The crimes and death of Jeffrey Epstein, the financier and convicted sex offender who died in prison in 2019 while awaiting trial on sex-trafficking charges, have long fed conspiracy theories among some of President Trump’s most ardent supporters.
Their interest has reached a crescendo over the past week, after the Trump administration abruptly reversed course on its pledge to disclose previously unknown details about the investigation into Mr. Epstein. In an unsigned memo, the Justice Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation said their investigation turned up no evidence that Mr. Epstein kept a “client list” or blackmailed notable people, and confirmed that Mr. Epstein died by suicide.
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Nearly all of the influential right-wing figures speaking out about the case seem to agree that more information needs to be released. Their demands are often accompanied by blame for mishandling the case, aimed at a wide array of figures they deem responsible.
Here is a breakdown of where the president and more than 30of his most prominent supporters have fallen on the issue, as of Wednesday afternoon.
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Viewpoint: The Justice Department’s investigation was complete, and no further action is necessary.
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Attorney General Pam Bondi
Deputy F.B.I. Director Dan Bongino
F.B.I. Director Kash Patel
President Trump
This is the official stance of the Justice Department itself — as well as the F.B.I., which falls under its purview — as indicated in the memo released last week. The memo was unsigned, but those who have been expected to answer for it have included Attorney General Pam Bondi, F.B.I. Director Kash Patel and his deputy director, Dan Bongino.
Last year, before Mr. Trump was re-elected, Mr. Bongino had cast doubt over the case, saying, “I don’t trust any story they tell me about Jeffrey Epstein. There is a reason this client list is hidden.” The Epstein case also gave rise to an angry confrontation between Ms. Bondi and Mr. Bongino, according to officials close to the situation.
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Mr. Trump himself has also attempted to turn down the volume on the topic, defending Ms. Bondi in a post on Truth Social that encouraged readers to “not waste Time and Energy on Jeffrey Epstein, somebody that nobody cares about.” Many of the thousands of replies to Mr. Trump’s Truth Social post overwhelmingly disagreed with him — a rarity on the president’s own platform.
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What’s going on with my “boys” and, in some cases, “gals?” They’re all going after Attorney General Pam Bondi, who is doing a FANTASTIC JOB! We’re on one Team, MAGA, and I don’t like what’s happening. We have a PERFECT Administration, THE TALK OF THE WORLD, and “selfish people” are trying to hurt it, all over a guy who never dies, Jeffrey Epstein. For years, it’s Epstein, over and over again. Why are we giving publicity to Files written by Obama, Crooked Hillary, Comey, Brennan, and the Losers and Criminals of the Biden Administration, who conned the World with the Russia, Russia, Russia Hoax, 51 “Intelligence” Agents, “THE LAPTOP FROM HELL,” and more? They created the Epstein Files, just like they created the FAKE Hillary Clinton/Christopher Steele Dossier that they used on me, and now my so-called “friends” are playing right into their hands. Why didn’t these Radical Left Lunatics release the Epstein Files? If there was ANYTHING in there that could have hurt the MAGA Movement, why didn’t they use it? They haven’t even given up on the John F. Kennedy or Martin Luther King, Jr. Files. No matter how much success we have had, securing the Border, deporting Criminals, fixing the Economy, Energy Dominance, a Safer World where Iran will not have Nuclear Weapons, it’s never enough for some people. We are about to achieve more in 6 months than any other Administration has achieved in over 100 years, and we have so much more to do. We are saving our Country and, MAKING AMERICA GREAT AGAIN, which will continue to be our complete PRIORITY. The Left is imploding! Kash Patel, and the FBI, must be focused on investigating Voter Fraud, Political Corruption, ActBlue, The Rigged and Stolen Election of 2020, and arresting Thugs and Criminals, instead of spending month after month looking at nothing but the same old, Radical Left inspired Documents on Jeffrey Epstein. LET PAM BONDI DO HER JOB — SHE’S GREAT! The 2020 Election was Rigged and Stolen, and they tried to do the same thing in 2024 — That’s what she is looking into as AG, and much more. One year ago our Country was DEAD, now it’s the “HOTTEST” Country anywhere in the World. Let’s keep it that way, and not waste Time and Energy on Jeffrey Epstein, somebody that nobody cares about. Thank you for your attention to this matter!
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Despite the overall reaction to Mr. Trump’s post, at least one of his influential supporters seemed satisfied with the official narrative. Dinesh D’Souza, a right-wing commentator who directed a film that spread conspiracy theories about the 2020 election, agreed with Mr. Trump that it was “time to focus on more pressing matters.”
On Tuesday, Mr. Trump reiterated that he did not understand the fascination with Mr. Epstein, but also said Ms. Bondi should release “whatever she thinks is credible” on the case. On Wednesday, he went even further and said he no longer wanted the support of those who believed what he called the “Jeffrey Epstein Hoax.”
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Viewpoint: The Trump administration is responsible for a perceived lack of transparency about the Epstein case.
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Representative Mark Alford
Glenn Beck
Representative Tim Burchett
Representative Eric Burlison
Representative Kat Cammack
Tucker Carlson
Mike Cernovich
Representative Eli Crane
Dinesh D’Souza
Michael Flynn
Representative Marjorie Taylor
Benny Johnson
Speaker Mike Johnson
Alex Jones
Senator John Kennedy
Charlie Kirk
Laura Loomer
Representative Anna Paulina Luna
Representative Nancy Mace
Rogan O’Handley (DC Draino)
Jack Posobiec
Chad Prather
Representative Keith Self
Matt Walsh
Liz Wheeler
The initial backlash among many of the MAGA faithful, including Republican elected officials and right-wing media figures and other influencers, focused primarily on Ms. Bondi, who had already lost credibility with the base after previously hyping a release of documents related to the Epstein case that ultimately revealed little new information.
Mr. Trump himself mostly dodged their opprobrium. (Last month, though, some renewed interest in the Epstein case came after Elon Musk’s messy falling-out with the president culminated in Mr. Musk accusing Mr. Trump, in a now-deleted post on X, of being named in the F.B.I.’s files.)
