Fitness
From strength training in your 20s to yoga in your 80s: how to reach peak fitness at any age
When Baz Luhrmann called the body “the greatest instrument you’ll ever own” in his 1997 song, Everybody’s Free (to Wear Sunscreen), he was on to something. Alongside a nutritious diet and good sleep, how fit we are is perhaps our greatest tool to live a long and healthy life. But what constitutes optimum physical fitness? According to David Vaux, osteopath and author of Stronger: 10 Exercises for a Longer, Healthier Life, it’s measured across different pillars of health, including cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, strength, mobility, stability and balance.
Research shows that those who do regular exercise are less likely to succumb to premature death, as well as reducing the risk of developing a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. But fitness is about much more than just warding off ill health. Being able to move functionally – whether that’s picking up our grandchildren, hauling boxes around or going on long hikes – is crucial to enjoying life and feeling energised, mobile and able to take care of ourselves into our later decades.
The old adage “use it or lose it” couldn’t be more applicable, but where to start? Here’s how to reach peak fitness in every decade of your adult life.
20s: focus on functional moves
Your body is adaptable and hormones are on your side, so focus on building lean muscle mass and a healthy nervous system with a broad diet of activity.
From contact sports to tennis, sprinting and hiking, making movement a consistent habit is helpful for long-term adherence, with strength training – any form of exercise that involves lifting weights or resistance (including body weight) to build muscle – a priority to stimulate bone growth and density.
“This is important because bone health at age 30 determines what it will be in later life,” says consultant physiotherapist Florence Penny. Aerobic capacity naturally declines in our mid-30s, so do plenty of walking, running and/or jogging to create a higher baseline and ensure your heart, lungs and muscles are stronger and more efficient. The improvements you make at this age will remain well into your later decades.
The sky’s the limit for peak fitness in this decade, but Vaux says that if you can nail the foundational movements – including the shoulder pull, press-up, plank, squat and lunge – using just your body weight, then you’re off to an excellent start. Aim to complete four to five sets of eight to 12 reps. You can add weights afterwards – if you can do a minimum of three squats with a weight equivalent to your body and overhead press three-quarters of your body weight, you’re doing well. Test your aerobic fitness by doing a 1½-mile run; women and men should aim for 13 and 11 minutes, respectively.
30s: hiit training is a great option
Strength training becomes more critical to guard against natural muscle depletion and keep metabolic health strong. “Focus on compound movements – think squats, dead lifts, push/pull movements and carries – to work multiple muscle groups at once,” says personal trainer and performance coach Niki Bird, adding that you should work out about four times a week for between 30 and 60 minutes. Concentrate on building power by adding fast spurts of these movements using lighter dumbbells during your sessions.
Make sure you get your cardio in, too – it’s great for energy, recovery and reducing risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. When performed properly (at 80% effort during “work” phases) high-intensity interval training (Hiit) is a great option for the time-poor and can improve hormonal responses and boost fitness, without putting the body under excessive stress. Although rather odious, sprint intervals – 30 seconds sprinting, 90 seconds walking – are incredible for quick improvements, especially when done twice a week.
To test your fitness? “Aim to hold a 60-second plank, perform 10-15 full push-ups and deadlift your body weight (ie those who are 75kg should build up to that), with strong awareness of doing the movement correctly,” says Penny. One study found that the more press-ups individuals could do in a minute, the less likely they were to suffer from cardiovascular disease – those who could do 40 saw a huge 96% reduction in risk.
40s: try a ‘grip and lean’
It is about the age of 40 that our muscle mass really starts to decline – at 3-8% each decade. The key is to continue (or start, if you haven’t already) with strength training, while ensuring minor injuries including tightness, aches and pains, get treated professionally.
“With hormonal shifts, energy fluctuations and changes in metabolism, this decade is about working smarter, not harder, and focusing on workouts that deliver maximum benefits,” says Penny. “Lift weights regularly and incorporate lower impact cardio options, such as cycling, rowing and swimming, to protect joints.”
Grip strength is an excellent indicator of how fit you are in your 40s. “It is independently associated with longevity and health span,” says Vaux. Try a “grip and lean”, an isometric exercise in which you tie a towel or firm band around a banister and lean back with straight arms – start with two sets of 15-30 seconds, and build up to two minutes. When you can do that, upgrade to an overhead bar hang – a minute and a half is a great target for women, while men should aim for two.
50s: incorporate eccentric exercise
If you can do 10 controlled body-weight squats and walk 400 metres in under six minutes, you’re on track for optimal fitness in your 50s. “The ageing process is notable by this decade, with most people experiencing natural sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass), and a decrease in maximum strength, power and metabolism as a result,” says Penny. The perimenopause in women and a drop in testosterone in men mean that building muscle and quick recovery after a workout are harder than before.
