Fitness

The best time to exercise, according to science

Published

1 year ago

November 7, 2024

The best time to exercise, according to science

Do you drag yourself out of bed to exercise before work, or go to the gym on your way home? Does a lunchtime walk rev you up for the afternoon, or is it yoga you rely on in the evening to relax? We all know exercise is good for us, but increasing evidence suggests when we exercise can also have an impact our mood, fitness and health.

On Tuesday, a study published in the journal BMC Medicine that tracked the activity of 86,252 people aged 42 to 79, revealed participants who had two daily peaks of activity at 8am and 6pm were associated with an 11 per cent reduced risk of bowel cancer, compared to those who were active at other times of the day.

Lead investigator Professor Dr Michael Leitzmann, of the University of Regensburg, Germany, said the findings could “open new avenues for targeted prevention strategies.” The reason for the reduced risk isn’t clear, but begs the question: could we benefit psychologically or physically by adapting the timing of our exercise routine? And if so, how?

Aerobic exercise in the early morning

Working up a sweat first thing serves several purposes, if you can face it. Not only is it often the most practical way to get a workout out of the way before being waylaid, but neuroscientist Andrew Huberman says it will also help us feel more alert by raising our body temperature, which is lowest in the morning.

Personal trainer Kate Rowe-Ham, author of Owning Your Menopause, says lifting weights on waking four times a week, makes her “more energised and motivated for the rest of the day.” She points out that resistance training is proven to balance blood sugar and, long term, lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. “It leaves me less stressed.”

Exercising early can also be more efficient for controlling weight – research in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise found 45 minutes of vigorous aerobic exercise can elevate the metabolic rate for 14 hours, meaning you’re burning more calories during the hours you consume them, as opposed to overnight, while another study on 35 women in the same journal found when participants exercised in the morning they were more likely to increase their activity throughout the day.

“Research suggests there may be a slight advantage to doing aerobic exercise earlier in the day because it enhances bloodflow and oxygen to the brain which can improve your productivity,” adds Arj Thiruchelvam, sports scientist and coach at Performance Physique. In terms of boosting feelings of wellbeing, he says resistance training and aerobic exercise are likely to be equally beneficial, “because both trigger the release of endorphins, which is the most important factor in improving mood.”

Post-breakfast for longer workouts

While studies have found exercising on an empty stomach, whatever the time of day, can increase fat burning by as much as 70 per cent, this need not be prescriptive. “I have to eat a protein breakfast – usually scrambled eggs – up to half an hour before because my workouts are long and I don’t want to run out of energy,” says personal trainer Cornel Chin, who does a two-hour weights session at 11am every Saturday. “This fits into my lifestyle. During the week I speedwalk and do bursts of bodyweight exercises in between coaching clients.”

Lunchtime walk in the park

A lunchtime session, meanwhile, can help you cope with the demands of work, especially if done outdoors during our ever-dwindling daylight hours. A two week 2017 Finnish study found a 15-minute walk in the park helped participants more than indoor relaxation exercises, making them feel more relaxed and detached from their work, whereas the “relaxation group experienced only an increase in their feelings of relaxation,” said Kalevi Korpela, professor of psychology at Finland’s Tampere University.

Amanda Daley, health psychologist at Loughborough University, says “exercising at lunch time can help clear your head after a morning of work or other activities (and) boost your mood and brain power in the afternoons.”

Resistance training in the afternoon

It may also carry advantages for our physical health. Last year, a major study in the journal Nature Communications found that while moderate to vigorous physical activity at any time of day is linked to lower risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, those who exercised between 11am and 5pm had a lower risk of premature death from all causes than those who exercised in the morning or evening.

The reports’ authors speculated that this may be because blood pressure recovers faster in the afternoon, or because of implications for meal timings – a walk after a meal, for example, has been found to control blood sugar levels – but admitted “the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated”.

What we do know is that our body temperature peaks in the afternoon, “and being slightly warmer makes muscle fibres react quicker, which can improve our performance,” says Thiruchelvam. “This is why athletes may want to train then because they’ll be slightly more powerful. Studies show resistance training can be more effective in the afternoon.”

HIIT in the evening for some…

Reaction times are also often quickest at this point, potentially improving performance in competitive sports and stop-start exercise such as High Intensity Interval Training. Indeed, research by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine found American football players usually played better in games starting at 8 or 9pm than they did in games starting at 1 to 4pm.

This was due to them being at the peak of their circadian rhythm – the 24-hour internal clock. Yet the time of day you’re happiest exercising will depend in part on your chronotype, or your natural propensity to fall asleep at certain times, and if you’re an early bird who wakes at 5am, for example, evening exercise is still likely to feel a challenge.

