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Final Reading: Vermont’s ‘climate superfund’ comes with complications – VTDigger

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Final Reading: Vermont’s ‘climate superfund’ comes with complications – VTDigger


Extensive damage to Red Village Road in Lyndon, seen on Wednesday, July 31, 2024. Photo by Jeb Wallace-Brodeur/VTDigger

Last year, the Vermont Legislature made history by passing the nation’s first “climate superfund” law. This year is about figuring out all of the follow up questions that come with setting precedent. 

One piece of that is how much money and time state agencies will actually need to carry out the research the law tasks them with.

Act 122 takes the polluters-pay framework from the federal hazardous waste Superfund and applies it to the costs of climate damages, like flood recovery or harm from extreme heat. Essentially, the law rests on the idea that Vermonters should not be the ones left with the bill for messes caused by climate change. Instead, the multinational oil companies responsible for extracting the fossil fuels driving climate change should be.

But figuring out what those companies are liable for and how much climate damages actually cost is no small order. It relies on the rather-nascent field of climate attribution science, which essentially uses modeling to figure out how likely a weather event would be if greenhouse gas emissions were at pre-industrial levels. 

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Scientists have gotten really good at doing this for heatwaves, but when it comes to flooding, especially in the unique mountain-valley topography of Vermont, a lot of the research simply doesn’t exist yet, Deputy Treasurer Gavin Boyles told the House Committee on Energy and Digital Infrastructure Friday afternoon.

That’s why the Office of the State Treasurer and the Agency of Natural Resources are asking the Legislature for an extra year to do these assessments and for an additional $825,000 and $675,000, respectively, in order to hire people who can help them assess climate damage costs to Vermont. ANR is also hoping to put a portion of those funds toward hiring an additional attorney to navigate incoming lawsuits.

That brings us to the second piece of this: in December, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and American Petroleum Institute filed a legal challenge.  

Among its claims, the lawsuit hinges upon an argument that the federal Clean Air Act preempts Vermont’s law. It cites existing legal precedent that says the Clean Air Act allows the federal Environmental Protection Agency the power to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, not just air pollution. 

The fact that this comes as the EPA is acting to dismantle the powers included in the Clean Air Act, leads to “complete cognitive dissonance,” Anthony Iarrapino, an attorney who lobbied for the law’s passage, said in an interview.

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Changes at the EPA would not affect the ability of Vermont’s climate superfund to go into effect.

However, those changes might muddle the fossil fuel industry’s argument in the lawsuit “What the Trump administration is doing to weaken the Clean Air Act only strengthens our argument that states have a right to act and fill in where the federal government has retreated,” Iarrapino added.

The lawsuit itself appears to be moving slowly; “I totally thought I’d be subject to depositions and records requests, but I’ve heard nothing,” Legislative Council Michael O’Grady told the House Committee on Energy and Digital Infrastructure. “It’s curious that it’s been pretty silent.”

— Olivia Gieger


In the know

The Vermont Agency of Transportation expects that it will pave about 220 miles of state-owned roads over a yearlong period that ends in June. In the year after that, though, it’s set to pave only about 125 miles, according to the agency’s latest spending plans — a nearly 45% reduction.

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That drop has raised concerns among the leaders of the Legislature’s committees on transportation in recent weeks, who said that while the amount the state paves varies each year, the projected change from the 2025 to 2026 fiscal years stands out. 

Miles paved over the 2026 fiscal year, which starts this July, would be the lowest since 2020, agency data shows, when the state paved 157 miles of roads it owns and operates. 

“We’re in a bad place,” said Sen. Richard Westman, R-Lamoille, who chairs the Senate Transportation Committee.

Read more about the state of the transportation fund here. 

— Shaun Robinson

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The Green Mountain Care Board unanimously approved a settlement with the University of Vermont Health Network Friday, paving the way for a deal in which the hospital network will pay millions to primary care practices and the state’s largest private insurer, and will fund an outside observer to oversee the hospitals’ spending and operations.

It’s not yet clear who that observer — officially called a “liaison” — will be.

But Mike Smith, a former Secretary of the Agency of Human Services and the Agency of Administration, said in a brief interview Friday that he had had conversations with the board and the health network about the role.