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In the days since, many of Mr. Trump’s supporters have remained quick to criticize the administration’s stance that there’s nothing left to uncover regarding the Epstein case while stopping short of calling out or blaming the president himself.
Laura Loomer, a far-right influencer, has long called on Ms. Bondi to resign while absolving Mr. Trump of any responsibility.
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Metadata Shows the FBI’s ‘Raw’ Jeffrey Epstein Prison Video Was Likely Modified
More of a reason for Blondi to resign.
She should just be FIRED.
Trump can like her, but surely he knows she’s bringing him chaos.
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She is harming his spectacular image.
Charlie Kirk, Jack Posobiec and Benny Johnson, who host popular MAGA podcasts, have all pushed back aggressively on the official narrative, urging more transparency and casting doubt on the Justice Department memo’s contention that there is nothing left to release. Complicating matters, Mr. Kirk also caused a mini-uproar when he told listeners on Monday that he was done talking about the Epstein case and would “trust his friends in the administration.” He later said that his words had been misinterpreted and taken out of context and he has continued to discuss the matter.
Meanwhile, Mr. Johnson said on X that he, Mr. Kirk and other “powerful MAGA voices” should be credited with moving the administration to change its approach.
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Just got off the phone with top federal law enforcement contact. The change in approach to Epstein has been dramatic. Expect more disclosures. Some very powerful people inside Admin are now pushing for a Special Counsel and a full press briefing on Epstein findings.
Important to note, this drastic change happened after @charliekirk11 and a number of other powerful MAGA Voices pushed back on the handling of the Epstein case this weekend at the Turning Point conference. They were met with massive roars and applause from the 7000 gathered that could not be ignored.
In short: Our voices are being heard, power to the people 🇺🇸👊🏼
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Numerous Republican members of Congress have blamed or called for more transparency from Ms. Bondi or other members of the Trump administration, including Senator John Kennedy of Louisiana, Speaker Mike Johnson of Louisiana, and Representatives Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia, Anna Paulina Luna of Florida, Mark Alford of Missouri, Keith Self of Texas, Eric Burlison of Missouri, Kat Cammack of Florida, Eli Crane of Arizona, Nancy Mace of South Carolina and Tim Burchett of Tennessee. Others in this group include conservative influencers like Rogan O’Handley, Matt Walsh, Glenn Beck, Liz Wheeler, Alex Jones, Chad Prather, Mike Cernovich, Tucker Carlson and Michael T. Flynn.
Viewpoint: Mr. Trump himself bears some share of the responsibility.
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Roseanne Barr
Tucker Carlson
Glenn Beck
Mike Cernovich
Michael Flynn
David Freiheit (Viva Frei)
Alex Jones
Elon Musk
Chad Prather
Wayne Allyn Root
Most of Mr. Trump’s biggest supporters are loath to raise questions about his actions, so it is notable that a number of them have called Mr. Trump out directly when it comes to the Epstein case.
Mostly, they have done so delicately and with respectful language, treating their concerns as appeals to the president rather than criticisms of him. For instance, Wayne Allyn Root, a conservative TV and radio host, posted an entreaty to “just release” the files, preceded by hyperbolic praise.
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Trump did something GREAT yesterday…but he still has to deal with Epstein. It’s clear Epstein is not going away. Best 6 months for any president in history. Everything he’s doing is fantastic. Why risk it all on this stupid file? Just release it.
Similarly, Michael T. Flynn, who served as national security adviser for a spell in Mr. Trump’s first administration and remains close to him, urged the president in a post on X to “get ahead of” the public interest in the case, but also assured him that “we want to support every bit of your fight to save America.”
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@realDonaldTrump this is why I said the EPSTEIN AFFAIR is not going away anytime soon. Get ahead of this. We want to support every bit of your fight to save America, none more than me.
CHILDREN WILL NOT BE ABUSED BY ANYONE.
No category nor any class of people should ever get away with abusing CHILDREN.
Enough is enough.
ACCOUNTABILITY is coming either here on earth or at the Gates of Hell, which is where I will be waiting for those who abuse a child.
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For @LeaderJohnThune @SpeakerJohnson Get your troops in line immediately!!!
Others were less measured. Alex Jones, the conspiracy theorist and radio host, asked on X, “Why is 47 making the worst moves of his tenure in the last 9 years?” (Mr. Jones has also questioned the administration’s actions and blamed outside forces.) The actress Roseanne Barr, one of Mr. Trump’s most loyal supporters, told the president to “read the damn room.”
Those who have called out Mr. Trump personally also included Elon MuskandDavid Freiheit, an influencer who goes by the handle Viva Frei, as well as Glenn Beck and the right-wing commentators Mike Cernovich and Chad Prather, who also called for greater transparency from the Justice Department.
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Viewpoint: Forces outside the administration are responsible for gaps in public understanding of the Epstein case.
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Steve Bannon
Roseanne Barr
Representative Tim Burchett
Dinesh D’Souza
Tucker Carlson
Representative. Marjorie Taylor Greene
Alex Jones
Jack Posobiec
Roger Stone
President Donald J. Trump
Some of Mr. Trump’s supporters have looked further afield for explanation, opining that Mr. Trump and his administration are not (or are not solely) responsible for the unmet public interest in Mr. Epstein’s case. In many instances, these statements began to look like new conspiracy-theory threads.
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Roger Stone, a longtime adviser to Mr. Trump, said without evidence on Sunday that the Justice Department under the Biden administration had destroyed evidence relating to the case.
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When Kash Patel, our FBI Director, tells us there are no Epstein records — even though we saw with our own eyes that DVDs and hard drives were seized from Epstein’s properties — he’s telling us the truth.
I believe that evidence was destroyed by Christopher Wray and Biden’s DOJ.
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Some influential figures blamed both Mr. Trump or his administration and others outside it. Tucker Carlson, for instance, has been critical of Ms. Bondi’s handling of the case and has pushed back against Mr. Trump’s efforts to tamp down on questions. At a public appearance over the weekend, he also strongly implied Mr. Epstein was engaged in spycraft on behalf of the Israeli government. (Naftali Bennett, the former Israeli prime minister, called Mr. Carlson’s claim “categorically and totally false.”)
