athletes, including swimmers, cyclists and triathletes—with the average age of 57—had more satisfying sex lives and better sexual function than the general population. The study’s subjects mostly consisted of swimmers but a small percentage of participants took part in other activities such as running and rowing.

“The take-home message is that swimming can enhance sexual function to an older age,” says Hirofumi Tanaka, the director of the Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin and senior author of the 2023 study, which was published in the International Journal of Sexual Health.

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One potential downside of swimming, exercise scientists say, is that it might require more training to get the benefits.

“You have to have a good skill to raise your heart rate up,” Tanaka says.

‘Intrinsic excitement’

Running and swimming can both be physically demanding and even risky, so experts recommend easing into both.

The trick is determining what intensity of an aerobic activity you can maintain in a continuing program, says the University of Michigan’s Richardson. “It’s a matter of finding that sweet spot.”

And when it comes to picking one or the other, the best choice is probably the one that you’ll stick with consistently. “If putting on your shoes and running outside seems like a challenge, then maybe you need to pack your bag and go to a local pool,” Richardson says. “So whatever feels like you have a little intrinsic excitement about doing, that’s the one you’ve got to do.”

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Swimming vs. Running: Choosing the Better Exercise for Your Body

Fitness

Angela Rippon, 81, reveals the one exercise she never skips for strong legs: ‘I do it every morning without fail’

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Angela Rippon, 81, reveals the one exercise she never skips for strong legs: ‘I do it every morning without fail’

At 81, Angela Rippon is one of the UK’s most energetic and active broadcasters. A long-time advocate for movement, the former ballet dancer has often credited simple, consistent habits with helping her stay strong, mobile and independent as she gets older. And among her daily rituals is one surprisingly simple exercise she swears by: pliés.

‘I’ll do 20 pliés in the morning, because that’s really good for your balance, your knees, your posture, your core strength, for everything,’ she told Good Housekeeping. ‘Ballet is a wonderful thing for keeping your legs in good shape. It builds the right muscles in your calves and thigh. I go to class whenever I can. I’m a great advocate for dance being the best form of exercise for your mind and your body.’

@theangelarippon//Instagram

Pliés are an easy move that require no equipment and Rippon’s 20 reps take less than a minute to do, yet experts agree that they can offer a host of benefits, from improving balance and posture to building lower-body strength and supporting healthy joints. As Women’s Health Fashion Editor and dance instructor Isabelle Knevett says, ‘Plies strengthen the legs, glutes and inner thighs simultaneously. They also require core activation in order to maintain an upright posture, which helps train your balance and stability.’

Research backs Rippon’s morning habit, too. A 2024 study found that a 10-week classical ballet programme improved lower-body strength and physical function in women over 50, suggesting ballet-inspired movements may help support mobility and independence as we age.

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And Angela has one more non-negotiable within her morning routine: stretching. ‘I do it every day without fail. Even if I’m on a really tight schedule and in a very small hotel room. Think about a cat. A cat might sleep for five hours, but when they get up, they stretch absolutely everything. I feel that after I’ve been sleeping, that’s what I need to do to get everything moving again.’

As for its benefits for longevity, a recent study published in the Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports found that greater flexibility was associated with a lower risk of early death, while other research found that a 10-minute at-home stretching routine can counteract significant decreases in strength, flexibility and jumping performance caused by low physical activity levels. Consider us influenced.


plan

One of our most frequently asked questions here at Women’s Health? How to build muscle and burn fat at the same time. So, we asked superstar trainer Oyinda Okunowo exactly how to do it. In this 4-week plan – created exclusively for Women’s Health COLLECTIVE members – you’ll get the workouts and nutrition guidance needed to help you on your way to better body composition. Tap the link below to unlock 14 days of free access to Oyinda’s plan and start training today.

GET THE PLAN

Headshot of Bridie Wilkins

As Women’s Health UK’s fitness director and a qualified Pilates and yoga instructor, Bridie Wilkins has been passionately reporting on exercise, health and nutrition since the start of her decade-long career in journalism.

After earning a first-class degree in journalism and NCTJ accreditation, she secured her first role at Look Magazine, where she launched the magazine’s health and fitness column, Look Fit, before going on to become Health and Fitness writer at HELLO!

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Since, she has written for Stylist, Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Marie Claire, Elle, The Metro, Runner’s World and Red. Today, she oversees all fitness content across Women’s Health online and in print, spearheading leading cross-platform franchises, such as ‘Fit At Any Age’, which showcases the women proving that age is no barrier to exercise.

