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Lasers, Waffle Fries and the Secrets in Pterosaurs’ Tails

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Lasers, Waffle Fries and the Secrets in Pterosaurs’ Tails

Above the shores of prehistoric seas and lakes, pterosaurs roamed the skies. They were feathered creatures that ranged in size from pigeons to planes, and the first vertebrates known to have been able to fly. And for millions of years, they had long tails ending in a prominent flap of skin called a vane.

Paleontologists have long wondered about this strange appendage and its purpose. A team of scientists using a laser scanning technology have found new structures in four pterosaur fossils that helped keep the vane stiff, suggesting it aided maneuvering in flight.

The study, published in December in the journal eLife, shows that “even fossils that we knew and studied in detail for hundreds of years might have new things to show if you develop new technology to see them,” said Natalia Jagielska, a paleontologist at the Lyme Regis Museum in England and the paper’s lead author.

Dr. Jagielska, also a professional artist, became involved in the research after Michael Pittman, a paleontologist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, approached her about illustrating a children’s book. They teamed up to examine pterosaur fossils in collections in England and Scotland.

After surveying over 100 pterosaur specimens, scientists picked four from the species Rhamphorhynchus, which often had diamond-shaped, kitelike tail vanes, for follow-up with laser-stimulated fluorescence. Dr. Pittman and Thomas G. Kaye, director of the Foundation for Scientific Advancement and an author of the study, have promoted the technique for exploring dinosaur-era remains and for archaeological investigations.

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The laser method makes use of how some minerals glow when electrons absorb and then re-emit light. As a laser passes over the fossils, long-exposure digital photography captures hidden features that stand out

Pictures from the first pterosaur specimen they scanned showed a lattice structure in the tail vane. For Dr. Pittman, this was “a ta-da moment.”

“It looks like the kind of crisscross on a waffle fry,” he said. “But that structure in engineering is a reinforcing structure.”

The “struts” of this lattice could have been beneficial to flight, Dr. Jagielska said. They would “tense up when you have a gust of air, similar to a sail in a ship, and that probably reduces the flutter” and might have helped the pterosaur in “making turns,” she said.

Scientists say the primary function for the vane still could have been social display, like a peacock’s tail feathers are a signal to attract mates. In that vein, the vane most likely had prominent colors and patterns that are not preserved in the fossil record, Dr. Pittman said.

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Even so, like a modern billboard, the “display surface” needed support structures, which this study reveals in pterosaurs for the first time, Dr. Pittman said. Had the vane fluttered unfettered, it would have been “extremely costly and simultaneously useless as a visual signal,” said Michael Habib, a pterosaur flight expert at the University of California, Los Angeles, and an author of the study.

The result is a significant advancement in the study of pterosaurs, said Andrea Cau, a paleontologist in Italy who was not involved in the study. He noted that one of the pterosaur fossils had not shown any soft-tissue details using other techniques but that the laser fluorescence had brought them out.

“Given the rarity of soft-tissue remains in paleontology, even just a single new fossil makes the difference,” he said.

Future studies of pterosaur tails may illuminate “just how good was this structure as a rudder or as a stabilizer,” said Scott Persons, a paleontologist at the College of Charleston in South Carolina who was not involved in this study. Given that different pterosaurs had differently sized vanes, more research may also show whether that variation had to do more with optimizing flight or “fashion.”

Dr. Jagielska would like to explore why the long tails with vanes disappeared in pterosaurs by the start of the Cretaceous period, about 146 million years ago. Further laser scanning may also bring out other characteristics important to pterosaur flight. A better understanding of their anatomy could even inspire airborne vehicles someday.

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“If they were so efficient that they could live for hundreds of millions of years, they probably are doing something right,” Dr. Jagielska said.

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Warning of cuts to medical services, L.A. health officials ask state for emergency funds

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Warning of cuts to medical services, L.A. health officials ask state for emergency funds

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services has joined a chorus of California hospitals and health systems lobbying the state for a $500-million emergency payment to public hospitals bracing for massive financial losses.

The California Assn. of Public Hospitals and Health Systems is requesting a one-time general fund payment in the 2026-27 budget to help cover inpatient care for fee-for-service Medi-Cal patients at the state’s 17 public hospitals.

While the exact percentage of the $500 million allocated to each hospital will depend on inpatient claims, the county expects that roughly 25%, or $125 million, will end up at Los Angeles County hospitals, said Dr. Christina Ghaly, director of LA Health Services.

“That’s the money that is really necessary to serve as a stopgap and continue that lifeline that the public hospitals desperately need, particularly with the state’s proposed shift of undocumented individuals from managed care into fee-for-service,” Ghaly said.

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Ghaly praised county voters for passing Measure ER, which will provide an estimated $220 million annually for the next five years to the county health system through a new half-cent sales tax, Ghaly said.

But it’s not enough to stanch what the county estimates will be a $700-million annual loss by the 2028-29 fiscal year.

LA Health Services is the largest public health system in the state and second-largest in the nation. It serves as a safety net for the county’s 10 million residents, providing healthcare regardless of an individual’s ability to pay.

