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The Pandemic Is Not the Only Reason U.S. Students Are Losing Ground

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The Pandemic Is Not the Only Reason U.S. Students Are Losing Ground

There was once a time when America’s lowest-performing students were improving just as much as the country’s top students.

Despite their low scores, these students at the bottom made slow but steady gains on national tests for much of the 2000s. It was one sign that the U.S. education system was working, perhaps not spectacularly, but at least enough to help struggling students keep pace with the gains of the most privileged and successful.

Today, the country’s lowest-scoring students are in free fall.

The reason is not just the pandemic. For at least a decade, starting around 2013, students in the bottom quartile have been losing ground on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a key exam that tests a national sample of fourth and eighth grade students in math and reading.

The bottom quartile is made up of students from various backgrounds, but it includes a higher proportion of students with disabilities, students learning English and children from poor families. Since the pandemic, their scores have often continued to fall, even as high achieving students stabilize.

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“Whatever is happening to the lower performers is still happening,” said Nat Malkus, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a right-leaning think tank, who has tracked the trend.

Researchers point to a number of educational and societal changes over the past decade, including a retrenchment in school accountability, the lasting effects of the Great Recession and the rise of smartphones, which has coincided with worsening cognitive abilities even among adults since the early 2010s.

Figuring out what has happened to the lowest performers is critical, not just for their futures, but for the country’s success.

By leaving behind a huge swath of students, the United States is preparing fewer citizens to do the most technical and high-paying jobs, said Jason Dougal, who studies effective school systems at the National Center on Education and the Economy.

That only widens income inequality in the labor market, he said. And it pushes the United States further from top countries on education — places like Singapore, Japan and Ireland — which succeed not just by raising scores for their top performers, but by lifting up their lowest students.

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“To get high average performance, you can’t allow a significant portion of your population to be performing at low levels,” Mr. Dougal said.

Since the early 2010s, the United States has taken in more immigrants, which means more students learning English have entered public schools. Schools are also serving more students with disabilities.

Those demographic shifts could help explain some change in scores. Both groups are more likely to score below their peers on standardized tests. But it is most likely not the biggest factor, experts said.

The increases are small as a share of the total public school population.

And since 2013, almost every student category has seen significant declines among low performers, said Chad Aldeman, an education researcher and columnist for The 74, a nonprofit news site, who has written about the phenomenon.

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The declines have sometimes been greater for more advantaged groups.

For example, in eighth grade math, the bottom 10 percent of proficient English speakers lost more ground than the lowest-scoring English learners, Mr. Aldeman found. Similarly, his analysis showed that the lowest-scoring students who did not have a disability fell more than the lowest-scoring students who did. The bottom scoring middle- and higher-income students lost more ground than the bottom low-income students.

This suggests that there is something about being a low-achieving student, regardless of background, that is driving the trend.

One possible explanation is the end of No Child Left Behind, the contentious school accountability law President George W. Bush signed in 2002.

The law is perhaps best known for its legacy of standardized testing, including annual exams in math and reading in third through eighth grade.

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But it also put a sharp focus on low performers, part of Mr. Bush’s campaign against what he called “the soft bigotry of low expectations” in public schools. The law set a goal of having all students reach proficiency. Schools were required to break out testing data by race, income and special education status, and schools that did not show progress could face penalties.

It corresponded with a period of rapid improvement in test scores, particularly in math. Reading scores also improved, though more modestly.

The biggest increases were for students at the bottom.

But the law was also deeply unpopular on the left and the right.

Critics argued it was too punitive, with unrealistic goals. Many said it led a “drill and kill” culture of teaching to the test, leaving less time for other important subjects like social studies and the arts.

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By the early 2010s, states had gotten waivers from the law, and in 2015, the Every Student Succeeds Act returned power to the states, which in many cases led to more relaxed accountability.

Around the same time, scores among low performers began to fall.

“When we had meaningful accountability at the state and local level, kids were doing better,” said Margaret Spellings, Mr. Bush’s education secretary from 2005 to 2009. “When we stopped doing that, we went the wrong direction.”

School policies are most likely only part of the picture.

Adults have also been struggling with literacy since 2012, not only in the United States but also in other countries, according to an international survey of 16- to 65-year-olds.