Do not slow down – midlife is a pivotal time and dictates how you’ll fare in later life – but rather, train with intention. Continue with regular resistance training, ensure you’re doing some Hiit to keep cardio health high, and honour two rest days a week.
Challenge yourself with a farmer’s carry, which involves holding and walking with kettlebells or dumbbells by your sides for a minute to improve core and shoulder stability and grip strength. Women and men should aspire to carry 75% and 100% of their body weight (half in each hand) respectively, says Vaux, who adds that you have to build up to it.
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60s: the ‘old man’ test
Those who have been active over the years may already have a solid foundation in this decade, but if you don’t, it’s never too late. Assess yourself using the 60-second “old man” test, which is a good indicator of functional strength, balance, coordination and flexibility: “If you have a stiff back or hips, then it’s tricky,” says Vaux. Lift one bare foot, put on a sock and shoe, then tie your shoelaces while it’s still elevated. Repeat on the other side. If you can do both sides with ease (and without dropping your foot) you’re doing well.
If you find it tricky, now might be the time to incorporate more mobility, balance and fall prevention work into your routine. That could be lifting alternate legs up while you clean your teeth, or trying some tai chi which is gentle but great for balance. Bird also recommends including isometric exercises (where you hold a static position) to improve tissue health and strength – try a wall sit for 45 seconds, holding your legs in a 90-degree “chair” squat shape, while leaning against the wall.
Trainers, £49.99, Zara. Model: Larraine at Body London. Hair and makeup: Celine Nonon at Arlington Artists. Photograph: Dan Matthews/The Guardian
Don’t underestimate the power of small movements done in pockets of time throughout the day, either: “Whenever you sit down, whether that’s on your sofa, the toilet or at work, do it in slow motion,” advises Vaux. “Then you’re also enjoying the benefits of eccentric movement throughout the day, which can transform your ageing experience.”
A recent study found that just five minutes of eccentric exercise (movements that work to lengthen the muscles, such as lowering into a squat or heel drop) a day can improve strength, flexibility and mental health in sedentary adults in just four weeks.
Activities such as gardening also count – short, sharp bursts of manual labour are brilliant for our strength at every age.
70s: get your resistance bands
In your 70s, peak fitness is even more about preserving independence than in previous years. Strength training, once again, is the gold standard, says Dr Michael Sagner, director of the European Society of Preventive Medicine. For decades, experts assumed aerobic training was essential to improving health in those over 65, but new research proves that strength training is one of the most effective age-related interventions there is.
Working with weights, resistance bands or body weight has been shown to combat age-related frailty, significantly decrease the risk of falls, fractures and disability, stimulate tissue regeneration and improve walking speed, to name just a few. Beyond physical fitness, it also improves our mental agility, boosting “brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which improves memory while combating cognitive decline”, adds Sagner. Try doing a chest pull, biceps curl, leg press and bent-over row with a resistance band (placing a long band underneath a foot, then pulling upwards), and aim for three sessions per week. If you’re using weights, lifting 7-9kg for these is excellent.
A good measure of how fit you are right now? Try the 30-second sit-to-stand test. With your arms crossed and held against your chest, sit on a kitchen chair, then stand up and sit down as many times as you can within 30 seconds. You should expect to complete this 14 times if you’re moderately fit.
80s: walk unaided
Can you walk unaided for 10 minutes? If the answer is yes then you’re in good form. The one-legged balance test, in which you lift a foot an inch or two off the floor, then keep it there for 10 seconds, is a good test of physical health in your 80s. Whatever level you’re at, try adding some gentle exercises using a resistance band – think seated rows, banded side steps and overhead side bends – alongside some short walks every day.
Flexibility and joint mobility is of the utmost importance to prevent falls – which are responsible for approximately two-thirds of all injury-related deaths during this decade. Try a dedicated low-impact practice, such as yoga or pilates, once or twice weekly to help you maintain independence and confidence in your body’s ability.
While exercise is known to improve memory, scientists have mostly studied this effect by using behavioral tests or brain imaging methods like MRIs, says Michelle Voss, PhD, one of the study’s authors, a professor, and the director of the Health, Brain, and Cognitive Lab at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.
But she says these approaches can’t precisely identify where “ripples” originate, particularly in the deep brain structures like the hippocampus, a part of the brain strongly connected to memory and learning, she says.
The current study, published in Brain Communications, recorded electrical activity directly, using surgically implanted (intracranial) electrodes. “This allowed us to observe how exercise changes the brain’s memory circuits in real time,” Dr. Voss says.
20-Minute Bursts of Exercise Increase Brain Ripples
The participants performed a 5-minute warm-up and then rode a stationary bike for 20 minutes at a pace they could maintain. Researchers recorded their brain activity before and after the biking session.
The electrodes showed an increased rate of so-called sharp-wave ripples from the hippocampus and connections with cortical regions of the brain, which are involved in learning and memory.