She has also represented the brand on BBC Radio London, plus various podcasts and Substacks – all with the aim to encourage more women to exercise and show them how. Outside of work, find her trying the latest Pilates studio, testing her VO2 max for fun (TY, Oura), or posting workouts on Instagram.   

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The ‘Greek God Method’ May be the Most Efficient Way to Build an Aesthetic Physique After 40

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The ‘Greek God Method’ May be the Most Efficient Way to Build an Aesthetic Physique After 40

You probably already train hard in the gym, making sure you hit every muscle group with enough volume consistently. But building the muscles necessary for an aesthetic physique can take a more tailored approach.

According to coach Alain Gonzalez, the answer may not be training harder, but training smarter, especially for men over 40. In a recent video, Gonzalez broke down what he calls the ‘Greek God method’ – a training approach designed to build what’s often known as an X-frame physique. That means broad shoulders, a tapered waist and wide legs.

‘It’s the shape people are picturing when they think of the Greek god physique,’ says Gonzalez. ‘And the best part is you don’t have to build a ton of muscle to have it. You just need to know which muscles create it and how to build them.’

Westend61//Getty Images

What Is the Greek God Method?

The Greek God Method focuses on developing the muscles that have the biggest visual impact. According to Gonzalez, many men assume a balanced training plan will naturally focus on these muscles, but that’s not always true. Functional training and standard splits certainly have their place, but Gonzalez’s method is more aesthetics-focused.

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‘Most guys believe that if they just keep training hard, follow a proven split and stay disciplined, they’ll eventually develop a head-turning physique,’ he says. ‘But here’s the truth. Balanced training will never build the X-frame.’

The method prioritises three key areas: the lats, the outer quads and the mid delts. ‘We’re not talking about the biggest muscles in your body or the ones that move the most weight,’ says Gonzalez. ‘We’re talking about the ones that have the biggest visual impact on your physique because those are two very different things.’

What Are the Benefits for Men Over 40?

For men over 40, Gonzalez says the method works because recovery is not unlimited. ‘Your body has a limited capacity to recover from and adapt to training stress,’ he says. ‘And after 40, that capacity is even lower.’

By reducing non-priority work and filler exercises, and focusing on the lats, outer quads and mid delts, the method directs more effort towards the muscles that change how your physique looks. ‘The Greek God method changes that by concentrating your effort where it actually shows,’ he says.

How to Do the Greek God Method

To try the Greek God method, you don’t need to overhaul your entire training plan. The aim is to prioritise the muscles that create the biggest visual change, while keeping the rest of your body ticking over.

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You can start by making these three areas your focus and including some of the suggested exercises:

Lats: pull-ups or lat pulldowns

Outer quads: leg extensions or quad-dominant lower-body work

Mid delts: dumbbell lateral raises, cable lateral raises or cable Y-raises

For each of these priority muscles, aim for 8-12 hard sets per week, split across at least two sessions. Gonzalez recommends training them before fatigue builds and performance drops. ‘Put them at the beginning of your workout when your energy is high,’ he says.

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The sets should be challenging. Take each one to, or close to, failure, using a weight you can control properly. For most people, Gonzalez recommends staying in the 8–12 rep range, rather than including very high-rep burnout sets that may add more fatigue than benefit. ‘Stay in the 8–12 rep range where you’re recruiting those high-threshold motor units earlier in the set and the recovery costs are still low,’ he says.

Everything else should be reduced to maintenance volume. That means giving non-priority muscles around 2–3 sets per week, rather than trying to grow every muscle group at once. ‘That’s just enough to maintain what you’ve built while freeing up enough resources to grow your priority muscles more effectively,’ says Gonzalez.

You can apply this to most training splits. For example, if you follow a push-pull-legs split, train side delts and lats first on push and pull days, then start leg day with quad-focused work. If you follow an upper/lower split, train delts and lats first on upper days, and begin lower-body days with quad-dominant exercises.

Follow the method consistently for 12 weeks, keeping the focus on quality sets, progressive overload, adequate nutrition and recovery, and you should start to see changes in your physique that are worth the effort.


If there’s one thing Kori Sampson knows, it’s how to optimise your body composition for performance. To tap into his knowledge as an elite athlete and coach, we asked him to create a 4-week plan to help you move faster, recover quicker and keep pushing when the fatigue sets in – all while improving your muscle-to-fat ratio.