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The declines were driven by adults in the bottom tier of literacy, a shift that could not be explained by demographic trends, said Andreas Schleicher, director for education and skills at the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, which manages the survey.

He and other researchers pointed to another possibility: the rise of smartphones, which before 2013 had not reached half of American adults. Today, 90 percent of U.S. adults and a similar share of teenagers own a smartphone, as do one in three 9-year-olds.

It’s not entirely clear why smartphone use would have a greater effect on low performers. But smartphones also take time away from other activities. Children (and adults) are reading fewer books than in the past, with low-scoring students being the least likely to read recreationally.

Still, other societal changes could also be at play.

After the Great Recession, states cut school spending, leading to teacher layoffs and other cutbacks. The spending cuts took place over several years, peaking in the 2011-2012 school year. Experts say the cuts were more likely to affect low-scoring students, who tend to be in poor school districts that relied heavily on state funding.

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“Many things can be true at the same time, but I’m confident that changes in school spending over time are a big part of it,” said Kirabo Jackson, an economist at Northwestern University, whose research found that students most exposed to Great Recession cuts experienced greater declines in test scores and college attendance.

Part of the answer may lie in simply focusing on students at the bottom, said Carey Wright, the former state superintendent in Mississippi, where the lowest-performing students have defied national trends.

Mississippi’s lowest-scoring fourth graders have improved since 2013, and eighth graders have fallen less than the national average. Mississippi received widespread attention for dramatically improving reading scores after adopting a new, phonics-based approach to teaching reading in 2013.

But the state also approved a new school accountability policy that same year. Schools receive A-F letter grades based on how well students perform on tests, with an emphasis on the progress made by the lowest 25 percent of students. Literacy coaches are also assigned to the lowest-performing schools.

“We really started drawing teachers’ eyes, principals’ eyes, to who is in the bottom? What do they need?” said Dr. Wright, now the superintendent in Maryland.

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Soon, though, there could be even less reliable information on how the lowest-performing students are doing, as the Trump administration seeks to shrink the role of the federal government in education.

As part of a major downsizing at the U.S. Department of Education last month, the Trump administration laid off nearly all federal employees who work on education research, including the National Assessment of Educational Progress, the only test that makes it possible to compare students across the country.

The cuts could hamper the national test, which is required by law every two years.

“Eventually, I hope we’re going to be closing these gaps,” said Thomas Kane, an economist at Harvard University who focuses on student achievement. But the test results are “the only way we’re going to know it.”

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Education

She Tried to Help Schools Build Healthier Playgrounds. Then Her E.P.A. Grant Was Canceled.

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She Tried to Help Schools Build Healthier Playgrounds. Then Her E.P.A. Grant Was Canceled.

Lost Science is an ongoing series of accounts from scientists who have lost their jobs or funding after cuts by the Trump administration. The conversations have been edited for clarity and length. Here’s why we’re doing this.


Kirsten Beyer: We had a three-year study, funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, focused on environmental health among children. We had two main aims. The first was to develop a curriculum so that Milwaukee Public Schools teachers could teach about environmental health, environmental health disparities and climate change.

The second aim was to look at the impact of schoolyard greening on health and environmental outcomes. There’s this greening initiative in Milwaukee to redevelop schoolyards. Many of them were sheets of asphalt. A lot of them were in disrepair. The redevelopment plans included things like planting trees, adding outdoor classrooms, improving storm water drainage with green infrastructure and improving sports fields and natural play spaces.

We built a study to collect data before and after. There are lots of schools around the country that have similar situations, so we were excited about sharing our results and informing other jurisdictions about the impact of this redevelopment.

We had the kids complete surveys. We measured things like social and emotional health, environmental health literacy, attitudes toward outdoor play. We also had sensors that measured their physical activity levels, time spent outdoors and where they spent time in the schoolyard. We went out and observed recess. How are kids playing? How is conflict being resolved? How engaged are the teachers or monitors? We measured air pollution and how hot those schoolyards were before greening.

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We were in the field in May 2025, collecting our final post-redevelopment data, when the grant was canceled. It was a shock. We had hired people as data collectors and had a month of data collection left.

I decided to rustle up some other resources just to get data collection done. But then we had no more money to support our community partners, staff or graduate students. We had to take people off this project.

Now we’re trying to do something with all of this data that we’ve collected: process it, analyze it and, importantly, share it.

