This story was initially printed by ProPublica.

Leola Scott not too long ago determined to turn out to be a extra energetic citizen. The 55-year-old resident of Dyersburg, Tennessee, was pushed to motion after her son was stabbed to loss of life and no person was charged.

In August, Scott tried to register to vote. That’s when she realized she’s not allowed to solid a poll as a result of she was convicted of nonviolent felonies practically 20 years in the past.

One in 5 Black Tennesseans are like Scott: barred from voting due to a previous felony conviction. Certainly, Tennessee seems to disenfranchise a far larger proportion of its Black residents — 21% — than some other state.

The determine comes from a brand new evaluation by the nonprofit advocacy group The Sentencing Mission, which discovered that Mississippi ranks a distant second, just below 16% of its Black voting-eligible inhabitants. Tennessee additionally has the very best charge of disenfranchisement amongst its Latino neighborhood — simply over 8%.

Whereas states across the nation have moved towards giving individuals convicted of felonies a probability to vote once more, Tennessee has gone within the different route. Over the previous 20 years, the state has made it tougher for residents to get their proper to vote again. Particularly, lawmakers have added necessities that residents first pay any courtroom prices and restitution and that they be present on youngster assist.

Tennessee is now the one state within the nation that requires these convicted of felonies be updated on youngster assist funds earlier than they’ll vote once more.

The state makes little information obtainable about who has misplaced the precise to vote and why. Residents who could qualify to vote once more first should navigate a complicated, opaque paperwork.

Scott says she paid off her courtroom prices years in the past. However when she introduced a voting rights restoration type to the county clerk to affirm that she had paid, the clerk advised her she nonetheless had an excellent steadiness of $2,390.

“It was just like the air was knocked out of me,” she mentioned. “I did every part that I used to be purported to do. Once I received in hassle, I owned it. I paid my debt to society. I took pleasure in paying off all that.”

Scott doesn’t have receipts to confirm her funds as a result of she made them so way back, she mentioned. And there’s no pathway for her to combat what she believes is a clerical error.

She is now a plaintiff in a lawsuit filed by the Tennessee NAACP difficult the state’s voting rights restoration course of. In courtroom paperwork, the state denied allegations that the restoration course of is inaccessible.

General, in accordance with The Sentencing Mission, about 470,000 residents of Tennessee are barred from voting. Roughly 80% have already accomplished their sentence however are disenfranchised as a result of they’ve a completely disqualifying conviction — comparable to homicide or rape — or as a result of they owe courtroom prices or youngster assist or have gotten misplaced within the system attempting to get their vote again.

Over the previous two years, about 2,000 Tennesseans have efficiently appealed to have their voting rights restored.

These convicted after 1981 should get a Certification of Restoration of Voting Rights type signed by a probation or parole officer or one other incarcerating authority for every conviction. The shape then goes to a courtroom clerk, who certifies that the individual owes no courtroom prices. Then it’s returned to the native election fee, which then sends it to the State Election Fee for remaining approval. (Guidelines on voting restoration had been revised a number of occasions, so older convictions are topic to completely different guidelines.)

Republican Cameron Sexton, speaker of the Tennessee Home of Representatives, mentioned individuals convicted of felonies ought to should pay courtroom prices and youngster assist earlier than voting.

“If somebody’s not paying or behind on their youngster assist cost, that’s a problem,” he advised ProPublica. “That’s a problem for that youngster, that’s a problem for that household, not having the issues that they agreed to in courtroom to assist them for that youngster.”

When requested about Tennessee being the one state to require that youngster assist funds be updated earlier than voting rights will be restored, Sexton mentioned, “Possibly Tennessee is doing it appropriately and the others are usually not.”

A 2019 report from the Tennessee Advisory Committee to the U.S. Fee on Civil Rights discovered that the necessities for reimbursement have been particularly burdensome to girls, the poor and communities of shade. The report additionally famous that Tennessee has more and more levied courtroom fees “as a method for funding the State’s courts and legal justice system.”

Georgia beforehand required cost of restitution and fines so as to restore voting rights. However in 2020, the workplace of Georgia’s secretary of state clarified that anybody who has accomplished their sentence could vote, even when they owe courtroom prices or different money owed that weren’t incurred as a part of their sentence.

Disenfranchisement doesn’t solely affect the lives of particular person voters — it might have penalties for elections, too. That is notably true for multiracial communities in Tennessee, in accordance with Sekou Franklin, a political science professor at Center Tennessee State College. He pointed to county-level races which have been determined by a number of dozen votes.

“There are actual votes which are misplaced that may form elections,” Franklin mentioned.

Black Tennesseans, even those that weren’t enslaved, have been disenfranchised for hundreds of years. In 1835, the brand new state structure took away the precise to vote from free Black males, who had been in a position to vote underneath the earlier structure. It additionally stipulated that anybody convicted of an “notorious” crime — an inventory that included theft, bigamy and horse stealing — would lose their voting rights, typically completely.

The civil rights legal guidelines of the Sixties opened up voting once more for Tennesseans. However quickly lawmakers started including again in provisions that disenfranchised individuals convicted of felonies. Legislators up to date the statute each few years, including to the checklist of crimes that completely disqualify somebody from voting. The result’s a convoluted checklist of eligibility standards for voting rights restoration that rely upon what an individual was convicted of and when the conviction happened.

The fact of disenfranchisement in Tennessee acquired some nationwide consideration not too long ago across the case of a Memphis girl, Pamela Moses. Three years in the past, she received her probation officer’s signoff to vote once more. The subsequent day, the Tennessee Division of Correction asserted the officer had made an error. Prosecutors then charged Moses with mendacity on an election doc. She was convicted and sentenced to 6 years in jail, however a choose later threw out the conviction.

Tennessee lawmakers from each events have tried, unsuccessfully, to make it simpler for residents to get their vote again.

In 2019, two Republican lawmakers sponsored a invoice that may have routinely restored voting rights to individuals upon completion of their sentence. It was supported by a bipartisan coalition of civil rights advocates, together with the libertarian group Individuals for Prosperity and the Tennessee American Civil Liberties Union. Nevertheless it by no means gained traction amongst legislators.

In 2021, two Democrats sponsored one other invoice that may have granted computerized vote restoration, however that invoice additionally died. The sponsors mentioned that the Republican supermajority in Tennessee’s legislature merely doesn’t have an urge for food to take it on.

“We mentioned we needed to do legal justice reform, however all we’ve achieved is absolutely nibbled across the edges,” state Sen. Brenda Gilmore advised ProPublica, referring to a invoice she co-sponsored with a fellow Democrat.

Daybreak Harrington, the founding father of Free Hearts, a corporation that helps previously incarcerated girls, additionally advocated for the 2021 invoice.

On a visit to New York Metropolis in 2008, Harrington carried a gun that was licensed in Tennessee. As a result of New York doesn’t acknowledge permits from different states, she was convicted of a gun possession cost.

After serving a yearlong sentence on Rikers Island, she returned to Tennessee and got down to have her rights restored. Tennessee requires the incarcerating company to signal the rights restoration type, however Harrington struggled to search out somebody in New York keen to signal it. After 9 years, her rights had been lastly restored in 2020.

“I don’t know if you realize the present ‘The Wiz,’ however I actually eased on down the street,” Harrington mentioned about having her voting rights restored. “I danced. I used to be so glad I cried. I used to be feeling all of the feelings. You by no means understand how a lot one thing means to you till it’s taken away.”

Bianca Fortis is an Abrams Reporting Fellow at ProPublica.