…but less is best for most in the PM

The most recent research overturns the long-held belief that evening exercise can interfere with sleep, however – and found it may even help us nod off quicker. This summer, a study of 30 participants found those who did three-minute bursts of body weight exercises such as squats and calf raises every 30 minutes over a four-hour period starting between 5pm and 5.30pm slept for an average of 27 minutes longer than the sedentary control group.

The exception appears to be doing high-intensity exercise training, which releases the stress hormone cortisol, and is thought to reduce sleep quality when done close to bedtime. Yet any impact is likely to be minimal, says Thiruchelvam, “and it’s still better for you than scrolling on your phone.” He stresses, however, that exercising when tired is more likely to result in injury: “Mental and physical fatigue is when slip-ups occur.”

Yoga or stretching before bed

If cardio sounds too strenuous, consider evening stretching – one four-month study on patients with chronic insomnia found stretching three times a week from 5pm to 6pm improved symptoms. A 2019 meta-analysis, meanwhile, found mind-body therapies including yoga and tai chi can be “effective in treating insomnia and improving sleep quality.”

Yoga has been shown to increase levels of melatonin, the hormone that regulates the sleep cycle, and is “a great addition to a bedtime routine,” says Rowe-Ham, although research isn’t clear as to whether it needs to be practised in the evening to be of benefit.

What’s “vital,” stresses Thiruchelvam, is that we exercise, full stop, and no study should “put people off exercising at their only opportunity.” Rowe-Ham concurs: “I don’t want people to think they’re at greater risk of cancer because they can’t exercise at certain times, or that there’s no point. Movement is beneficial, whatever the hour.”

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Fitness

How To Choose The Best Exercise Bike For You (And A Few Of Our Favourite Models For 2026)

Published

2 hours ago

February 13, 2026

Press Room

How To Choose The Best Exercise Bike For You (And A Few Of Our Favourite Models For 2026)

Whether you’re looking to stay active through the winter, add low‑impact cardio to your routine, or finally stop paying for a gym membership, an exercise bike can be a great investment. They’re quieter than treadmills, easier on the joints than running, and perfect for squeezing in a workout while watching TV — but only if you pick the right model.

With so many types, features, and price points, choosing the best exercise bike can feel overwhelming. Here’s a straightforward, no‑nonsense guide to help you find the one that fits your body, your goals, and your space.

Questions to Ask Before You Buy

A person riding on an exercise bike. (Amazon)

What’s My Fitness Goal?

Are you aiming to burn calories, build leg strength, do gentle daily movement, or train like you’re prepping for a race? Your goal affects the type of bike that will work best. A basic upright bike can help with general cardio, while a spin or indoor‑cycle‑style bike is better for intense workouts.

How Much Space Do I Have?

Measure the area you plan to use — whether it’s a spare bedroom, living room corner, or basement gym. Exercise bikes can be compact or bulky, and you want one that fits comfortably without blocking walkways.

How Often Will I Use It?

If you plan on daily workouts or long sessions, look for comfort, durability, and adjustability. If you’re an occasional rider, a simpler, budget‑friendly model might be enough.

Types of Exercise Bikes

Upright Bikes

These look most like traditional bicycles: you sit upright and pedal. They’re simple, usually affordable, and perfect for everyday cardio.

Best for: Casual riders, small spaces, basic cardio.

Recumbent Bikes

With a reclined seat and back support, recumbent bikes are ideal if you want less strain on your lower back and more comfort overall.

Best for: People with back issues, seniors, and long‑session workouts.

Indoor Cycling / Spin Bikes

Built for performance, these have heavier flywheels and allow more intense workouts — including standing climbs and sprints.

Best for: Serious cyclists, interval training, high‑intensity cardio.

Fan / Air Bikes

These use a large fan that creates resistance based on how hard you pedal — the harder you go, the harder it gets. Great for full‑body workouts if the bike has moving handles.

Best for: HIIT workouts, cross‑training, and athletes.

Features That Matter

A person riding a Horizon Fitness bike. — Horizon Fitness (Horizon Fitness)

Resistance Type

Magnetic resistance: Quiet, smooth, and adjustable — great for most home users.
Felt brake/friction: Older style, sometimes noisier, but can still work well on budget models.
Air/fan: Naturally variable, works harder the faster you pedal.

For daily use, magnetic resistance usually gives the most consistent and quiet experience.

Adjustability

Look for bikes with adjustable seats and handlebars. People come in all shapes and sizes — without adjustments, even a pricey bike can feel uncomfortable.