“There’s a process, and let me just say that I’ll let the process play out and see where it leads,” he said. But, he added, “I mean, obviously, if I’m talking to people, I’m interested.”

Read more about the Green Mountain Care Board’s vote here.

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— Peter D’Auria

For the second time this legislative session, Gov. Phil Scott vetoed a mid-year spending package Friday over disagreements with lawmakers about Vermont’s motel voucher program. 

In his veto letter, the five-term Republican governor rebuked lawmakers for continuing to use the mid-year budget adjustment bill to seek an extension of the voucher program’s winter rules, which ended earlier this week, forcing out hundreds of Vermonters who have been staying in motels. 

Read about the veto and the response here. 

— Habib Sabet

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Visit our 2025 bill tracker for the latest updates on major legislation we are following. 





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L.A. County office building adds glass exterior at 550 S. Vermont Ave. in Koreatown

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L.A. County office building adds glass exterior at 550 S. Vermont Ave. in Koreatown


At the intersection of 6th Street and Vermont Avenue in Koreatown, the former headquarters of the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health has a shiny new glass curtain wall, and a $210-million renovation and expansion project takes shape.

The 12-story tower, built more than 60 years ago at 550 S. Vermont Avenue, originally consisted of approximately 155,000 square feet of offices. The ongoing project, in addition to remodeling the look of the existing building, is adding an additional 88,000 square feet of space at the rear of the building, expanding its total office space to more than 240,000 square feet of space. The makeover also involves the construction of 2,000 square feet of commercial space at street level.

View looking southeast from Vermont AvenueUrbanize LA

Gensler is designing the makeover, which includes matching design motif’s to the Department of Mental Health’s new headquarters – a 21-story tower which stands directly north on Vermont.

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Trammell Crow Company is leading the development of the project, while Snyder Langston is serving as general contractor.


View looking northwest from 6th StreetLos Angeles County

According to a June 2024 report to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, potential occupants for the department’s former headquarters could include the County’s Human resources Division, the Executive office of the Board of Supervisors, the Department of Public Social Services, the Department of Children and Family Services, and the Department of Public Health.

The project is considered the final component of the Vermont Corridor redevelopment, which included the construction of the neighboring office tower and an affordable housing complex across the street.

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Regulators think few contractors are registered with the state — and they want to reel them in – VTDigger

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Regulators think few contractors are registered with the state — and they want to reel them in – VTDigger


Adam Clark shows where a construction contractor allegedly did sub-standard work on his Essex Junction home in Dec. 2024. File photo by Glenn Russell/VTDigger

“We can’t help you.” 

That’s what regulators often have to say when people complain about getting shoddy construction in an expensive home improvement project, said Lauren Hibbert, deputy secretary of state, whose office oversees professional regulation in Vermont. 

“And that’s very unsatisfying to homeowners,” Hibbert told the Senate Natural Resources and Energy Committee on Thursday. The only real alternative is to take their contractor to court, she said. 

That limitation stems from the fact that contractors in the state aren’t required to be licensed, Hibbert said. Instead, contractors are merely required to be registered if they’re entering into a contract worth $10,000 or more with a homeowner. 

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To get registered with the state, contractors pay a fee, provide proof of insurance and have to disclose any criminal records. A licensure requirement could set a higher bar, requiring contractors to have a certain level of education and training. 

And if contractors were licensed, it could give the state more control over enforcing a professional standard, potentially offering more remedies for people who feel they’ve been wronged, Hibbert said. 

A bill the committee is considering, H.718, doesn’t go so far as to require contractors to be licensed. Instead, it creates a task force to improve the state’s contractor registry. 

The state has a total of 1,400 registered residential contractors, including individuals and businesses, Hibbert said. But she thinks that number is very low and that despite the requirement, many contractors are not registered. 

The Vermont Office of Professional Regulation generates its money from registration and licensure fees, according to Jennifer Colin, director of the office. But the contractor registration hasn’t generated enough revenue, meaning the office doesn’t have the money to do more outreach and get more contractors to register, Colin said. 

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The task force proposed by the bill would, among other measures, seek to address those issues with the registry, Colin explained. 