Mr. Trump himself has also been pushing unfounded theories about the Epstein files, including saying that they were a fraudulent creation by former President Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton and other liberal figures.
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Others advancing theories about entities outside of the administration include Stephen K. Bannon, the Trump adviser turned influential podcast host; Marjorie Taylor Greene; Tim Burchett; Roseanne Barr; Jack Posobiec; and Dinesh D’Souza.
In a well-trafficked walkway linking the West Wing to the White House residence, President Trump has recast history with gold-lettered plaques that summarize each of the 47 U.S. presidencies.
They are peppered with falsehoods, misrepresentations, insults, praise, self-promotion and erratic capitalizations.
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Attendees at a Rose Garden dinner mingled near the plaques in May.Doug Mills/The New York Times
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The Times photographed each plaque and asked eight historians who have studied and written about both Democratic and Republican presidents to examine and annotate the exhibit, which spans 5,400 words.
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Nicole Anslover
Florida Atlantic University
Douglas Brinkley
Rice University
David Greenberg
Rutgers University
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Timothy Naftali
Columbia University
Larry Sabato
University of Virginia
Daryl Scott
Morgan State University
Marc Selverstone
University of Virginia
Sean Wilentz
Princeton University
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The historians noted that the plaques are not a dispassionate museum display. Rather, they said, they are a skewed narrative of history by Mr. Trump, with him as the protagonist. The plaques are written in Mr. Trump’s signature hyperbolic style, as seen in his social media posts.
Asked about the plaques, Karoline Leavitt, the White House press secretary, said, “As a student of history, many were written directly by the president himself.” The Times shared the historians’ observations with the White House, which declined to comment on the specific points in the annotations. It also declined to provide details on the sources Mr. Trump and others used to write the plaques.
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Mr. Trump showed the plaques to New York Times reporters in January.Doug Mills/The New York Times
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The commentary surrounding more recent presidents — like Joseph R. Biden Jr. and Barack Obama — adopts a sharper and more partisan tone. While entries for earlier presidents are less combative, they recast history in a way that favors Mr. Trump’s priorities and the unprecedented actions of his administration. The exhibit “is not so much bad history as it is anti-historical,” said Sean Wilentz, an American history professor at Princeton University.
Tariffs are mentioned 18 times. Major scandals are left out (Teapot Dome), or not explained (Watergate). The Monroe Doctrine — which Mr. Trump has misinterpreted, historians say, and used to justify U.S. interventions in the Western Hemisphere — is repeatedly lauded.
The White House ballroom project — which is still under construction and caught in a legal battle — is described as already built. Mr. Trump himself appears in the capsules of six predecessors. And the description of the first year of his second term takes up more space than the summaries for the presidencies of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Delano Roosevelt combined.
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Below is the full, unedited text of the plaques, along with a selection of historians’ comments that has been edited for clarity. While the annotations offer insight across the plaques, they are not meant to be comprehensive. Unannotated copy may also include falsehoods or misrepresentations.
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Explore the plaques, with • annotations from historians
To choose a presidency, click on a numbered box or search by name. To see a historian’s annotation, click on a highlighted phrase.
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1On January 20, 2025, Donald J. Trump became the first President in 132 years to be sworn into office for a second non-consecutive term, following his Historic Victory in an Electoral College landslide, 312 to 226. Overcoming unprecedented Weaponization of Law Enforcement against him, as well as two assassination attempts, he won all battleground States by millions of votes, was the first Republican in decades to win the Popular Vote, BIG, and won 86% of Counties in America, 2,700 to 525. All 50 States shifted toward the Republican Party for the first time ever. At his Inauguration, President Trump announced the beginning of the “Golden Age of America,” and 2he delivered, ending eight wars in his first eight months, securing the Border, deporting gang members and migrant criminals, 3making our Cities safe, helping our Farmers, defeating Inflation, reducing Energy costs, and drawing Trillions of Dollars of new Investment, a RECORD, into the United States.
President Trump signed the Largest Tax Cuts in American History, the Largest Spending Cuts in American History, and implemented the Largest Ever Regulation Cuts. He obliterated Iran’s nuclear enrichment capacity with Operation Midnight Hammer, convinced NATO Countries to agree to increase contributions from 2% to 5% of GDP, reformed the Global Trading System, and made America Rich with Historic Tariffs, removed Critical Race Theory and transgender insanity from public schools, and banned men from women’s sports. He began the construction of the Golden Dome missile defense shield, renamed the Gulf of Mexico as the Gulf of America, and 4has built, right here at the White House, the magnificent Trump Presidential Ballroom after a 225 year wait — but THE BEST IS YET TO COME!
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1Sleepy Joe Biden was, by far, the worst President in American History. Taking office as a result of the 2most corrupt Election ever seen in the United States, Biden oversaw a series of unprecedented disasters that brought our Nation to the brink of destruction. His policies caused the highest Inflation ever recorded, leading the U.S. Dollar to lose more than 20% of its value in 4 years. His Green New Scam surrendered American Energy Dominance and, by abolishing the Southern Border, Biden let 21 million people from all over the World pour into the United States, including from prisons, jails, mental institutions, and insane asylums. His Afghanistan Disaster was among the most humiliating events in American History, and resulted in the murder of 13 brave American Servicemembers, with many others gravely wounded. Seeing Biden’s devastating weakness, Russia invaded Ukraine, and Hamas terrorists launched the heinous October 7th attack on Israel.
Nicknamed both “Sleepy” and “Crooked,” Joe Biden was dominated by his Radical Left handlers. They and their allies in the Fake News Media attempted to cover up his severe mental decline, 3and his unprecedented use of the Autopen. Following his humiliating debate loss to President Trump in the big June 2024 debate, he was forced to withdraw from his campaign for re-election in disgrace. Biden weaponized Law Enforcement against his political opponent, while also persecuting many other innocent people. 4He left office issuing blanket pardons to Radical Democrat criminals and thugs, as well as members of the Biden Crime Family – But despite it all, President Trump would get Re-Elected in a Landslide, and SAVE AMERICA!
