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Democracy, housing and labor: What bills will become Georgia law?

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Democracy, housing and labor: What bills will become Georgia law?


It wasn’t the usual late-night lawmaking frenzy under the Gold Dome for Sine Die on Friday. 

The Georgia legislature passed the state’s annual budget — $38 billion this year —  in the morning and adjourned relatively early on April 5, the last day of the 2025 legislative session. The Senate wrapped up around 9:15 p.m., and the House concluded just over an hour later.

Since the start of the session, Atlanta Civic Circle has been tracking bills related to democracy, housing, and labor. Here’s a look at what will and won’t make it to Gov. Brian Kemp’s desk for his signature into law. The governor can choose to veto any of those bills within 40 days of the session’s April 5 conclusion.  

As a reminder, 2025 marks the first year of a two-year session, so bills that stalled in the House or Senate (without receiving an actual “no” vote) can always be taken up next year. 

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Speech and civil liberties 

Senate Bill 36: Georgia Religious Freedom Restoration Act

This Republican-backed bill restricts state and local governments’ ability to “burden a person’s exercise of religion.” Democrats opposed the measure, because they say it opens the door for a business to discriminate on the basis of religion. A previous attempt to pass the law in 2016 was vetoed by then-Gov. Nathan Deal.

Senate Bill 12: Public records law changes

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This bill adds an extra step to the rules for obtaining public records from a private entity, such as a nonprofit or government contractor, that is subject to the Georgia Open Records Act. The law applies to non-governmental organizations that do work on behalf of or in service of a government agency. 

The key change is that members of the public can no longer make public records requests directly to the private entity. Instead they must direct their requests to a designated “custodian” at a relevant government agency. That intermediary will solicit the records from the private entity. 

Government transparency advocates say that adding the middle-man intermediary will inhibit access to public records from private entities and make it harder to verify compliance with the state’s open records law. 

Senate Bill 74: Criminalizes librarians for distributing “harmful materials” to minors

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Libraries and librarians are currently exempt from criminal penalties in a 2024 state law against distributing materials to minors that the legislature deems harmful. SB 74 would make any knowing violation by librarians a “high and aggravated misdemeanor,” with a $5,000 fine and up to a year in jail. It provides a legal defense for librarians who make good-faith efforts to remove such materials. 

Senate Bill 1: Bans transgender women from female sports teams, restricts bathroom access

The “Fair and Safe Athletic Opportunities Act” bans transgender students (middle school through college) from playing on sports teams that align with their gender orientation. For instance, transgender female students can’t play on female sports teams. It also requires schools to designate teams and athletic-facility bathrooms based on gender. 

Democratic legislators questioned the need for the law, pointing out that there is no recorded instance of any transgender girl or woman participating on female sports teams in Georgia. The bill also defines female gender statewide  as “an individual who has, had, will have, or, but for a developmental  or genetic anomaly or historical accident, would have the reproductive system capable of producing human ovum.” It does the same for male gender, replacing “ovum” with “sperm.” SB 1 took a rocky journey through the legislature. It underwent multiple amendments before finally passing the Senate and then the House. In fact, the House’s modifications were so extensive that SB 1 had to return to the Senate for two final rounds of agree-disagree votes.

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Elections and governance

House Bill 397: Withdraws Georgia from ERIC, plus makes changes to State Election Board and early voting

This House bill originally spelled out how municipalities could opt in or opt out of advance voting on Saturdays. However, lawmakers in the Senate turned it into a franken-bill of MAGA elections law wish-list items. The overhauled elections bill passed the Senate, but with such extensive changes that it had to go back to the House for an agree-disagree vote. That vote didn’t happen before Sine Die. Among the provisions were: 

  • withdrawing Georgia from a multi-state compact, Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC), that shares real-time voter-registration updates.
  • 24/7 video monitoring of ballot drop boxes.
  • Increasing the powers of the controversial State Election Board.

Senate Bill 175: Substitute omnibus election bill, similar to HB 397

This Senate bill was originally written as a ban on using ranked-choice voting for any Georgia election. But once it reached the House, all of that language got stripped out and it turned into a pared-down version of HB 397. It never reached a full House vote. 

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House Bill 147: AI regulation for state and local governments

This bipartisan bill would create Georgia’s first-ever state body to set best practices for how state and local governments use artificial intelligence (AI). It also would set disclosure requirements so the public understands how, when, and why local governments are using AI. Although HB 147 incorporated elements of another AI transparency bill, Senate Bill 37, that fizzled out, the House bill didn’t make it to a floor vote in the Senate.