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Ready to build muscle, burn fat and come out the other side looking, feeling and performing better? Click here to get 14 days of free access to the plan via the Men’s Health app.

fitness magazine cover featuring a muscular man with kettlebells

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Busy mum Gemma Atkinson uses this exercise to build strong shoulders fast – here’s why it’s so time efficient

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Busy mum Gemma Atkinson uses this exercise to build strong shoulders fast – here’s why it’s so time efficient

Gemma Atkinson is a busy woman. When she’s not parenting her two children, six-year-old Mia and two-year old Thiago, she’s busy hosting on Hits Radio or managing her health and beauty brand Gem & Tonic. So, when it comes to working out, choosing exercises that maximise both efficiency and results is essential.

To build shoulder muscle, there’s one move she swears by: the seated shoulder press. In a video she recently posted on Instagram, she demonstrated the move and wrote: ‘Like I said, shoulders like boulders. Last set needs some F bombs to get me through. Always!’ Speaking of the importance of keeping your legs still in order to strictly isolate your shoulder muscles to prevent “cheating”, she added: ‘P.S. Elliot my PT will be screaming down the phone for me to keep my legs still.’

Instagram @glouiseatkinson

The seated shoulder press is a no-brainer for time-poor women looking to build muscle in minimal time as it’s a compound movement, meaning it trains several major shoulder and upper-body muscles simultaneously while allowing you to use relatively heavy loads safely with minimal setup time or effort required. In practical terms, a few challenging sets of seated shoulder presses can provide the stimulus equivalent to doing several isolation exercises separately, such as front raises and lat raises.

Personal trainer and Men’s Health UK fitness writer Kate Neudecker says that performing the move seated makes it especially effective: ‘Sitting down reduces the demand on balance, stability and bracing, so you can put more effort into the muscles you’re actually trying to train. That often means you can lift with more control, use a heavier load, and create more mechanical tension through the shoulders and triceps, which is one of the key drivers of muscle growth. There can also be a tendency to bounce at the knees to increase momentum on the standing shoulder press; the seated press eliminates this.’

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She adds that it targets the ‘deltoids, especially the front and side deltoids while also working the triceps as they extend the elbows. Depending on the bench angle, the upper chest can contribute too, while the upper traps and shoulders’ stabilising muscles help control the movement.’ Here’s how to do with proper form, plus how many reps and sets to do, and how to progress.

How to do the seated shoulder press

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  1. Sit, with your shoulders against the bench, chest proud, head facing forward with a dumbbell in each hand. Bend the elbows at 90 degrees with the dumbbells at ear level and palms facing forward.
  2. Now straighten your arms and press the dumbbells towards the ceiling, then return to the start. Repeat.

How to work it into your workout

Neudecker advises: ‘Always tailor reps and sets to your own abilities and needs but for muscle growth, a good starting point is 3-4 sets of 8-12 reps using a load that leaves around 1-3 reps in reserve on most sets. Evidence indicates that a large range of reps and sets contribute to muscle growth but for good technique and results, that should be sufficient. Place it early in an upper body workout if shoulder strength or size is a priority, so that you can use max muscle power.’

When it comes to progressing, Neudecker says ‘You can add weight, add reps, increase sets or improve your control and range of motion over time to contribute to progressive overload. Because balance and coordination are less of a limiting factor, it can be easier to apply progressive overload directly to the shoulders.’


gemma atkinson

One of our most frequently asked questions here at Women’s Health? How to build muscle and burn fat at the same time. So, we asked superstar trainer Oyinda Okunowo exactly how to do it. In this 4-week plan – created exclusively for Women’s Health COLLECTIVE members – you’ll get the workouts and nutrition guidance needed to help you on your way to better body composition. Tap the link below to unlock 14 days of free access to Oyinda’s plan and start training today.

GET THE PLAN

Headshot of Bridie Wilkins

As Women’s Health UK’s fitness director and a qualified Pilates and yoga instructor, Bridie Wilkins has been passionately reporting on exercise, health and nutrition since the start of her decade-long career in journalism.

After earning a first-class degree in journalism and NCTJ accreditation, she secured her first role at Look Magazine, where she launched the magazine’s health and fitness column, Look Fit, before going on to become Health and Fitness writer at HELLO!

Advertisement

Since, she has written for Stylist, Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Marie Claire, Elle, The Metro, Runner’s World and Red. Today, she oversees all fitness content across Women’s Health online and in print, spearheading leading cross-platform franchises, such as ‘Fit At Any Age’, which showcases the women proving that age is no barrier to exercise.

She has also represented the brand on BBC Radio London, plus various podcasts and Substacks – all with the aim to encourage more women to exercise and show them how. Outside of work, find her trying the latest Pilates studio, testing her VO2 max for fun (TY, Oura), or posting workouts on Instagram.   

Continue Reading
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