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In 2016, campaigning under the slogan, “Make America Great Again,” Donald J. Trump became the first person in American History to become President without previously holding political office, or serving as an Officer in the Military. After beating 16 other candidates in the Republican primary, 1he went on to defeat former Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton, in an Electoral College landslide of 304 to 227, representing an unprecedented realignment that turned the so-called “blue wall” of Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin into future Election “battlegrounds.”
During his Historic First Term in Office, President Trump signed the Largest Tax Cuts in History, built a booming Economy, eliminated a record number of Federal Regulations, 2rebuilt the United States Military, terminated the Iran Nuclear Deal and the Paris Climate Accords, ended the NAFTA disaster, destroyed the ISIS Caliphate, signed the historic Abraham Accords, and 3created the Greatest Economy in the History of the World. He also saved millions of lives around the World with Operation Warp Speed, and his response to the Coronavirus pandemic.
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Barack 1Hussein Obama was the first Black President, a community organizer, one term Senator from Illinois, and one of 2the most divisive political figures in American History. As President, he passed the highly ineffective “Unaffordable” Care Act, resulting in his party losing control of both Houses of Congress, and the Election of the largest House Republican majority since 1946. He presided over a stagnant Economy, approved the terrible Iran Nuclear Deal, and signed the one-sided Paris Climate Accords, both of which were later terminated by President Donald J. Trump.
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Under Obama, the ISIS Caliphate spread across the Middle East, Libya collapsed into chaos, and Russia invaded and took Crimea, in Ukraine. He crippled small businesses with crushing regulation and environmental red tape, devastated American coal miners, and weaponized the IRS and Federal bureaucracies against his political opponents. 3Obama also spied on the 2016 Presidential Campaign of Donald J. Trump, and presided over the creation of the Russia, Russia, Russia Hoax, the worst political scandal in American History. His handpicked successor, Hillary Rodham Clinton, would then lose the Presidency to Donald J. Trump.
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The son of former President George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush was the Governor of Texas when he won the hotly contested 2000 Election for President. His Administration was largely defined by the events of September 11, 2001 — The destruction of the World Trade Center, after which he led the war on terror. 1President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security, but started wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, both of which should not have happened. He also enacted Tax Cuts, expanded Medicare, signed the No Child Left Behind education bill, and launched the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Shortly before the end of his Administration, a Global Financial Crisis and major Recession took place.
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1Bill Clinton served as Attorney General and Governor of Arkansas before winning the Presidency in what was called a major upset over President George H. W. Bush. As President, Clinton signed crime and welfare legislation, which was passed with the leadership of Republicans in Congress.2He approved NAFTA, which President Donald J. Trump would later terminate as being bad for the United States, welcomed China into the World Trade Organization, and oversaw NATO’s Military intervention in Bosnia and Kosovo. Despite the scandals that plagued his Presidency, the tech boom of the late 1990s resulted in excellent Economic growth, which helped him and Republicans in Congress deliver balanced budgets for the first time in decades. 3In 2016, President Clinton’s wife, Hillary, lost the Presidency to President Donald J. Trump!
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George H.W. Bush was a decorated World War II Naval pilot before becoming a Congressman, United Nations Ambassador, Chairman of the Republican Party, Envoy to China, CIA Director, and Vice President under Ronald Reagan. 1Elected to the White House in 1988, President Bush managed the successful end of the Cold War, the reunification of Germany, and victory in the first Gulf War. He signed the Americans with Disabilities Act, Clean Air Act Amendments, and 2appointed Justice Clarence Thomas to the United States Supreme Court. After losing his re-election campaign in a three-way race, President Bush devoted much of the rest of his life to charitable endeavors.
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1Ronald Reagan won the Cold War, and transformed American politics and the Conservative Movement. Before entering the White House, Reagan was a Hollywood actor, President of the Screen Actors Guild, Governor of California and, for decades, a leading voice in American Conservatism. 2As President, he enacted Tax Cuts, presided over a thriving Economy, and rebuilt the American Military. He survived being shot by an assassin, and 3confronted the Soviet Union with striking moral clarity, labeling it an “evil empire,” and putting unprecedented pressure on the Communist menace. Known as “The Great Communicator,” he was re-elected in a landslide in 1984, and left office with high approval, having restored National Confidence, Spirit, and Will. 4He was a fan of President Donald J. Trump long before President Trump’s Historic run for the White House. Likewise, President Trump was a fan of his!
Jimmy Carter served as an Officer in the U.S. Navy’s nuclear submarine program, and as Governor of Georgia, before being elected President in 1976. His single term was marked by high Inflation, high unemployment, and a rising “misery index.” Carter pardoned Vietnam draft dodgers, signed the Camp David Accords, 1gave away the Panama Canal for $1, and created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. During his Presidency, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Communism advanced around the World, and 66 Americans were taken hostage by a new fundamentalist regime in Iran. After leaving office, Carter dedicated much of his life to humanitarian work, including Habitat for Humanity. Many feel that President Carter was more successful after his Presidency than during it. 2He did wonderful things for Humanity!
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Gerald Ford was a former college football star, Michigan Congressman, and Republican Leader in the U.S. House of Representatives, when he became Richard Nixon’s Vice President following the resignation of Spiro Agnew. He then ascended to the Presidency when President Nixon resigned. President Ford continued his predecessor’s policy of détente with the Soviet Union, survived multiple assassination attempts, grappled with rising Inflation, and pardoned former President Nixon. After overcoming a primary challenge from California Governor Ronald Reagan, Ford narrowly lost re-election to Jimmy Carter, probably because of 1his brave Pardon of Richard Nixon.
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Richard Nixon rose from poverty to serve as Congressman, Senator, and Vice President to Dwight D. Eisenhower. In Congress, he earned a reputation as a passionate anti-Communist, and played a key role in the Alger Hiss case. After losing the Presidency to John F. Kennedy in 1960, he was elected President in 1968 in one of the greatest political comebacks in American History. As President, Nixon ended the Vietnam War, pursued détente with the Soviet Union, created the Environmental Protection Agency, and masterminded the “Opening to China.” 1In 1972, vowing to defend Law and Order, he won the largest popular vote victory in American History. 2Following the Watergate Scandal, Nixon 3became the only President to resign from office in 1974.