“Sharp-wave ripples have long been known from animal studies to play a central role in memory,” Voss says, adding that recent studies using intracranial recordings in humans also support the importance of ripples for human memory.
“Our findings are the first to show that exercise can modulate these ripple signals in the human brain,” she says.
Researchers also observed that larger increases in heart rate during exercise were associated with larger changes in ripple activity in cortical networks, Voss adds.
What’s Already Known About Exercise, Memory, and Learning
Exercise helps build connections between neurons, which deepens and strengthens brain networks, Franssen says.
Physical activity also improves metabolism, which improves insulin sensitivity, helping blood sugar regulation and giving the brain a “more stable and reliable supply of fuel,” Dr. Perlmutter says.
“This is critically important because the brain is an energy-intensive organ, consuming roughly 20 percent of the body’s energy despite representing only a small fraction of body weight,” he adds.
The Research Has Limitations
Voss says researchers were careful to “exclude signals that contained epileptic activity. However, of course, we can’t statistically control for the accumulated effects of having epilepsy on the brain.”
The exercise-brain ripple patterns observed in the current study also closely match those observed in healthy adults using noninvasive brain imaging, such as MRI, she added.
“That convergence across very different methods is one of the strongest indicators that the effects are not specific to epilepsy, but reflect a more general human brain response to exercise,” Voss said.
Researchers also didn’t directly test memory performance, Voss notes. “While hippocampal ripples are strongly linked to memory processing in decades of neuroscience research, the next step will be to measure how exercise-related changes in ripples relate to memory performance in the same individuals.”
Future studies should also compare exercise with other everyday activities, such as sitting quietly or light movement, to determine how specific these effects are to aerobic exercise at the intensity that was studied, she says.
Satisfy Your Brain’s Exercise Craving
It’s never too early or too late to start exercising for brain health, Franssen says.
People of any age, from grade-school children to people in their nineties, can benefit from increased physical activity, Perlmutter says. “My recommendation is to consider taking advantage of the connection between physical activity and brain health across the entire range of human aging.”
Any type of exercise is great, Franssen says, but especially “repetitive behaviors,” like swimming, jogging, and walking.
“Sometimes we let the hugeness of putting in a huge fitness routine get in our way,” she says. “Having a little exercise snack every so often is also very important to improving cognition.”
Increasing our level of physical fitness leads to a bigger release of brain-boosting proteins following one session of exercise, a new study led by a UCL researcher has found.
The study, published in Brain Research, took a group of inactive unfit participants through a 12-week training programme of cycling three times per week and made them fitter. Researchers found as their fitness increased, so did the amount of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) released following exercise, resulting in improved brain function.
Just 15 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise releases BDNF, a brain protein which is known to support the formation of new neurons and new synapses (connections between brain cells), and maintains the health of existing neurons. This is the first study to show that for unfit people, just 12 weeks of consistent training can boost the brain’s response to a single 15-minute workout.
The study, led by Dr Flaminia Ronca (UCL Surgery & Interventional Science, and the Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health), involved 30 participants – 23 male and seven female – taking part in the 12-week programme. To assess fitness levels throughout the programme, participants completed VO2max tests every six weeks, which measures the maximum rate of oxygen your body can consume and use during intense exercise.
BDNF levels were measured pre- and post-VO2max testing, alongside a series of cognitive and memory tests, while also measuring changes in brain activity in the prefrontal cortex – where executive functions such as decision-making, emotion regulation, attention and impulsivity are controlled.
By the final week of the trial, results showed that baseline levels of BDNF did not change, but participants did show a larger spike of BDNF following intense exercise, compared to how their brains responded to intense exercise before the 12-week programme. This was linked to improvements in VO2max (aerobic fitness).
Higher overall BDNF levels and stronger exercise-induced increases were also associated with changes in activity across key areas of the prefrontal cortex during attention and inhibition tasks, though not during memory tasks.
Overall, the results showed that increasing physical fitness can enhance the brain’s ability to produce BDNF in response to acute bouts of exercise, which can have a strong positive influence on neural activity.
Lead author Dr Flaminia Ronca said: “We’ve known for a while that exercise is good for our brain, but the mechanisms through which this occurs are still being disentangled. The most exciting finding from our study is that if we become fitter, our brains benefit even more from a single session of exercise, and this can change in only six weeks.”
Notes to editors:
For more information or to speak to the researchers involved, please contact: Tom Cramp, UCL Media Relations , T: +447586 711698, E: [email protected]
The research paper: ‘BDNF relates to prefrontal cortex activity in the context of physical exercise’, Flaminia Ronca, Cian Xu, Ellen Kong, Dennis Chan, Antonia Hamilton, Giampietro Schiavo, Ilias Tachtsidis, Paola Pinti, Benjamin Tari, Tom Gurney, Paul W. Burgess, is published in Brain Research, March 2026,
About UCL (University College London)
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Since 1826, we have championed independent thought by attracting and nurturing the world’s best minds. Our community of more than 50,000 students from 150 countries and over 16,000 staff pursues academic excellence, breaks boundaries and makes a positive impact on real world problems.
