Population losses in several of Colorado’s Western Slope resort counties underscore a growing trend: as housing and cost-of-living pressures mount, more residents are moving out than moving in.

Overall, the state of Colorado continues to experience positive population growth, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s county-level population estimates published on March 26.

From July 2024 to July 2025, the state saw a 0.4% increase in residents, equal to more than 24,000 people. The state also saw more births than deaths — a product of a low death rate offsetting a steadily declining birth rate.

However, the 0.4% increase is significantly less compared to the kind of growth the state saw before 2020, which could signal that Colorado has begun to lose its appeal as a popular destination for movers, according to the Common Sense Institute of Colorado’s analysis of the census estimates. The institute is a think tank that promotes free enterprise policy.

A significant factor behind Colorado’s slowed population growth is a slowdown of domestic migration. While the state’s population growth 10 years ago was primarily driven by people moving to Colorado from other states, the most recent census estimates reveal natural change — births versus deaths — now plays a larger part in maintaining the state’s population.

Census estimates rank the state 48th in the nation for domestic migration as a share of the population and 44th for net migration. Ten years ago, Colorado was third in the nation for domestic migration as a share of population, according to the Common Sense Institute report.

The population gained from net migration into Colorado was 20 times less in 2025 than it was in 2015. In total from July 2024 to July 2025, Colorado gained 3,256 people from net migration compared to 20,608 from births minus deaths. The gain in migration is thanks to the arrival of 15,356 international migrants, which offset the state’s net loss of 12,100 domestic migrants.

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Other factors behind negative net migration have been influenced by national movements, such as slower job growth, higher interest rates and changes in immigration policy, according to a March release from the Colorado State Demography Office.

“At least some portion of the domestic out-migration is made up of recently arrived international migrants (arriving between 2022 and 2024) who have moved to other states as Colorado was not their intended final destination,” the office said in its March release. Counties that received the highest numbers of international migrants were more likely to see net negative domestic migration from their move to other states or counties in 2025.

Western Slope counties see population declines

While several Western Slope counties also share in the state’s domestic migration slowdown, the region’s births, deaths and international migration weren’t enough to save resort towns from a dip in population.

Between 2024 and 2025, counties including Eagle, Pitkin, Summit, Garfield and Grand saw net population losses between 344 and 126 residents. Similarly to statewide trends, rural mountain counties experienced a drop in domestic migration, though natural change was not enough to offset the number of people moving out of the Western Slope.

This is a shift from the cumulative population trends from 2020 to 2025, which show positive population growth for most Western Slope counties with the exception of Eagle and Pitkin counties.

Of the 24 counties that have experienced a population decline since the 2020 Census, Eagle County is among the top three seeing the largest declines with a loss of 1,430 residents since 2020. The other two counties — Jefferson and Boulder counties — both lost over 2,000, a notably lower percentage of their approximately 580,400 and 328,500 populations, respectively.

Pitkin, though having lost a smaller quantity of residents since 2020, saw a larger percentage decrease of its overall population — around 4.2%. 

While births continue to outpace deaths for most of rural western Colorado, domestic migration paints a significantly different picture. Out of the state’s 64 counties, 30 saw negative domestic migration, including several Western Slope counties housing resort ski towns.

‘High housing cost counties’ drive out-migration

The impacts of housing opportunities on Grand County’s population mirror broader trends seen across the mountain region. According to the State Demography Office, a significant portion of counties that lost populations to other states or counties in 2025 were considered “high housing cost counties.”

The State Demography Office specifically identified Eagle, Pitkin, and Summit counties as areas with higher housing costs that experienced net negative domestic migration.

Pitkin County Commissioner Jeffrey Woodruff said a combination of higher interest rates from international conflict, higher construction costs far exceeding county budgets, and higher shipping costs and tariffs for materials have all weighed on construction budgets.

“This county continues to be both an attractive place to work and live; to recreate and enjoy year round cultural activities. But headwinds include cost of living in the mountains, with construction costs, regional healthcare costs and homeowners insurance adding to financial burden and acting as a net migration constraint,” Woodruff wrote in an email. Pitkin County’s 2024 cost of living is over 120% of the national average and is 95% higher than the rest of the state, he added.

On the other hand, many of the counties with the strongest positive net migration in the state were also those that saw some of the largest increases in residential construction. These include Weld (1.9% increase), Douglas (1.6%) and Larimer (0.8%) counties.

Grand County was one of the few Western Slope counties to see gains in population between July 2024 and July 2025, which Grand County Commissioner Randy George credits partially to an increase in housing projects.

“If you look at it over several years, at least five years, the population of Grand County has been relatively stable. … Although there’s been a lot of building,” George said. “What that means is there are a lot of people that have built second homes, or have built homes that they’re using for short-term rentals.”

A growing number of retirees aging in place and the county’s proximity to the metro area has likely also contributed to positive domestic migration, in addition to a lower cost for homes compared to neighboring ski towns.

“Just like a lot of places, there was a big bump during COVID, when people all of a sudden said, ‘Wait a minute, I don’t want to be in the metro area, I’ll build a place,’” he said. “It has abated some, but people continue to build up here.”

For rural towns like those in Eagle and Pitkin counties, factors like mountain terrain and zoning regulation can limit where cities are able to build and expand. For Grand County, space is less of an obstacle.

“We are grand. It’s in the name,” George said. “We are not hemmed in that way, there is still a fair amount of space available.”

Hoping to make housing more accessible, Woodruff said Pitkin County issued $323 million in permits in 2025. A number of employee housing developments are currently under construction, in addition to projects stemming from ongoing partnerships with the West Mountain Regional Housing Coalition on deed restricted units.

Cost of living, business challenges

Aside from housing, one of the biggest challenges faced by mountain resort towns is cost of living, which has been met with departure from both families and businesses. An April report from the Colorado Chamber Foundation found that 98 companies relocated or moved business operations to other states since 2019, taking jobs with them. The companies blamed excessive business regulations and high costs for their decision.

“As you can guess, it’s a cost of living challenge that’s driving a change in our demographics here,” said Erin McCuskey, economic resiliency manager for Eagle County. “I think it’s also meaningful to mention that these … demographic shifts are happening nationally, at least in terms of workforce. We have long predicted that our number of active workers was going to start to decrease as we have so many people aging out of the workforce and moving into retirement.”

The outflow of domestic migration and lower birth rates have only exacerbated these workforce challenges, especially with some sectors already struggling to hire in rural areas. The Common Sense Institute report said the combination of lower birth rates and a domestic migration slowdown could potentially compound an already-occurring loss of economic activity. 

“Policymakers should consider how to avoid a situation in which the two trends feed into each other: businesses leave as fewer skilled and educated workers are available, and fewer people move from other states as high-paying jobs become scarcer,” the report said.

In order to combat these challenges, McCuskey said the Eagle County government launched its Workforce Pipelines and Ecosystem Mapping at the start of 2026 with the goal of expanding access to career pathways and strengthening partnerships with local employers and workforce organizations.

“Our focus is really on retention initiatives,” McCuskey said. “Since it is hard for us to relocate workers to our area due to the cost of living challenges and just the lack of housing, we really want to make sure that the people who are here that love being a part of our community can see the great career opportunities that are available to them.”

Eagle County is also host to the Northwest Colorado Small Business Development Center, which works with 11 counties on various business support initiatives. The center has advisors who, for no cost, work with businesses to figure out succession plans and protect their assets.

“We’re really trying to change the narrative that employers are competing for talent with the business that’s across the street from them, or that we’re competing between our communities for workforce,” McCuskey. “In reality, we in Colorado are competing with other states for our workforce.”