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1Lyndon Baines Johnson is widely regarded as the most effective Senate Majority Leader in U.S. History, and served as John F. Kennedy’s Vice President. After President Kennedy’s assassination, Johnson rapidly enacted his predecessor’s stalled legislative agenda, 2including passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He won Election in a landslide, and launched the “Great Society” and “War on Poverty.” Later, discontent over the Vietnam War led to National unrest, and greatly damaged his Presidency. He declined to seek re-election in 1968.
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1John F. Kennedy was a decorated World War II Naval Officer and war hero, who served as a Congressman, and later, as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. At the age of 43, he became the youngest person, and the first Catholic, ever to be elected to the Nation’s highest office. Using stirring rhetoric, Kennedy boldly declared America’s opposition to Communism in the Cold War, promoted civil rights, championed Tax Cuts, and challenged Americans to land astronauts on the moon. 2Kennedy suffered a painful setback during the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion, and was President when the Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall, but skillfully navigated the threat of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy’s Presidency ended tragically with his assassination in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.
Dwight D. Eisenhower rose from humble Kansas roots to become the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe in World War II, where he famously oversaw and orchestrated the D-Day Invasion of Normandy. As President, Eisenhower ended the Korean War, admitted Alaska and Hawaii as States, and oversaw Cold War containment of the Soviet Union. He launched the 1interstate highway system, balanced the budget, and enforced the desegregation of American schools at Little Rock, Arkansas. During his Farewell Address, Eisenhower warned the American people of the growing threat of the “military-industrial complex.” After two terms in office, he retired to his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
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“Give ’em Hell, Harry” was a former farmer from Missouri, World War I veteran, former U.S. Senator, and the sitting Vice President when Franklin Roosevelt died in office in 1945. As President, Truman authorized the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending World War II. He led postwar recovery in Europe through the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine, oversaw the creation of NATO, and deployed the U.S. Military to Korea at the start of the Korean War. Domestically, he championed a so-called “Fair Deal,” expanded Social Security, raised the minimum wage, and initiated the desegregation of the U.S. Military.
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Democrat Vice Presidential nominee, and Governor of New York before being elected to the Presidency in 1932. President Roosevelt took office in the midst of the Great Depression, and pursued a sweeping domestic agenda known as the New Deal. He created Social Security, enacted banking reforms, and 1presided over a massive expansion of the Federal bureaucracy. President Roosevelt also led the United States through the Second World War, mobilizing the Nation after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and serving as Commander-in-Chief throughout the Allied effort to defeat Nazism and fascism. President Roosevelt also played a central role in creating postwar institutions such as the United Nations. He died in 1945, just weeks before the Allied Victory in Europe. 2He was the only President elected to four terms.
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A self-made man who rose from humble beginnings, Herbert Hoover was a successful mining engineer who became known as the “Great Humanitarian.” He led the Commission for Relief in Belgium during World War I, served as Secretary of Commerce, and directed the relief efforts in the aftermath of the Mississippi River Flood of 1927. Hoover became President only months before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. 1He backed large public works programs, and laid the foundation for many of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs. After his time in office, Hoover was a close adviser to several Presidents, chairing commissions on Government efficiency.
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Calvin Coolidge was a lawyer and Governor of Massachusetts, before being selected as Warren Harding’s Vice President. He became President upon Harding’s death in office. Coolidge dramatically lowered Taxes, slashed Federal spending, 1maintained high Tariffs, cut the National Debt, vetoed large spending bills, and even ran a Federal budget surplus. He signed the Dawes Plan to assist European recovery after World War I, approved the Kellogg-Briand Pact designed to outlaw future wars, and 2supported the Immigration Act of 1924, which restricted Immigration, and established the U.S. Border Patrol.
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A former newspaper publisher, Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, and U.S. Senator, 1Warren Harding ran for President promising “to safeguard America first, to stabilize America first, to prosper America first, to think of America first, to exalt America first, to live for and revere America first.” 2To return the Nation to normalcy and prosperity in the midst of a post-World War I economic recession, President Harding cut Taxes, raised Tariffs, and restricted Immigration. His Administration also radically cut Federal spending, created the Veterans’ Bureau, and hosted the Washington Naval Conference, which helped establish U.S. parity with the British Navy for the first time. He died suddenly in 1923.
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A former President of Princeton University and Governor of New Jersey, 1Woodrow Wilson was an ardent Progressive. He vastly expanded the role of the Federal Government, re-segregated parts of the Federal workforce, created the Federal Reserve, implemented a progressive Income Tax, and embraced liberal internationalism. He led the Nation during World War I, promising to “make the world safe for Democracy.” After the War, Wilson promoted the League of Nations, but failed to receive the necessary support from the U.S. Senate. He suffered a massive stroke, which incapacitated him in his final months in office.
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William Howard Taft served as a Judge, Governor-General of the Philippines, provisional Governor of Cuba, and Secretary of War. As President, Taft proved to be a dedicated “trust-buster,” initiating 80 antitrust cases. 1He supported high Tariffs, modernized the State Department, and reformed the U.S. Postal System. President Taft’s foreign policy focused on so-called “Dollar Diplomacy,” which prioritized expanded market access in the Americas and Asia. After losing re-election, he returned to public service as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, becoming the only person in U.S. History to lead both the Executive and Judicial Branches of Government.
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A scholar, soldier, reformer and statesman, 1Theodore Roosevelt charged into the History books with the legendary Rough Riders at the Battle of San Juan Hill. He became the Governor of New York, and was then selected to serve as Vice President. He became President of the United States following the assassination of William McKinley. He expanded the National Park System, pursued a “Square Deal” for American labor and business, and took unprecedented actions to break up monopolistic trusts. In foreign affairs, he began construction of the Panama Canal, prevented the European invasion of Venezuela, and sent the “Great White Fleet” around the World in a demonstration of American Naval might. He won the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.