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Journal
Brain Research
DOI
10.1016/j.brainres.2026.150253
Method of Research
Experimental study
Subject of Research
People
Article Title
BDNF relates to prefrontal cortex activity in the context of physical exercise
Article Publication Date
4-Mar-2026
Media Contact
Tom Cramp
University College London
[email protected]
Journal
Brain Research
DOI
10.1016/j.brainres.2026.150253
Journal
Brain Research
DOI
10.1016/j.brainres.2026.150253
Method of Research
Experimental study
Subject of Research
People
Article Title
BDNF relates to prefrontal cortex activity in the context of physical exercise
Article Publication Date
4-Mar-2026
Tags
/Health and medicine/Human health/Physical exercise
bu içeriği en az 2000 kelime olacak şekilde ve alt başlıklar ve madde içermiyecek şekilde ünlü bir science magazine için İngilizce olarak yeniden yaz. Teknik açıklamalar içersin ve viral olacak şekilde İngilizce yaz. Haber dışında başka bir şey içermesin. Haber içerisinde en az 12 paragraf ve her bir paragrafta da en az 50 kelime olsun. Cevapta sadece haber olsun. Ayrıca haberi yazdıktan sonra içerikten yararlanarak aşağıdaki başlıkların bilgisi var ise haberin altında doldur. Eğer yoksa bilgisi ilgili kısmı yazma.:
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Tags: 12-week cycling training program benefitsbrain plasticity and physical fitnessbrain-derived neurotrophic factor after exerciseeffects of aerobic exercise on BDNFexercise and neuron healthexercise-induced neurogenesisfitness level impact on brain proteinsfitness training for cognitive improvementimproving brain function through fitnessmoderate to vigorous aerobic exercise effectsphysical fitness and brain healthVO2max and brain function correlation
SOLE Fitness announces new additions to its home exercise bike range, with models including built-in screens, resistance systems, and notably, zero monthly subscription fees.
— SOLE Fitness has announced a new range of home exercise bikes aligning with its policy against mandatory monthly subscription fees – addressing a growing concern among cost-conscious fitness enthusiasts.
For more information, visit: https://www.soletreadmills.com/collections/bikes
The announcement comes as subscription fatigue intensifies across the home fitness market – where hidden costs of ongoing memberships have become a significant pain point for buyers. Many consumers now actively seek alternatives that deliver premium features without the financial burden of perpetual fees – and SOLE Fitness offers its range in direct response.
Technical capabilities across the range support the no-subscription experience through innovative design and robust hardware. For instance, SOLE Fitness cites the SB1200 exercise bike as a suitable option for its 10-inch touchscreen – including preloaded entertainment applications.
SOLE’s team notes that this particular model also incorporates 100 levels of adjustable magnetic resistance, offering a broad spectrum of intensity for diverse workout preferences. A 35-pound flywheel contributes to smooth, consistent pedaling motion, while the durable steel frame supports users up to 300 pounds.
Elsewhere in the range, SOLE Fitness offers options across recumbent, upright, and indoor cycling styles to accommodate different fitness goals and space constraints.
The LCR Recumbent Bike is an example of a comfortable seated design with back support, ideal for low-impact cardio sessions, coming with 40 levels of magnetic resistance. The B94 Upright Bike, meanwhile, delivers a traditional bike posture with 20 levels of resistance, suited for users seeking straightforward training without advanced touchscreen features.
Central to the value proposition is the SOLE+ App, which provides zero-cost online fitness classes to customers who own SOLE equipment. The app offers hundreds of home gym video tutorials ranging from basic to advanced routines – standing in contrast to platforms that charge separately for similar content.
As explained by SOLE Fitness, its overall range is engineered for smooth, silent rides through magnetic resistance systems, sturdy steel frames, and precision components that deliver a premium indoor cycling experience. Magnetic resistance eliminates the wear and noise associated with friction pads, while the structural integrity of the frames ensures stability during high-intensity intervals.
“Each treadmill is crafted to provide an unparalleled exercise experience, featuring robust motors, intuitive controls, and cushioned running surfaces for maximum impact absorption,” says a company representative.
Moreover, since the company’s product portfolio is designed to offer entry points at various price levels, customers have readily available access to select models that align with their own budget and training preferences.
Interested parties can browse the full selection at: https://www.soletreadmills.com/
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Email: Send Email
Organization: SOLE Fitness
Address: 56 Exchange Pl., Salt Lake City, UT 84111, United States
Website: https://www.soletreadmills.com/
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