Comfort and Ergonomics

Seat comfort: Some seats are basic — consider upgrading to a padded one if you plan longer rides.
Pedals and straps: Good grip and foot support help during more intense rides.
Step‑through frame: Makes mounting easier — helpful if mobility’s a concern.

Console and Tracking

LCD or digital display: Shows speed, distance, time, and calories.
Heart rate sensors or Bluetooth connectivity: Handy if you track workouts on a phone, watch, or fitness app.

Stability and Build Quality

Heavier frames with solid bases are more stable — especially during spirited sessions. If you’re doing standing climbs or interval sprints, stability matters.

Noise Level

If you live in an apartment or share walls, quieter magnetic bikes are better than noisy fan bikes.

Extra Considerations

Budget

Exercise bikes range from under $300 for basic models to $1,500+ for premium indoor cycling bikes. Set a range and decide what features you actually need versus what’s “nice to have.”

Assembly and Delivery

Some bikes are simple to assemble at home. Others may require tools or professional assembly — especially heavier spin bikes.

Warranty and Support

Look for solid warranties on the frame and parts. Canadian availability of replacement parts and support is a bonus — especially if something breaks mid‑winter.

Our Top Picks for Exercise Bikes

Why Trust Shopping Trends?

At Shopping Trends, every product we review goes through rigorous hands-on testing to ensure we’re recommending only the best for Canadian households. With over a decade of experience in product evaluation and consumer reporting, I personally oversee each test and comparison.

Our process is transparent, methodical, and grounded in real-world usage. Whether it’s a cordless vacuum, a 4K TV, or a hammock for your next camping trip, we evaluate items the way you’d use them at home. When needed, we also consult Canadian industry experts to offer context and help readers make confident, informed decisions. Every “top pick” featured in our guides has earned its spot through careful analysis, not sponsorship.

Fitness

Boost Your Heart Health in 5 Minutes or Less With These ‘Exercise Snacks’

Published

14 hours ago

February 13, 2026

Press Room

Boost Your Heart Health in 5 Minutes or Less With These ‘Exercise Snacks’

Workouts can be intimidating and time consuming, but there’s more evidence that just a few minutes of activity may improve your heart health.

You don’t need to join a gym, there’s no equipment required, and the exercise comes in brief bursts of movement that are easy to fit into daily life.

The health benefits are real, researchers say, and the routine can counteract some of the negative impacts of sitting all day.

Cardiologist Tip of the Day: Try Exercise Snacks to Boost Heart Health

Exercise snacks are “short, structured bouts” of physical activity — five minutes or less of climbing stairs or doing bodyweight exercises like squats — done several times a day, the authors of a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine explain.

“The main takeaway here is that anything is better than nothing,” Dr. Tamanna Singh, director of the Sports Cardiology Center at Cleveland Clinic, told NBC News.

“The exercise snack can be the start of a foundation for more intense exercise.”

Exercise snacks add up over time and they make you healthier, so take breaks and move during the day, Dr. Jordan Metzl, a sports medicine physician, said on TODAY.

Why It Matters

Exercise snacks led to “meaningful improvements” in cardiorespiratory fitness in adults, even though the amount of exercise was “far below” the current recommendations from the World Health Organization, the authors of the review of studies noted.

Importantly, people actually stuck with the routine, with more than 90% of participants completing the prescribed sessions rather than dropping out.

“This suggests that exercise snacks are not only effective but also practical and well accepted, making them a promising option for real-world, unsupervised settings,” the authors wrote.

How to Get Started

The exercise snacks in the review of studies were defined as five minutes or less of physical activity, deliberately performed at least twice daily most days of the week.

Brief bouts of vigorous stair climbing were a popular option. Or it could be doing bodyweight exercises or lifting small weights.

Certified personal trainer Stephanie Mansour also suggests these exercise snacks:

Go for a walk — brisk daily walking can reduce the risk of early death, a study found.
Do 10 squats
Walk around the house 10 times
Do 10 wall pushups
Do a wall sit during the commercial breaks of a TV show — this isometric exercise is static but very intense, and can reduce resting blood pressure, research has found.

Exercise snacks can change the body in ways that make it easier to start more intense and longer workouts, Singh said.

“Hopefully these exercise snacks will make people want to have an exercise meal,” she said.

For more exercise tips and suggestions, download the Start TODAY app to get fitness challenges and daily inspiration from trusted experts.

TODAY’s Expert Tip of the Day series is all about simple strategies to make life a little easier. Every Monday through Friday, different qualified experts share their best advice on diet, fitness, heart health, mental wellness and more.