We have just piles of data. There are papers that won’t get written and data that won’t be shared because this happened.

But I can’t just abandon this work. This is important to my community partners. This is important to other schools. And this is important to all of the kids who gave us their time, all the parents who allowed us to do research with their kids. There’s a moral imperative to continue the work, albeit slowly.

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Kirsten Beyer is a health geographer at the Medical College of Wisconsin.

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Art Abounds on Campuses Outside of New York City

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Art Abounds on Campuses Outside of New York City

The Princeton University Art Museum recently made Time magazine’s top 100 list of The World’s Greatest Places of 2026. James Steward, director of the museum that reopened on Halloween in an acclaimed new building designed by Adjaye Associates, said of the ranking, “It normalizes the idea that we are a world-class destination.”

In its first five months alone, the museum has received 250,000 visitors — more than half from outside campus (Princeton’s old museum averaged 200,000 annually).

The surge of public interest in the Princeton museum’s new home, spotlighting a global collection of more than 117,000 objects, is a timely reminder that university and college art museums are filled with unexpected treasures — often showcased in architecturally significant buildings — and are free and accessible to all. Here are several standout exhibitions at academic museums in range of New York City that are worth a visit this month, when campuses are looking their spring best for reunions and graduations.

The glorious modernist home of the Yale Center for British Art — Louis I. Kahn’s last design, completed in 1977 after his death — reopened in March 2025 after a two-year architectural conservation. In the year since, the museum has welcomed 100,000 visitors and almost 300 class visits to study its collection of more than 100,000 works from the 15th century to today that present an expansive understanding of British art and its imperial history.

“British art isn’t an island story, it’s a global story,” said Martina Droth, the center’s director. A contemporary installation by Rina Banerjee, a recent acquisition on view for the first time through Sept. 13 in the museum’s entrance court, and the exhibition “Painters, Ports, and Profits: Artists and the East India Company, 1750-1850,” up through June 21, both speak to a deep connection to India.

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“If British art is shaped by movement and exchange, then in ‘Painters, Ports, and Profits’ you see British artists who traveled to India because of the East India Company and found themselves working alongside Indian artists,” Droth said. “New things happen in terms of the aesthetics of the work, and you can really see that in the exhibition.”

The 115 works are mostly drawn from the collection and almost half are by Indian artists and workshops, including “Lucknow from the Gomti,” a 37-foot panoramic scroll of life along the river in that city in Northern India and a star of the show.

Banerjee, who was born in Kolkata and lived in London before moving to New York, has remade the form of the Taj Mahal in hot-pink semi-translucent plastic. Visible from the street through the glass doors and dangling from the ceiling, her playful floating sculptural palace allows visitors to enter and discover all sorts of colonial relics and commercial baubles embedded within.

The Johnson Museum opened in 1973 in an I.M. Pei-designed building, which rises seven stories and frames spectacular views of the landscape with its expansive vertical and horizontal windows and fifth floor cantilevered over an open porch. The global collection numbers more than 40,000 objects, with particular strength in Asian art, and college classes made 335 visits in the last academic year.

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Students from Cornell’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences have spent considerable time with the exhibition “Naples: Course of Empire,” a series of seven panoramic canvases by Alexis Rockman on view through June 7, according to the museum’s curator of modern and contemporary art, Andrea Inselmann. Over the last four decades, Rockman has been a leading voice in the art world raising awareness about climate change through his paintings focused on all forms of life on Earth.

The works in this show were “inspired by Thomas Cole’s 19th-century cycle ‘The Course of Empire’ about the rise and fall of civilizations,” said Inselmann, who organized the exhibition. Taking Naples as a case study of a port city vulnerable to rising waters, Rockman used his signature style of deeply researched and lyrically rendered history painting to reimagine this landscape over geologic time starting from the Mesozoic Era. Paintings depict animals fleeing the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D.; a rat flying over Naples spewing a noxious plume during the bubonic plague of the 1650s; and a whale breaching before the ruins of the city in a speculative post-human future.

“I thought this would be a very appropriate show for a college context,” Inselmann said. “Especially for younger generations, I think it provides a context and an environment to talk about climate change and to express their anxieties or their hopes for the future.”

