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'Steamboat Willie' is now in the public domain. What does that mean for Mickey Mouse?

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'Steamboat Willie' is now in the public domain. What does that mean for Mickey Mouse?

The original 1928 script for Disney’s Steamboat Willie, the first cartoon to star Mickey Mouse.

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Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images


The original 1928 script for Disney’s Steamboat Willie, the first cartoon to star Mickey Mouse.

Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images

An early Walt Disney movie featuring the first appearance of Mickey Mouse is among the copyrighted works from 1928 moving into the public domain on Jan. 1, 2024.

But the cartoon creature who stars in the animated short Steamboat Willie isn’t a lot like the Mickey we know today. He’s more rascally and rough. His roots in the blackface minstrel shows of the time are more apparent.

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And he’s not exactly cuddly. For much of the movie, Mickey amuses himself by forcing barnyard animals into being unwilling musical instruments.

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“You know, he’s evolved so much and become more 3D and colorful,” observes Ryan Harmon, a former Disney Imagineer, of the character today. He remembers anxious talk, when he worked at the company in the 1990s, about the beloved icon eventually entering the public domain.

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But that’s not happening, says Kembrew McLeod, a communications professor and intellectual property scholar at the University of Iowa.

“What is going into the public domain is this particular appearance in this particular film,” he says.

That means people can creatively reuse only the Mickey Mouse from Steamboat Willie. Not the Mickey Mouse in the 1940 movie Fantasia. Nor the one on Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, a kids’ show that aired on the Disney Channel for a decade starting in 2006.

New versions of Mickey Mouse remain under copyright. Copyright applies to creative characters, movies, books, plays, songs and more. And as it happens, Mickey Mouse is also trademarked.

“Trademark law is entirely about protecting brands, logos and names — like Mickey Mouse as a logo, or the name Mickey Mouse,” McLeod says.

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“And of course, trademark law has no end,” adds Harvard Law School professor Ruth Okediji. Disney and other corporations, she says, use trademarks to extend control over intellectual property.” As long as the mark remains distinctive in the supply of goods and services, the owner of the trademark gets to protect that trademark.”

Jennifer Jenkins, director of the Duke Center for the Study of the Public Domain, made this conveniently mouse-shaped explanation of what you can and can’t do with the Steamboat Willie version of Mickey Mouse as of Jan. 1, 2024. Find out more here.

Jennifer Jenkins and Sean Dudley


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Jennifer Jenkins and Sean Dudley


Jennifer Jenkins, director of the Duke Center for the Study of the Public Domain, made this conveniently mouse-shaped explanation of what you can and can’t do with the Steamboat Willie version of Mickey Mouse as of Jan. 1, 2024. Find out more here.

Jennifer Jenkins and Sean Dudley

“It’s something copyright scholars like myself have been concerned about,” she continues. “This effective undermining of the public domain by allowing trademark law to effectively extend the life of a copyrighted work. And it’s my hope that either Congress or the courts will restore the full balance between the protection of creativity and the protection of the public domain, which is also the protection of creativity.”

Now, people should still be able to do things like incorporate clips of Steamboat Willie in an art project, or maybe sell a T-shirt reproducing a frame from the movie. But Okediji cautions if those things infringe on the trademark, or threaten to dilute the trademark because of the way it’s used, then Disney can use the law to assert its ownership.

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This could keep people from making, for example, a Mickey Mouse slasher movie. Which someone actually did when Winnie the Pooh went into the public domain last year.

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“You also can’t just call your restaurant Mickey Mouse on January 1st,” Okediji chuckles. “You can’t say, ‘I’m the Mickey Mouse restaurant.’ That would be a clear trademark violation.”

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The Walt Disney Company has earned a reputation for aggressive litigiousness over such matters. In 1989, it threatened to sue, for example three Florida daycares for painting Disney characters in a mural on its walls.

But more recently, McLeod says, the company has turned its focus from copyright and trademark related lawsuits to curbing online piracy. It’s possible, he says, an old cartoon from 1928 may not be all that valuable in 2024. The company even made Steamboat Willie available on YouTube for free back in 2009.

“Here is the irony,” McCleod says. “Steamboat Willie is based on a popular film at the time.”

Steamboat Bill, Jr. was a Buster Keaton hit that came out earlier that year. Steamboat Willie is a play on its name.

“Mickey Mouse made an appearance in a film for the first time that very much relied on another copyrighted work that helped propel its popularity,” McLeod continues. “When you’re referring to something that’s popular, most likely it’s going to create wider audiences and audiences who are recognizing that that particular reference.”

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As enshrined in the Constitution, he says, copyright was originally intended to protect creators for fewer than 30 years. While copyright extensions may enrich corporations, they impoverish the cultural conversations that rely on relevancy, innovation and creativity to drive artistic and technological progress.