Housing

House Bill 92: Adds barriers for local governments trying to avoid Georgia’s new homestead-exemption tax cap

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This new law makes it harder for local governments that opted out of the state’s new homestead property-tax exemption to stay opted out. Cities, counties, and school boards that successfully exited before the one-time March 1, 2025 deadline now must continue opting out annually. 

Georgia’s new constitutional amendment permanently caps any increases in the assessed value of someone’s primary residence at the annual inflation rate statewide for property-tax purposes. However, many localities, such as the city of Atlanta, have preemptively opted out, saying they prefer to maintain local control over property taxes and tailor their own homestead exemptions.

House Bill 399: Big landlords must have in-state staff

A bill requiring many out-of-state landlords to employ at least one Georgia staffer to handle tenant complaints is bound for Gov. Brian Kemp’s desk. It’s a minor win for affordable housing advocates, who celebrated the increased landlord accountability, but cautioned that it could lead to retaliation against lower-income tenants who raise concerns about living conditions.   

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HB 399 is the only legislation to regulate institutional investors buying up residential housing across Georgia that passed this year.  Here’s our full story.

House Bill 61: Anti-squatter legislation targeting motel residents

House legislation that would make it easier for hotel managers to evict long-term guests failed to get a Senate vote — but lawmakers are likely to try again with House Bill 61 next year.

Another franken-bill, HB 61 initially authorized the state to issue special license plates for hearses and ambulances.  Republican senators gutted that language in March and implanted provisions from the failed House Bill 183, a measure to bolster innkeepers’ power over the length of guest stays.

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The overhauled HB 61 said that anyone committing the misdemeanor of “unlawful squatting” — living in a house, apartment, hotel, or vehicle without express permission — “shall be subject to removal” by law enforcement within 10 days of being notified via legal affidavit by the property owner, legal occupant, or landlord.



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Former Georgia, Arizona State quarterback Jaden Rashada heading to Sacramento State

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Former Georgia, Arizona State quarterback Jaden Rashada heading to Sacramento State


SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — Former Georgia and Arizona State quarterback Jaden Rashada is heading to Sacramento State.

The well-traveled Rashada announced his latest destination on Instagram Friday.

Rashada did not appear in any games for the Bulldogs after spending his freshman season at Arizona State. He started three games for the Sun Devils, throwing for 485 yards and four touchdowns with three interceptions before suffering a season-ending knee injury.

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Rashada initially agreed to play at Miami coming out of Pittsburg High School in California, but signed a letter of intent to play at Florida. He didn’t play for the Gators and later sued coach Billy Napier and the program’s top booster over a failed name, image and likeness deal worth nearly $14 million.

Rashada has three years of eligibility left.

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Georgia football’s Jalon Walker and Atlanta Falcons find their match in NFL draft first round

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Georgia football’s Jalon Walker and Atlanta Falcons find their match in NFL draft first round


The Atlanta Falcons showed up in force for Jalon Walker’s private workout in Athens one week before they selected the Georgia football edge rusher/linebacker Thursday night with their first-round pick.

Walker was sliding. At least in projections by NFL draft analysts.

He was back home in Salisbury, N.C., when the home state Carolina Panthers—a team he was tied to before the draft—passed on selecting him at No. 8.

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The Falcons, with the No. 15 pick, bucked trends of not selecting Georgia players in early rounds by making Walker their first-ever Georgia first or second-round selection.

Atlanta has taken two Georgia players in the third round: linebacker Akeem Dent in 2011 and defensive back Scott Woerner in 1981.

Walker was asked at Georgia’s Pro Day in March, where he did not work out, what it would be like to go to the Falcons.

“It would be great,” he said. “The relationship I built with them from the combine, the conversations we had, not just only the football side, I would love to stay in contact with those coaches and their staff. They’re great and wonderful people.”

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Georgia defensive coordinator Glenn Schumann, Walker’s position coach at Georgia, was with Walker at his draft party. ESPN’s draft broadcast said there was less than a one percent chance Walker would be available when the Falcons picked at No. 15.

“Jalon Walker, not only the best available, but it fits a need that they have,” NFL Network draft analyst Daniel Jeremiah said on air. “I thought there was a chance he could drift a little bit, and he fell right to the Atlanta Falcons.”

