Alabama
Alabama to introduce first new method of execution since 1982
MONTGOMERY, Ala. — Alabama is preparing to use a new method of execution: nitrogen gas.
Kenneth Eugene Smith, who survived the state’s previous attempt to put him to death by lethal injection in 2022, is scheduled to be put to death Thursday by nitrogen hypoxia. If carried out, it would be the first new method of execution since lethal injection was introduced in 1982.
The state maintains that nitrogen gas will cause unconsciousness quickly but critics have likened the never-used method of execution to human experimentation.
What is nitrogen hypoxia?
Nitrogen hypoxia execution would cause death by forcing the inmate to breathe pure nitrogen, depriving him or her of the oxygen needed to maintain bodily functions.
Has it ever been used?
No state has used nitrogen hypoxia to carry out a death sentence. In 2018, Alabama became the third state — along with Oklahoma and Mississippi — to authorize the use of nitrogen gas to execute prisoners.
Some states are looking for new ways to execute inmates because the drugs used in lethal injections, the most common execution method in the United States, are increasingly difficult to find.
How is it supposed to work?
Nitrogen, a colorless, odorless gas, makes up 78% of the air inhaled by humans and is harmless when breathed with proper levels of oxygen.
The theory behind nitrogen hypoxia is that changing the composition of the air to 100% nitrogen will cause Smith to lose consciousness and then die from lack of oxygen.
Much of what is recorded in medical journals about death from nitrogen exposure comes from industrial accidents — where nitrogen leaks or mix-ups have killed workers — and suicide attempts.
What does the state plan to do?
After Smith is strapped to the gurney in the execution chamber, the state said in a court filing that it will place a “NIOSH-approved Type-C full facepiece supplied air respirator” — a type of mask typically used in industrial settings to deliver life-preserving oxygen — over Smith’s face.
The warden will then read the death warrant and ask Smith if he has any last words before activating “the nitrogen hypoxia system” from another room. The nitrogen gas will be administered for at least 15 minutes or “five minutes following a flatline indication on the EKG, whichever is longer,” according to the state protocol.
The state heavily redacted sections of the protocol related to the storage and testing of the gas system.
The Alabama attorney general’s office told a federal judge that the nitrogen gas will “cause unconsciousness within seconds, and cause death within minutes.”
What are the criticisms?
Smith’s attorneys say the state is seeking to make him the “test subject” for a novel execution method.
They have argued that the mask the state plans to use is not air tight and oxygen seeping in could subject him to a prolonged execution, possibly leaving him in a vegetative state instead of killing him. A doctor testified on behalf of Smith that the low-oxygen environment could cause nausea, leaving Smith to choke to death on his own vomit.
Experts appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council earlier this month cautioned that, in their view, the execution method would violate the prohibition on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment.
The American Veterinary Medical Association wrote in 2020 euthanasia guidelines that nitrogen hypoxia can be an acceptable method of euthanasia under certain conditions for pigs but not for other mammals because it creates an “anoxic environment that is distressing for some species.”
Is this the same as the gas chamber?
Not exactly. Some states previously used hydrogen cyanide gas, a lethal gas, for executions. The last prisoner to be executed in a U.S. gas chamber was Walter LaGrand, the second of two German brothers sentenced to death for killing a bank manager in 1982 in southern Arizona. It took LaGrand 18 minutes to die in 1999.
Who is the inmate?
Smith was one of two men convicted of the 1988 murder-for-hire of a preacher’s wife. Prosecutors said Smith and the other man were each paid $1,000 to kill Elizabeth Sennett on behalf of her husband, who was deeply in debt and wanted to collect insurance money.
Alabama attempted to execute Smith in 2022 by lethal injection. He was strapped to the gurney in the execution chamber being prepared for lethal injection, but the state called off the lethal injection when execution team members had difficulty connecting the second of two required intravenous lines to Smith’s veins. Smith was strapped to the gurney for nearly four hours, according to his lawyers, as he waited to see if the execution would go forward.
Are there legal challenges?
The question of whether the execution can proceed will end up before the U.S. Supreme Court.
The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals heard arguments Friday in Smith’s request to block the execution. After the court rules, either side could appeal.
Smith has argued that the state’s proposed procedures violate the ban on cruel and unusual punishment. He has also argued that Alabama violated his due process rights by scheduling the execution when he has pending appeals and that the face mask will interfere with his ability to pray.