On Skidmore’s campus in Saratoga Springs, famous for its horse racing and natural mineral springs, the Tang punches above its weight for a small liberal arts college museum with an ambitious exhibition program in a striking building designed by Antoine Predock. The museum generates about a dozen shows annually — often from its collection of nearly 20,000 objects, with strengths in contemporary art and photography — and drew more than 220 class visits from across disciplines this school year.

Anchoring the Tang’s 25th anniversary season this spring is “Kathy Butterly: Assume Yes,” a three-decade retrospective of the artist’s playful, inventive and sometimes jarring small-scale ceramic sculptures on view through July 26. “Kathy bridges the generation of Robert Arneson and Viola Frey, who were her teachers and innovators that moved ceramics from a purely craft environment to a museum and art conversation, and the world we’re in today where we see ceramics in lots of different ways all over gallery exhibitions,” said the Tang director Ian Berry, who organized the show. “Kathy is a real inspiration and key figure for this current moment.”

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Forty-five of her eccentric vessels — miniature three-dimensional canvases for experimental glazes and textures, often crumpling expressively on their bases — are grouped chronologically across three huge platforms serving as the “rooms” of the show. Within the constraints of small shifts in scale, from four to eight inches say, “an entire universe changes,” Berry said. The title of the show comes from one of Butterly’s works. “‘Assume’ adds a little twist to the exclamation point of ‘Yes’,” he said. “It’s optimistic, it’s upbeat, but also it has a complexity to it.”

Alongside Princeton’s encyclopedic collections, displayed throughout the museum’s stunning complex of nine interlocking modernist pavilions, is “Willem de Kooning: The Breakthrough Years, 1945-50” — the first temporary loan exhibition in the new building — on view through July 26.

The show is built around Princeton’s own 1948 painting “Black Friday” — exhibited that year in de Kooning’s debut show at the Charles Egan Gallery in New York after he had struggled there in poverty for 15 years.

“It emerged as one of the essential pictures in de Kooning’s career,” said Steward, Princeton’s museum director, who agreed to loan “Black Friday” to the Museum of Modern Art for its major de Kooning retrospective in 2011 organized by the chief curator emeritus of painting and sculpture, John Elderfield.

Now, in turn, Elderfield has co-curated this exhibition of 18 paintings, drawn from more than a dozen museums and private collections and focused on the pivotal period when de Kooning found his artistic voice and helped to pioneer Abstract Expressionism.

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“It is just such an incisive project that is physically modest in scope, but not modest at all intellectually or artistically,” Steward said. “That’s a sweet spot I really want us to occupy as a great academic museum.”

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Today, In Short

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Today, In Short

One of my favorite podcasts is “So True With Caleb Hearon,” hosted by Hearon, a comedian. He recently appeared in “The Devil Wears Prada 2” as Miranda Priestly’s assistant. Having grown up, as Hearon put it, “fat, gay and poor” in rural Missouri, he never dreamed of booking the role “a million girls would kill for.”

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  • Middle East: Iran said yesterday that it was reviewing an American proposal to end the war. Washington is still awaiting Tehran’s response.

  • California: Last night was the final televised debate before the primary for the state’s governor. The face-off between seven candidates was tame at first, but they eventually furiously attacked one another. See what went down.

  • Hantavirus: Should you worry? Public health officials say the threat to the general public remains low based on what we know. Read more about the hantavirus.

  • Jeffrey Epstein: A federal judge released a suicide note believed to be written by the convicted sex offender that had been sealed for years.

  • Ted Turner: Turner, the media mogul, yachtsman and creator of CNN, died yesterday at his home in Florida. He was 87.


A few things you didn’t really need to know but now do:

  • It’s been nearly 20 years since Guy Goma’s BBC appearance became an early viral internet moment. Goma thought he was interviewing for a job when he suddenly he found himself on air. He pulled it off much better than I could have.

  • How are people getting their information about health and wellness? For at least half of U.S. adults under 50, it’s through influencers or podcasters, according to a new analysis.

  • Clavicular, the looksmaxxing influencer, has been charged with shooting at an alligator during a livestream.


The New York Knicks hung on to the series lead in a 108-102 thriller against the Philadelphia 76ers. Game 3 is set for tomorrow in Philadelphia.

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Nineteen books were recognized as winners or finalists of the Pulitzer Prize. I may add some to my reading list.

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