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‘Hijack’ and ‘The Night Manager’ continue to thrill in their second seasons

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‘Hijack’ and ‘The Night Manager’ continue to thrill in their second seasons

Idris Elba returns as an extraordinarily unlucky traveler in the second season of Hijack. Plus Tom Hiddleston is back as hotel worker/intelligence agent in The Night Manager.

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When I first began reviewing television after years of doing film, I was struck by one huge difference between the way they tell stories. Movies work hard to end memorably: They want to stick the landing so we’ll leave the theater satisfied. TV series have no landing to stick. They want to leave us un-satisfied so we’ll tune into the next season.

Oddly enough, this week sees the arrival of sequels to two hit series — Apple TV’s Hijack and Prime Video’s The Night Manager — whose first seasons ended so definitively that I never dreamt there could be another. Goes to show how naïve I am.

The original Hijack, which came out in 2023, starred Idris Elba as Sam Nelson, a corporate negotiator who’s flying to see his ex when the plane is skyjacked by assorted baddies. The story was dopey good fun, with Elba — who’s nobody’s idea of an inconspicuous man — somehow able to move around a packed jetliner and thwart the hijackers. The show literally stuck the landing.

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It was hard to see how you could bring back Sam for a second go. I mean, if a man’s hijacked once, that’s happenstance. If it happens twice, well, you’re not going on vacation with a guy like that. Still, Season 2 manages to make Sam’s second hijacking at least vaguely plausible by tying it to the first one. This time out Sam’s on a crowded Berlin subway train whose hijackers will slaughter everyone if their demands aren’t met.

From here, things follow the original formula. You’ve got your grab bag of fellow passengers, Sam’s endangered ex-wife, some untrustworthy bureaucrats, an empathetic woman traffic controller, and so forth. You’ve got your non-stop twists and episode-ending cliffhangers. And of course, you’ve got Elba, a charismatic actor who may be better here than in the original because this plot unleashes his capacity for going to dark, dangerous places.

While more ornately plotted than the original, the show still isn’t about anything more than unleashing adrenaline. I happily watched it for Elba and the shots of snow falling in Berlin. But for a show like this to be thrilling, it has to be as swift as a greyhound. At a drawn-out eight episodes — four hours more than movies like Die Hard and SpeedHijack 2 is closer to a well-fed basset hound.

Tom Hiddleston as Jonathan Pine in The Night Manager Season 2.

Tom Hiddleston plays MI6 agent Jonathan Pine in The Night Manager Season 2.

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Things move much faster in Season 2 of The Night Manager. The action starts nearly a decade after the 2016 original which starred Tom Hiddleston as Jonathan Pine, a night manager at a luxury Swiss hotel, who gets enlisted by a British intelligence agent — that’s Olivia Colman — to take down the posh arms dealer Richard Roper, played by Hugh Laurie. Equal parts James Bond and John le Carré, who wrote the source novel, the show raced among glossy locations and built to a pleasing conclusion.

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So pleasing that Hiddleston is back as Pine, who is now doing surveillance work for MI6 under the name of Alex Goodwin. He learns the existence of Teddy Dos Santos — that’s Diego Calva — a Colombian pretty boy who’s the arms-dealing protégé of Roper. So naturally, Pine defies orders and goes after him, heading to Colombia disguised as a rich, dodgy banker able to fund Teddy’s business.

While David Farr’s script doesn’t equal le Carré in sophistication, this labyrinthine six-episode sequel follows the master’s template. It’s positively bursting with stuff — private eyes and private armies, splashy location shooting in Medellín and Cartagena, jaded lords and honest Colombian judges, homoerotic kisses, duplicities within duplicities, a return from the dead, plus crackerjack performances by Hiddleston, Laurie, Colman, Calva and Hayley Squires as Pine’s sidekick in Colombia. Naturally, there’s a glamorous woman, played by Camila Morrone, who Pine will want to rescue.

As it builds to a teasing climax — yes, there will be a Season 3 — The Night Manager serves up a slew of classic le Carré themes. This is a show about fathers and sons, the corrupt British ruling class, resurgent nationalism and neo-imperialism. Driving the action is what one character dubs “the commercialization of chaos,” in which the powerful smash a society in order to buy up — and profit from — the pieces. If it had come out a year ago, Season 2 might’ve seemed like just another far-fetched thriller set in an exotic location. These days it feels closer to a news flash.

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Meghan Trainor Doubles Down On Distancing Herself From ‘Toxic Mom Group’

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Meghan Trainor Doubles Down On Distancing Herself From ‘Toxic Mom Group’

Meghan Trainor
I’m Not In The Toxic Mom Group, I Swear

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Video: Fashion Highlights From the 2026 Golden Globes

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Video: Fashion Highlights From the 2026 Golden Globes

new video loaded: Fashion Highlights From the 2026 Golden Globes

Vanessa Friedman, our fashion director and chief fashion critic, recaps what she saw on the red carpet for the 2026 Golden Globes.

By Vanessa Friedman, Chevaz Clarke, Gabby Bulgarelli and Jon Hazell

January 12, 2026

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