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One of the chief architects of American Protectionism, William McKinley famously declared, 1“I am a Tariff man standing on a Tariff platform.” A former Officer in the Union Army, McKinley championed the protective Tariff as an Ohio Congressman, authoring the McKinley Tariff of 1890, which applied the highest protective Tariff in American History. McKinley then served as Governor of Ohio, before being elected President, running under the slogan, “Patriotism, Protection, and Prosperity.” As President, McKinley raised Tariffs, annexed Hawaii, and won the Spanish-American War. The successful War with Spain gave the U.S. control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. In 1901, McKinley was tragically assassinated while still in office.
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After his 1892 victory, Grover Cleveland made History as the first President to serve two non-consecutive terms. President Donald J. Trump, 132 years later, would follow suit. In his second term, Cleveland supported the gold standard, prevented the annexation of Hawaii, and authorized the use of Federal troops to end the Pullman Strike. He rigorously enforced the Monroe Doctrine, even threatening Great Britain with war over its Border dispute with Venezuela in 1895. Cleveland’s second term was dominated by an economic crisis, due to the Panic of 1893, along with labor disputes.
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The grandson of President William Henry Harrison, Benjamin Harrison was a lawyer, Civil War General, and U.S. Senator. As President, 1Harrison signed the McKinley Tariff of 1890, which applied the highest protective Tariff in American History. President Harrison also signed the Sherman Antitrust Act, the most consequential piece of antitrust legislation in History, along with the Land Revision Act, which created National Forests. President Harrison also established American Samoa, expanded the Navy, and supported the annexation of Hawaii.
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The first Democrat to win the Presidency since the Civil War, Grover Cleveland had one of the most rapid political ascents in U.S. History, going from Sheriff of Erie County, to Mayor of Buffalo, to Governor of New York, in the span of just 12 years. Admired for “the enemies he made,” Cleveland resisted political favoritism and battled corruption. He also vetoed many spending bills, and became known as the “Veto President.” His opposition to Tariffs, and expanded Civil War pensions, likely cost him his re-election.
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Known as the “Gentleman Boss,” Chester Arthur served as Quartermaster General of the State of New York during the Civil War, and later became the Collector of the Port of New York. Arthur was removed as Collector by President Hayes for his ties to the State’s powerful Republican machine. These ties, however, placed Arthur in the Vice Presidency in 1880, and Arthur assumed the Presidency upon President Garfield’s death. 1He surprised critics by championing civil service reform, and signing the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which banned patronage, and mandated merit-based hiring. He also strengthened the Navy, restricted Immigration, and made modest changes to American Tariff policy.
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An academic, lawyer, skilled orator, and distinguished Military Commander during the Civil War, James Garfield was a respected member of the U.S. House of Representatives, prior to winning his party’s Presidential nomination as a dark horse candidate at the Republicans’ deadlocked convention. His Presidency was tragically short-lived. On July 2, 1881, President Garfield was shot at a railroad station in the Nation’s Capital by a disturbed political office seeker Two-and-a-half months later, President Garfield passed away.
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Rutherford Hayes was a Civil War hero and accomplished General, who was wounded five times in battle. He then became a successful lawyer, Congressman, and Governor of Ohio. His time in the White House was marred by accusations that he had stolen the Presidency from his opponent, Samuel Tilden. As President, 1Hayes oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the professionalization of the civil service, and broke the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. In 1880, Queen Victoria gave President Hayes a desk made of timbers from the HMS Resolute, which sits in the Oval Office today.
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1“Unconditional Surrender Grant” was one of the greatest Generals in American History, who led the Union Army to victory in the Civil War, and was the first man since George Washington to hold the rank of General of the Army of the United States. Grant ran for President under the slogan, “Let Us Have Peace,” and championed post-Civil War reconciliation and unification. He was one of the great civil rights Presidents of our Nation, championing the cause of free slaves, supporting the passage of the 15th Amendment, and directing the Department of Justice to destroy the original Ku Klux Klan. As he was dying, Grant wrote a best-selling memoir, saving his family from poverty. He died a Great General, but a President whose Administration was tied to much scandal.
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1Andrew Johnson served as Congressman, Governor, and Senator from the State of Tennessee. During the Civil War, he was the only southern Senator to remain loyal to the Union. Abraham Lincoln selected Johnson as Vice President on a “National Union” ticket in his re-election campaign. As President, Johnson became mired in controversy with Congress over the topics of Reconstruction, and the extent of Executive authority. Congress ultimately impeached him, and came within one vote of removing him from office. Johnson oversaw the purchase of the State of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million Dollars. Abraham Lincoln was a very hard act to follow.
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Among the greatest American Presidents, Abraham Lincoln was the man who saved the Union, and ended slavery. A successful lawyer, skilled orator, and former member of Congress, Abraham Lincoln won National fame in the celebrated Lincoln-Douglas debates, and his Cooper Union speech of 1860. 1He was the first Republican ever elected President, and led the Nation through the American Civil War. Lincoln prosecuted the conflict with unyielding determination, and an unflinching dedication to save the Union. During the War, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, delivered what is regarded as the greatest speech in American History, the Gettysburg Address, and championed the passage of the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery. Days after the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Lincoln was assassinated in Washington, D. C. by John Wilkes Booth. He died a Great President.
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James “Old Buck” Buchanan, was a lawyer, diplomat, and career politician, who served as a member of Congress, U.S. Senator, and Secretary of State, playing a key role in seminal events including the Mexican-American War, and Oregon Boundary Settlement. As President, he contended with the Panic of 1857, a financial crisis that greatly affected the entire Nation. At the same time, the National divide over slavery was worsening. Buchanan supported both Kansas becoming a slave State, and the Supreme Court’s pro-slavery Dred Scott decision, which exacerbated tensions. By the time he left office, seven States had seceded from the Union.
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Franklin Pierce was a Speaker of the House in the New Hampshire Legislature, Congressman, U.S. Senator, and General in the Mexican-American War. As President, Pierce negotiated the Gadsden Purchase, acquiring what is now part of southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. His Administration strengthened Trade ties with Great Britain and Japan, and sought to acquire Cuba from Spain, but failed. 1He also signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act into law, which worsened deepening division over slavery, and resulted in the violence of “Bleeding Kansas.”