The bill was hotly debated on the House floor before lawmakers there passed it last month. Some representatives said they were concerned the registry was difficult for contractors to navigate and created barriers into the profession. 

In 2022, Gov. Phil Scott vetoed a bill that sought to create a registry for all contractors in the state, saying he didn’t think the registry was needed. Scott cited concerns that the bill would harm small-scale operations. Lawmakers compromised with the governor following his veto and amended the bill to set the current $10,000 contract threshold for registry. 

On Thursday, the committee’s chair, Sen. Anne Watson, D/P-Washington, said the committee would continue hearing expert input on this year’s bill. 

In the know

The House Ways and Means Committee heard sharply divided testimony Thursday morning on a bill that would increase taxes on some wealthier Vermonters’ investment income and create a new top tax bracket for the highest 1% of earners.

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Stephanie Yu, who leads the policy research nonprofit Public Assets Institute, expressed strong support for the bill. She told lawmakers that income inequality has increased steadily in Vermont over the last century, leaving many without the ability to meet basic needs. The state’s top tax rate has decreased substantially in the last 60 years, she added, from a height of roughly 20% in the late 1960s to the current rate of 8.75%.

“Vermont’s tax system, while it’s better than many other states, is still regressive at the top,” Yu said.

Amy Spear, president of the Vermont Chamber of Commerce, told lawmakers the bill would likely have “hidden economic consequences.” A new tax on capital gains, she said, would make selling a company in preparation for retirement and passing ownership along more costly for the state’s business owners. And the proposed top-level income tax hike “reaches deeply into active business income,” Spear said, since smaller businesses’ earnings often count as taxable income for owners.

Andrew Wilford, director of state tax policy at the National Taxpayers Union Foundation, raised broader concerns, saying the change would make Vermont less competitive with neighboring states and could drive tax-related outmigration. 

“Targeting investment with high tax rates is a problem for Vermont’s tax base in the future,” he said.

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“It’s difficult for the committee when we hear one thing and then hear completely opposite testimony,” said Rep. Carolyn Branagan, R-Georgia. “We have to dig in and look what the facts are.”

— Theo Wells-Spackman

On the move — slowly

Debate over H.955, the House’s sweeping education reform bill, continued through the afternoon Thursday as lawmakers debated a number of amendments to the legislation.

Two amendments would have set additional parameters around a school district’s ability to close a school and would have required voter approval to close a school. Those amendments failed.

Another amendment that failed would have suspended the state’s excess spending threshold, which financially penalizes districts for spending above certain amounts, for fiscal years 2028 and 2029.

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Yet another, which lawmakers continued to debate at around 5 p.m. Thursday, would have required all approved independent schools to follow the same education quality standards set for the state’s public schools. That amendment failed via a roll call.

It was unclear when the bill would come to a full vote. Lawmakers will need to approve the bill twice before advancing it to the Senate. The House had not yet voted on the bill before this newsletter’s deadline.

Check back tomorrow for the full story.

— Corey McDonald





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No cell service? This retro solution is helping rural areas of Vermont

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No cell service? This retro solution is helping rural areas of Vermont


WORCESTER, Vt. (InvestigateTV) – In rural Vermont, where cell service can be nonexistent, residents are finding an unexpected solution to communication challenges: old-school pay phones.

Patrick Schlott, an electrical engineer and native of Vermont, has begun installing modified vintage pay phones in public spaces like libraries and town halls. These phones, part of his “Ran-tel” cooperative—short for the Randolph public telephone operating company—allow users to make free calls anywhere in the U.S. or Canada, with no coins or cards required.

“It’s just for anyone who needs to make a phone call,” Schlott said.

The idea was inspired by similar projects in cities like Philadelphia and Portland, Oregon.

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Schlott, who has a passion for old technology, realized he could give back to his community by repurposing the equipment.

The phones are wired to run on free public Wi-Fi, which is why they are free to use.

For residents like Roger Strobridge in Worcester, the phones are a critical safety measure in an area where cell service is unreliable, particularly during harsh winters.

“I personally look at this pay phone that’s being installed as our answer to cell service and cell towers,” Strobridge said.

While the project started as a hobby, Schlott is already expanding, with a goal to have at least one Ran-tel phone in each of Vermont’s 14 counties.

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