Atlanta defensive coordinator Jeff Ulbrich and assistant general manager Kyle Smith were among the Falcons contingent in attendance on April 17 in Georgia’s indoor practice facility. Williams and defensive end Mykel Williams, who went with the No. 11 overall pick to the 49ers, both worked out that morning for NFL teams.

The 6-foot-1, 243-pound Walker will provide the Falcons with what they always seem to be looking for–the ability to rush the passer. He had 11 1/2 sacks the last two seasons.

“He was disruptive no matter where Kirby Smart decided to line him up,” Jeremiah said. “For a guy who’s only 6-foot-1, he plays so much bigger than that.”

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Rethinking the U.S.-Georgia Relationship

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Rethinking the U.S.-Georgia Relationship


If the U.S. Senate wants to avoid another tragic crisis like Ukraine along Russia’s periphery, it needs to stop encouraging Moscow’s neighbors into unnecessarily confrontational relationships with Russia. Unfortunately, that’s exactly what most members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee took steps towards last month when they advanced the MEGOBARI Act. This legislation is part of an effort to incentivize Georgia to limit its economic relations with Russia and more thoroughly align itself with the transatlantic approach to the war in Ukraine, regardless of the potential repercussions to Georgia’s economy and security. If enacted, the actual effect will be to push Georgia into deeper relationships with non-Western partners while seriously contradicting the Trump administration’s efforts to reevaluate American commitments across Europe and reestablish working relations with Russia to bring peace to Ukraine through a negotiated long-term settlement. 

At the end of March 2025, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee passed the “Mobilizing and Enhancing Georgia’s Options for Building Accountability, Resilience, and Independence Act”. According to the bill’s cosponsors, Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) and Jim Risch (R-ID), the legislation would support “the people of Georgia as their government continues its violent assaults on peaceful protestors and reaffirms U.S. support for Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic integration.” Chairman Risch specified that the “U.S. supports the Georgian people as they struggle for the right to self-determination” and that this bill “will give the U.S. tools to help Georgians restore fairness to their political system.” 

The “MEGOBARI” Act, as the bill is commonly known and which translates to “friend” in the Georgian language, was first introduced in the last session of Congress by the former chairman of the Helsinki Commission, Rep. Joe Wilson (R-SC). Another, much more severe, piece of legislation also under discussion is the Georgian Nightmare Non-Recognition Act, which would effectively prohibit U.S. officials from recognizing the current Georgian government while simultaneously declaring that former president Salome Zourabichvili is the only legitimate leader of the country following contested election last October.

MEGOBARI includes a dozen statements of policy that almost all focus on the U.S. supporting Georgia’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, civil society, democratic values, and its constitutionally-mandated intention to pursue EU and NATO integration. Nevertheless, if Tbilisi were “to combat Russian aggression” and enact its own and enforce Western sanctions on Russia, the legislation calls on the U.S. to review and, “as appropriate,” expand its security and defense assistance to Georgia. It does not, however, promise actually to defend Georgia if the policies being advocated lead to a new war with Russia—any more than the US defended Georgia during the war of 2008. It is wickedly irresponsible to try to force another country into profoundly dangerous actions when you have no intention of saving them from the consequences.

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The act also calls for U.S. government investigation into any Georgian officials that have been involved in “blocking Euro-Atlantic integration” or who have undermined “peace, security, stability, sovereignty or territorial integrity” of Georgia and to apply property and visa sanctions upon those deemed in violation. 

As the Quincy Institute laid out in a recent policy brief, as a result of the Ukraine War and Russia’s continued support for Georgia’s two separatist territories, Tbilisi is facing an extremely precarious security environment. To be sure, the ruling Georgian Dream party has at the same time—sometimes ruthlessly—advanced its own domestic political agenda, including by enacting legislation to target external funding of civil society organizations (CSOs) and media as well as threatening to ban political parties and politicians associated with the former president Mikheil Saakashvili. The State Department has criticized these measures. 

Nevertheless, if legislation such as MEGOBARI is passed into law, it will have profoundly negative effects on American (and likely European) relations with Georgia and their ability to encourage the very developments such bills and their backers seek to engender in the country. 