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Millard Fillmore was a lawyer, New York Comptroller, member of Congress, and Vice President, before assuming the Presidency upon Zachary Taylor’s death. As President, Fillmore supported the Compromise of 1850, which added California as a free State, and 1established the Fugitive Slave Act. Fillmore strengthened National Infrastructure, and authorized the famous Perry Expedition that opened Trade with Japan. President Fillmore also 2aggressively held to the Monroe Doctrine, and prevented European powers from annexing Hawaii. He was the last Whig President.
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Dubbed “Old Rough and Ready,” General Zachary Taylor served 40 years in the U.S. Army, before rising to National fame for his success in the Mexican-American War, and his victory at the Battle of Buena Vista. With no prior political experience, he secured the Whig nomination for President, won the General Election, and entered the White House as tensions intensified before the Civil War. Taylor was a Nationalist, dedicated to preserving the Union. He warned those fomenting disunion that he would hang them “with less reluctance than he had hanged deserters and spies in Mexico.” He opposed the Compromise of 1850, which included a series of bills designed to address issues related to slavery. Taylor served only 16 months as President before dying of illness.
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A devoted Jacksonian Democrat, James K. Polk was a Congressman, Speaker of the House, and Tennessee Governor before securing the Democrat nomination for President, and defeating Henry Clay in the General Election. A champion of America’s “Manifest Destiny,” Polk completed the annexation of Texas, acquired the Oregon territory, and waged and won the Mexican-American War, which secured U.S. control of half a million square miles of territory, including the States of Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Colorado. He died shortly after leaving office, some believe as a result of overexertion as President.
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1John Tyler served as a member of Congress, Governor, U.S. Senator, and Vice President under William Henry Harrison. After Harrison’s death, Tyler assumed the Presidency, setting the precedent of Presidential succession. Tyler was a staunch advocate of Limited Government and Federalism, putting him at odds with the Whig-dominated Congress. Tyler famously declared, “I can never consent to being dictated to,” and vetoed National Bank bills, impeded Federal Infrastructure projects, and objected to other Whig priorities. 2The Whig Party ejected Tyler from the party, and drew up the first articles of impeachment against him. 3As President, he raised Tariffs, supported Westward expansion, and annexed Texas.
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The son of a Founding Father, William Henry Harrison gained fame for defeating a large Native American army in 1811 at the Battle of Tippecanoe, earning him the nickname “Old Tippecanoe.” As Governor of the Indiana Territory, he settled land disputes, negotiated treaties, and played a defining role in the Northwest Territories and Upper Midwest. He also served as Congressman and Senator from Ohio, before becoming the first member of the Whig Party to become President. Harrison had the longest Inaugural Speech in History, yet the shortest Presidency, serving just 31 days before dying of illness.
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Dubbed the “Little Magician” for his political skill, Martin Van Buren was a self-made lawyer from New York, who became Secretary of State and Vice President under Andrew Jackson. As President, Van Buren shaped the early 1Democrat Party, and America’s two-party system. When the economic Panic of 1837 gripped the Nation during his Presidency, Van Buren cut Government spending, and fought for the Independent Treasury System, separating private and Federal funds for added financial stability. Van Buren also opposed slavery’s expansion, blocking annexation of Texas. In 1848, he ran as the candidate for the failed Free Soil Party, a predecessor of the Republican Party.
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“Old Hickory” served as a U.S. Congressman, Judge, General, Senator, and Military Governor. Before becoming President, Jackson was best known for leading the victory at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. Jackson was often called 1“The People’s President” for championing the common man, but 2was unjustifiably treated unfairly by the Press, but not as viciously and unfairly as President Abraham Lincoln and President Donald J. Trump would, in the future, be. In the White House, he downsized the Federal workforce, 3expanded Voting Rights, balanced the budget, and dismantled the corrupt Second Bank of the United States. He successfully navigated the Nullification Crisis, and famously declared, “Our Federal Union, it must be Preserved.” He remained the unofficial Leader of the Democrat Party long after he left the Presidency, and championed the cause of National expansion.
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Son of former President John Adams, John Quincy Adams was an accomplished lawyer, legislator, diplomat, and Secretary of State He crafted the Monroe Doctrine, and negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812. As President, Adams significantly increased Tariffs, and envisioned a grand National program of roads, canals, and bridges, often called “The American System.” Although many of these internal improvements were blocked by Congress, Adams oversaw construction of many ambitious projects. After his Presidency, “Old Man Eloquent” served in the House of Representatives, where he actively supported the antislavery movement, and creation of the Smithsonian Institution.
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James Monroe was a Founding Father, Veteran of the War for Independence, Governor of Virginia, U.S. Senator, Secretary of State, and Secretary of War. His Presidency was marked by the “Era of Good Feelings,” generally regarded as a time of National Unity and Prosperity. 1He is known for the Monroe Doctrine, declaring that the United States regarded the Western Hemisphere as off limits to outside intervention. President Monroe made one of the Greatest Deals of All Time, the 2purchase of Florida from Spain!
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The “Father of the Constitution,” James Madison spearheaded the drafting of our Nation’s most important legal document, and championed the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. He co-authored the Federalist Papers, was one of the most important early Leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives, and served as Secretary of State. As President, 1he raised Tariffs, established the Second Bank of the United States, and led our Country during the War of 1812. President Madison and his wife, Dolley, were forced to flee Washington during the War when British troops burned down the White House. Ultimately, the United States succeeded in maintaining its Independence.
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As the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson penned the immortal words, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,” 1forever changing the course of History. An extraordinarily elegant man, Jefferson served as Virginia Governor, the first Secretary of State, and Vice President. He also founded the University of Virginia, and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, a model for the First Amendment. In the White House, President Jefferson approved the Louisiana Purchase, doubling U.S. territory, and sponsored the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He also founded the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, placed an embargo on France and Britain, defeated the Barbary Pirates, and 2slashed Federal spending.