In a separate case, Smith is arguing it would violate the constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment for the state to make a second attempt to execute him after he already survived one execution attempt. Lawyers for Smith on Friday asked the U.S. Supreme Court to stay the execution to consider that question.
What is potentially at stake?
Lethal injection is the most commonly used execution method in the United States, but death penalty states have struggled at times to obtain the needed drugs or encountered other problems in connecting intravenous lines.
If the Alabama execution goes forward, other states may seek to start to using nitrogen gas.
If the execution is blocked by the court or botched, it could halt or slow the pursuit of nitrogen gas as an alternative execution method.
Alabama
EPA denies Alabama's coal ash disposal plan, prompting major environmental shift
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has rejected Alabama’s plan for managing coal ash, citing inadequate protections for water and communities, potentially forcing utilities to remove ash from unlined ponds.
Lee Hedgepeth reports for Inside Climate News.
In short:
- The EPA found Alabama’s coal ash permit program less protective than federal standards, particularly regarding groundwater contamination.
- If finalized, the decision would require utilities to excavate millions of tons of wet coal ash from unlined ponds.
- This action aligns with the Biden administration’s commitment to environmental justice, especially for vulnerable communities.
Key quote:
“Exposure to coal ash can lead to serious health concerns like cancer if the ash isn’t managed appropriately. Low-income and underserved communities are especially vulnerable to coal ash in waterways, groundwater, drinking water, and in the air.”
— Michael S. Regan, EPA Administrator
Why this matters:
Coal ash contains toxic substances like mercury and arsenic that can contaminate water sources, posing significant health risks. The EPA’s decision signals a potential upheaval for utility companies, who may now be compelled to excavate coal ash from unlined ponds—an expensive and logistically complex task.
Alabama
Weaver, Alabama, veteran walking across U.S. to raise awareness about mental illness – Alabama News Center
Alabama
How a mysterious sighting put an Alabama town of one thousand on the map – Yellowhammer News
“I won’t be able to be there. My family and I are going to the festival back home,” he said plainly.
She paused then began, “I thought you said that you grew up in a town with one red light and less than 1,000 people.”
“I did. But this festival is a tradition for us. We make a plan to go each year,” he looked at her with a mild sense of confusion.
“I’ve probably heard of it. Which festival is it again?” she came back, confident that she would recognize the name.
“UFO Days.”
She paused with the instant understanding that she had never heard of the festival. She held back a slight giggle at the absurdity of the name. Little did she know the story behind the annual celebration was even more bizarre.
The small town of Fyffe sits atop Sand Mountain at the start of the Appalachian Mountains in North Alabama near Fort Payne. While the town itself may be unassuming, it holds a history that is far from it. While many in the state are familiar with the town’s relatively recent history, others are completely unaware that the small town of Fyffe once garnered global attention. Luckily, Landmarks of DeKalb County has compiled information about the unbelievable event.
It was the early afternoon of February 11th, 1989 when the first call came in to the Fyffe Police Department. Reports of a mysterious object started flooding the phone lines.
When asked to give specifics as to what they were seeing, one eyewitness gave the following information, “bright lights at the top and bottom and a real bright light at the center. The curvature was outlined in green.”
Over the course of the afternoon and well into the next day, the Fyffe Police Department fielded calls from concerned locals. After compiling nearly 50 reports, the department was able to determine that the object seen by eyewitnesses was hovering at an angle in the sky from 1 o’clock in the afternoon to 7 o’clock in the evening.
One of the first of these calls prompted Fyffe Police Chief Junior Garmany and Assistant Police Chief Fred Works to check on the matter. They quickly discovered that something was in the sky overhead and they set out to chase the object. “At that time me and Fred were on County Road 43,” shared Chief Garmany. The pair parked and left their vehicle and suddenly noticed the object heading toward them.
“The object came on over and got straight overhead. It was big, wide, and appeared to be a wide triangular shape. We kept waiting to hear the sound. We kept looking at each other and saying ‘Where’s the sound?’ We never heard anything,” shared Assistant Chief Works. “What I saw the first time was like nothing I ever saw before. It was not a helicopter, it was not a plane. Not a sound,” recounted Garmany.
The history-making Fyffe incident was covered by more than 100 news organizations around the world with many coming to town to find out more about the mysterious phenomenon that had occurred. It is this event that the city commemorates each year at the Fyffe UFO Days Festival which brings the community together through food, games, live entertainment, and hot air balloon rides.
Courtesy of SoulGrown Alabama.
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