Fitness

How Tactical Fitness Compares to the GPP/SPP Exercise Models

Published

1 day ago

February 12, 2026

Press Room

How Tactical Fitness Compares to the GPP/SPP Exercise Models

General Physical Preparation (GPP) and Specific Physical Preparation (SPP) are rooted in Soviet-era sports science and popularized by Romanian sports scientist Tudor Bompa, Westside Barbell, and CrossFit. These programming models can apply to any type of long-term, progressive athletic goal, fitness event, competition or tactical challenge. They are simply terms that trainers and coaches should use to organize training programs for any type of goal.

Built on the Same Foundation

Together, GPP and SPP create an athlete capable of handling any physical situation one might encounter. Tactical fitness does the same, just on a different level of ability with different goals.

Phase 1/GPP

Like the first phase of tactical fitness, GPP focuses on building a foundation across multiple fitness components, including strength, power, speed, agility, endurance, stamina, coordination, flexibility and mobility. GPP’s primary goal is to “build the engine” by developing a wide range of physical attributes rather than sport-specific skills. Tactical fitness’s first-phase goal is to prepare the recruit/candidate to ace a fitness test (get to the training).

Phase 2/SPP

The second phase of tactical fitness most closely resembles SPP, as it focuses on preparing athletes for the specific future challenges of military training and the job itself. SPP is also the “transformation” phase, during which general fitness is channeled into sport-specific qualities. Maintaining these fitness elements is part of the SPP programming for both competing athletes and active-duty operators, whether competing or performing their job.

Phase 3/Divergence

The third phase of tactical fitness includes maintaining all components of fitness, with a focus on stress mitigation, recovery and just being good at all of them; rather than being elite in just a few, like a competitive athlete.

While the training phases are similar in structure, the biggest difference between the competitive and tactical athletes is that the sport demands higher levels of capability to compete. Being competitive in tactical communities requires an above-average fitness level (not elite) across many components of fitness, but, depending on the job, an above-average/elite proficiency in tactical knowledge to perform under stress, and the ability to recover quickly.

How They Match Up

If you compare the GPP/SPP of athletics to tactical fitness, many of the same types of programming can be used, but eventually, the tactical specifics will require a new layer of training. You can see why in this side-by-side comparison:

Features	GPP/SPP	Tactical Fitness
Primary goal	Athleticism	Mission completion/survival
Equipment	Weights, calisthenics, cardio	Rucks, body armor, equipment (but also weights, calisthenics, cardio)
Recovery/nutrition	Prioritized daily	Often skipped, ignored, poor sleep
Success metric	Win/personal best	Mission success/20+ year career

GPP/SPP in Tactical Fitness Training

Drawing from my experience as a tactical fitness coach for over 25 years, here is how the Seasonal Tactical Fitness Periodization model compares for GPP/SPP training:

Athletes are trained from a broad base (GPP) of fitness to specific and more challenging levels of performance (SPP) through the “To and Through” Philosophy.

GPP is the “getting to” phase. It focuses on the baseline required to get accepted and pass entry-level fitness exams, such as the Navy PST. This involves building a foundation through high-repetition calisthenics (pushups, situps, pullups) and cardio training (running and swimming) to build muscle endurance and aerobic capacity. However, more challenging events exist in actual military training compared to many of the entrance fitness exams.

You do need to build strength, power and mass in many candidates, so an “off-season” lift cycle phase addresses these weaknesses to build overall durability in various load-bearing activities specific to special ops selection (logs, boats, rucks, personnel carry). This is where SPP joins the preparation as the “getting through” phase, because movement and energy system specificity are essential. Also, longer swims with fins and longer runs are required in this “getting through” phase. In the end, a runner who can lift and swim or a lifter who can swim and run is created.

Seasonal Tactical Fitness Periodization is a yearlong training cycle using the spring/summer to build and peak (GPP/SPP), including high volume calisthenics and maximal but progressive endurance in running, rucking and swimming. The fall season is a transition period that adds weight training, reduces running miles and introduces speed and swimming miles. The winter lift cycle is to build durability, mass and strength, and to reduce the impact of running so joints can recover (GPP).

While GPP/SPP and tactical fitness and strength aim to build a capable athlete, they differ largely in their “why” and “how.” Both are about building a broad physical foundation, but tactical fitness also requires professionals to survive and succeed in high-stakes, unpredictable environments, often in life-or-death situations. This requires significant tactical skills in addition to the fitness foundation provided. However, it is fair to call the preparation to transition from athlete to tactical athlete part of the GPP/SPP process.

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