1John Adams was a leading voice for the Patriot cause at the First and Second Continental Congresses. He played a key role in drafting the Declaration of Independence, and later negotiating the Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the Revolutionary War. Adams was the first Vice President of the United States, before going on to become our second Commander-in-Chief. As President, John Adams strengthened the U.S. Navy, helped establish the Library of Congress, and successfully avoided a dangerous war with France, while defending American Honor and Commerce from French maritime aggression. He and his wife, Abigail, were the first family to occupy the White House in 1800.
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1The “Father of His Country,” George Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, President of the Constitutional Convention, and the first President of the United States. In that role, he established the Cabinet system, the First Bank of the United States, and Washington, D.C., as the Nation’s Capital. He kept our young Nation out of War, and 2instituted Tariffs to encourage American Industry. In his famous Farewell Address, he urged Americans to avoid entangling alliances abroad, and to foster Religion, Morality, and Unity at home. 3He is one of the Greatest Americans to ever live and, likewise, was a Great President.
Rep. Terri Sewell, D-Ala., lashed out at Republican efforts to investigate a Democratic fundraising apparatus on Wednesday afternoon, characterizing the ongoing fraud probe as the most recent instance of GOP retribution against Black women in power.
“Over and over again, Donald Trump’s Department of Justice has harassed Black women with bogus lawsuits,” Sewell said on Wednesday morning.
Sewell’s criticisms come as as Republican lawmakers probe ActBlue, a Democratic fundraising and campaign organization, and its CEO and president, Regina Wallace-Jones, for potentially accepting illegal donations.
In particular, House Republicans are demanding that ActBlue turn over international communications, probing whether the organization knowingly misled lawmakers and dodged subpoenas to hide weaknesses in its screening process to weed out illegal, overseas donations.
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DEM FUNDRAISING GIANT IN THE HOT SEAT AS GOP LAWMAKERS DEMAND ANSWERS OVER DODGED SUBPOENA
Ranking Member Rep. Terri Sewell, D-Ala. speaks during a House Administration Subcommittee on Elections hearing on Capitol Hill on May 20, 2026 in Washington, D.C.(Andrew Harnik/Getty Images)
The review by lawmakers coincides with an April request from President Donald Trump to investigate the group.
“There is evidence to suggest that foreign nationals are seeking to misuse online fundraising platforms to improperly influence American elections,” the White House said in a press release.
Wallace-Jones has called the investigation baseless, maintaining that ActBlue applies high scrutiny for its donations processing.
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JASMINE CROCKETT CLAIMS TRUMP IS ‘TERRIFIED OF SMART, BOLD BLACK WOMEN’ AFTER PRESIDENT’S ‘LOW IQ’ JAB
Regina Wallace-Jones of Palo Alto soaks up the first evening of the DNC Convention at the United Center in Chicago, IL on Monday, August 19, 2024.(Photo by Yalonda M. James/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)
“Our approach is multilayered, with checks and confirmations occurring throughout the donation process to verify donors and donor information,” she told Fox News Digital in a statement earlier this year.
Among other safeguards, Wallace-Jones said the organization requires Card Verification Values (CVVs) for credit card donations, uses IP addresses, a kind of digital footprint, to identify foreign-sourced contributions, applies an industry-standard Address Verification System (AVS) and manually reviews donations.
To Sewell, the investigation into ActBlue and Wallace-Jones is tainted by other investigations into black women who have crossed Trump in the past.
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“This investigation is just one more example of Republicans and President Trump using power of his office to harass and intimidate anyone willing to challenge him. The Trump Department of Justice has used its power to intimidate and victimize communities of color, especially Black Americans,” Sewell said.
ACTBLUE CHIEF HEADS TO CAPITOL HILL HOT SEAT AS DONOR FRAUD PROBE INTENSIFIES
A banner featuring an image of President Donald Trump is displayed on the facade of the U.S. Department of Justice headquarters in Washington, D.C., on Feb. 20, 2026.(Drew Angerer/AFP/Getty Image)
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“We should not forget the harassment of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors member Lisa Cook, the harassment of the New York Attorney General, Tish James and the harassment of our colleague Congresswoman LaMonica McIver,” Sewell said, listing off a number of similar cases.
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“It is not surprising that this Republican-led committee is now attacking ActBlue and its CEO, Ms. Wallace-Jones,” Sewell said.
Leo Briceno is a politics reporter for the congressional team at Fox News Digital. He was previously a reporter with World Magazine.
SACRAMENTO — State Treasurer Fiona Ma and former California Senate Majority Leader Gloria Romero have been declared the two winners of a crowded primary election for lieutenant governor, securing themselves spots on the November ballot.
Ma is a Democrat. Romero is a former Democrat who said she registered as a Republican after splitting with Democrats over the push to oust President Biden as the party’s presidential nominee in 2024.
Both were declared as the top-two winners by the Associated Press. Under California’s primary system, the first and second place finisher advances to the November general election, regardless of their political affiliation.
Ma is a certified public accountant serving as state treasurer. She previously sat on the California Board of Equalization and the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She also served three terms in the California Assembly.
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Romero is an adjunct professor at Pepperdine School of Public Policy. She served as a Democrat in the Assembly and state Senate, becoming the Senate’s first woman majority leader in 2005.
Other notable candidates included former Stockton Mayor Michael Tubbs and Josh Fryday, a member of Gov. Gavin Newsom’s cabinet. Both are Democrats.
The position is largely ceremonial. The lieutenant governor serves on various boards that oversee the University of California, California State University and community college systems, and can be called upon to break a tie in the state Senate. If the sitting governor dies, resigns or is removed from office, the lieutenant governor would assume the role.
Ma and Romero have offered some similar viewpoints. Both candidates previously expressed support for the death penalty and opposition to the state’s plan to ban the sale of new gas-powered cars by 2035.
Neither candidate supports the controversial Billionaire’s Tax Act. Romero, however, has further vowed to shun all potential tax increases.
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Ma and Romero will now face off in November. The winner will replace Lt. Gov. Eleni Kounalakis, who is finishing her second term and could not seek reelection. Kounalakis instead ran for state treasurer.