More than 80% of the system’s patients rely on Medi-Cal, Los Angeles General Medical Center Chief Executive Jorge Orozco told a state Senate committee in March.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which President Trump signed into law last summer, alters Medicaid eligibility requirements and includes about $1 trillion in federal Medicaid reductions over 10 years, according to the Legislative Analyst’s Office. As a result, California is expected to lose tens of billions in total funding for Medi-Cal, the state’s Medicaid program.

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About 660,000 people in Los Angeles County are expected to lose Medi-Cal coverage, “but they will not stop needing healthcare,” Orozco said in March. “They will still come to our emergency rooms for everything from routine illness to life threatening conditions. And safety net hospital systems like ours will be forced to absorb those costs.”

County health officials have enacted hiring freezes, consolidated services, reduced overtime and taken other cost-cutting measures in anticipation of the losses, resulting in about $230 million in savings.

“But we need to be clear: we cannot cut our way out of a funding loss of this magnitude,” the department said in a statement released this week. “Without help from the State, we will be forced to consider options no one wants, reduced patient services, staff layoffs, and potential facility closures.”

The county has not yet identified specific services for closure, Ghaly said.

“Our focus is entirely on preventing the harm that would come before we have to make those tough choices,” she added.

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A memo on the department’s fiscal outlook prepared for the Board of Supervisors sounded the alarm in April.

“For the patients we serve, losing Medi-Cal doesn’t mean they stop getting sick — it means losing access to care. Health Services will still be here, but with over 600,000 more uninsured patients in LA County alone, the strain will be felt across our health system and across every emergency room in Los Angeles County,” the memo read.

“Without substantial new revenue sources, Health Services will have no alternative but to consider planning for service curtailments — including possible facility closures and staff layoffs — beginning in early 2027.”

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Video: Southern Lights Seen From International Space Station

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Video: Southern Lights Seen From International Space Station

new video loaded: Southern Lights Seen From International Space Station

The southern lights, also known as the aurora australis, were captured by the NASA astronaut Jessica Meir from the International Space Station on Saturday.

By Cynthia Silva

June 10, 2026

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UC Davis favored less qualified Black, Latino med school applicants, Justice Department claims

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UC Davis favored less qualified Black, Latino med school applicants, Justice Department claims

The U.S. Justice Department has accused the UC Davis School of Medicine of choosing race “over merit, skill, and competence” in its admissions process, favoring Black and Latino students even when they weren’t as qualified as white and Asian applicants.

The department said its findings, announced Wednesday afternoon, were based on a six-month investigation by its Civil Rights Division. The Justice Department said it found that the Northern California university violated the Supreme Court’s 2023 ruling against race-based determinations in admissions. The findings have been contested by the school.

“Davis Med’s actions reflect both unabashed contempt for the rule of law and plain disregard for the potential public health consequences of putting race over merit, skill, and competence,” Assistant Atty. Gen. Harmeet K. Dhillon of the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division said in a statement.

“The Department will not allow schools to violate federal law without consequence.”

A spokesperson said the university was “disappointed” with the report and its findings.

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“UC Davis School of Medicine strongly disagrees with any characterization of its admissions practices as discriminatory or inconsistent with applicable law,” a school statement read. “The report’s findings do not accurately reflect the school’s rigorous, individualized, and merit-based admissions process and our firm commitment to complying with applicable federal and state antidiscrimination laws.”

The department outlined its case in a 12-page letter to an attorney representing UC Davis, claiming the university violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, as interpreted by the Supreme Court’s 2023 Students for Fair Admissions vs. Harvard.

Title VI prohibits institutions receiving federal funding from discriminating based on race, while the 2023 decision banned affirmative action in higher-education admissions.

The Justice Department said its investigation found the medical school “adopted admissions practices with the express purpose of circumventing” the 2023 ruling.

That method was the “Davis Scale,” the department said. The letter called the scale a “continuous measure of socioeconomic disadvantage” that includes parental income and education, growing up in a medically underserved area and other socioeconomic variables.

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The Justice Department included UC Davis literature that said the scale had allowed the school to triple the enrollment of Black and Latino students.

In 2024, Davis’ medical school became the third most racially diverse medical school in the country, the Justice Department claimed.

Conversely, the department said its review of medical school admissions data from 2023 to 2025 found that 93% of white and certain Asian applicants had MCAT scores at or above those of the average Black student.

It also showed that Black and Hispanic applicants were admitted at rates up to six times higher than whites and Asians, despite consistently having, on average, lower academic qualifications, according to the department.

The Justice Department said it is attempting to enter into a voluntary agreement with UC Davis to bring the medical school into compliance. The department would eventually sue the medical school if such a resolution is not found.

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UC Davis did not indicate whether it would comply with the Justice Department.

“UC Davis is fully committed to meeting the critical healthcare needs of California, particularly those in underserved and under-resourced areas,” the school said in a statement.

The finding mirrors similar investigations into medical schools at UCLA and UC San Diego.

The Justice Department said last month that UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine intentionally used race for the last three years to discriminate against white and Asian applicants during admissions.

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