Whether the U.S. likes it or not, Georgia’s economy is strongly linked to and dependent on trade with Russia. In 2024 total trade turnover between Russia and Georgia amounted to around $2.5 billion, or 11 percent, of Georgia’s total trade volume, behind only Turkey. While Georgia’s total trade figures with the U.S. were around $1.9 billion last year, Russia’s intake of total Georgian exports is over four times larger than that of the U.S. and is critical for key sectors such as wine and agricultural products. 

Remittances from Russia have also long been an important factor, as many thousands of Georgians journey to Russia for better work opportunities. While the total share from Russia is decreasing, some $540 million in remittances were sent from the country in 2024 out of a total of $3.4 billion, down from $1.5 billion the preceding year. Following Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine, significant numbers of Russians seeking refuge fled into Georgia, motivated by Tbilisi’s offers of visa-free travel and work privileges for up to one year for Russian citizens. Since 2022, these “relocants” have registered some 30,000 businesses and contributed to the Georgian economy (though their relative wealth when compared to their Georgian peers has intensified local inequalities). 

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From a security perspective, the Georgian government has been in an uncertain position vis-a-vis Russia since at least 2008, when Saakashvili’s government undertook actions in the breakaway region of South Ossetia that contributed to a direct conflict between the Russian and Georgian armed forces. Following this, Moscow recognized the independence of both South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the other breakaway republic, and Tbilisi severed diplomatic ties. Since then, Russia has increased its military footprint in the 20 percent of Georgian territory that these two de facto states exercise control over.

Like Ukraine, Georgia was also offered a pathway to future NATO membership earlier that year at the alliance’s Bucharest Summit. But, just as in Ukraine, Georgia’s NATO partners did not enter the fray when the Russian army was mere miles outside Tbilisi. The U.S. and Europe must recognize the immense recklessness and irresponsibility of encouraging countries on Russia’s borders to effectively challenge Russia when the West has zero intention of actually defending them from the potential consequences.

Since coming to power in 2012, the Georgian Dream party has explicitly sought to engage in “firm and principled” dialogue with the Russian government, believing, rightly, that there is no realistic military solution to its ethno-political conflicts and Moscow’s utilization of that discord for its own ends.

While still backing Kiev in international organizations and supporting Ukraine on a humanitarian level, the Georgian government has pursued an exceedingly cautious foreign and security policy since the outbreak of full-scale war in Ukraine.

Simultaneously, the Georgian Dream government has pursued domestic policies that seek to limit foreign financing of CSOs, media outlets, and political parties while stigmatizing those that accept such funding. While it is common in the U.S. and Europe for these policies to be used as justification for labelling the Georgian Dream’s rule as akin to “Russian-style tyranny” or even asserting that it is a “Russian puppet,” the reality is more nuanced. While the Georgian government may certainly be seeking to centralize power and reduce political competition, many in Washington would be hard pressed to morally justify why legislation such as MEGOBARI are necessary for Georgia when its neighbor, Azerbaijan, pursues much more dictatorial policies at home and a “multi-vector” foreign policy abroad and is by and large accepted, if not embraced.

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If put into law, MEGOBARI would likely further alienate the Georgian government from the U.S. and limit America’s ability to seriously influence local developments at a time when Washington is beginning to pursue a new policy toward Russia and its post-Soviet neighbors. Part of the risk of such legislation is that by effectively choosing sides in internal Georgian political processes and encouraging sanctions on individuals with broad justifications, the U.S. will inadvertently incentivize the Georgian Dream to pursue deeper relations with other, non-Western partners. 

If Washington is truly fearful of Tbilisi drifting into the grasps of Moscow, Beijing, or Tehran, then it should pursue a policy of strategic empathetic engagement and linkage with the Georgian government. Doing so will not guarantee a subservient foreign policy from Tbilisi nor will it ensure that they dramatically reduce their relations with those other capitals. What it will do, however, is offer the U.S. the ability to sensibly influence decisions made in Georgia by engaging in diplomatic bargaining.

It is clear that under the Georgian Dream government Tbilisi is set on pursuing a foreign policy of diversification and hedging—what is widely called among former Soviet countries “multi-vectorism.” In an increasingly insecure world, not to mention region, such a policy makes eminently good sense from a Georgian perspective. Rather than seeking to reverse this trend, the U.S. may be able to achieve strategic benefits and, importantly, positively affect the human rights environment and state of democracy in Georgia by pursuing a more practical policy towards that country. 

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