New York Election Live Results 2024

Published

2 hours ago

November 5, 2024

Press Room

Thomas SchiavoniT. SchiavoniSchiavoni Democrat 56%

Stephen KielyS. KielyKiely Republican 44%

81%

Jodi GiglioJ. GiglioGiglioincumbent Republican 65%

Tricia ChiaramonteT. ChiaramonteChiaramonte Democrat 35%

84%

Joseph De StefanoJ. De StefanoDe Stefanoincumbent Republican 61%

Trina MilesT. MilesMiles Democrat 39%

71%

Rebecca KassayR. KassayKassay Democrat 50.4%

Edward FloodE. FloodFloodincumbent Republican 49.6%

58%

Douglas SmithD. SmithSmithincumbent Republican 65%

Michael ReynoldsM. ReynoldsReynolds Democrat 35%

73%

Philip RamosP. RamosRamosincumbent Democrat 65%

Daniel MitolaD. MitolaMitola Republican 35%

61%

Jarett GandolfoJ. GandolfoGandolfoincumbent Republican 63%

Garrett PetersenG. PetersenPetersen Democrat 37%

80%

Michael FitzpatrickM. FitzpatrickFitzpatrickincumbent Republican 66%

Steven BasileoS. BasileoBasileo Democrat 34%

85%

Michael DursoM. DursoDursoincumbent Republican 66%

Steven DellaVecchiaS. DellaVecchiaDellaVecchia Democrat 34%

73%

Steve SternS. SternSternincumbent Democrat 56%

Aamir SultanA. SultanSultan Republican 44%

75%

Kwani O’PharrowK. O’PharrowO’Pharrow Democrat 50.2%

Joseph CardinaleJ. CardinaleCardinale Republican 49.8%

71%

Keith BrownK. BrownBrownincumbent Republican 57%

Thomas CoxT. CoxCox Democrat 43%

81%

Charles LavineC. LavineLavineincumbent Democrat 57%

Ruka AnzaiR. AnzaiAnzai Republican 43%

51%

David McDonoughD. McDonoughMcDonoughincumbent Republican 60%

Ellen Lederer DeFrancescoE. Lederer DeFrancescoLederer DeFrancesco Democrat 40%

51%

Jake BlumencranzJ. BlumencranzBlumencranzincumbent Republican 55%

William MurphyW. MurphyMurphy Democrat 45%

54%

Gina SillittiG. SillittiSillittiincumbent Democrat 51%

Daniel NorberD. NorberNorber Republican 49%

66%

John MikulinJ. MikulinMikulinincumbent Republican 62%

Harpreet ToorH. ToorToor Democrat 38%

44%

Noah BurroughsN. BurroughsBurroughs Democrat 85%

Danielle SmikleD. SmikleSmikle Republican 15%

44%

Edward RaE. RaRaincumbent Republican 64%

Sanjeev JindalS. JindalJindal Democrat 36%

80%

Eric BrownE. BrownBrownincumbent Republican 63%

Tina PosterliT. PosterliPosterli Democrat 37%

57%

Judy GriffinJ. GriffinGriffin Democrat 55%

Brian CurranB. CurranCurranincumbent Republican 45%

51%

Michaelle SolagesM. SolagesSolagesincumbent Democrat 64%

Ian BergstromI. BergstromBergstrom Republican 36%

45%

Stacey Pheffer AmatoS. Pheffer AmatoPheffer Amatoincumbent Democrat 51%

Thomas SullivanT. SullivanSullivan Republican 49%

87%

David WeprinD. WeprinWeprinincumbent Democrat 61%

Ruben CruzR. CruzCruz Republican 36%

75%

Nily RozicN. RozicRozicincumbent Democrat 53%

Kenneth PaekK. PaekPaek Republican 47%

69%

Edward BraunsteinE. BraunsteinBraunsteinincumbent Democrat 68%

Robert SperanzaR. SperanzaSperanza Conservative 32%

74%

Sam BergerS. BergerBergerincumbent Democrat 57%

Angelo KingA. KingKing Republican 43%

79%

Andrew HevesiA. HevesiHevesiincumbent Democrat 58%

Jonathan RinaldiJ. RinaldiRinaldi Republican 42%

83%

Alicia HyndmanA. HyndmanHyndmanincumbent Democrat 86%

Dwayne MooreD. MooreMoore Republican 14%

78%

Steven RagaS. RagaRagaincumbent Democrat 60%

Brandon CastroB. CastroCastro Republican 40%

74%

Khaleel AndersonK. AndersonAndersonincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Vivian CookV. CookCookincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Clyde VanelC. VanelVanelincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Jessica Gonzalez-RojasJ. Gonzalez-RojasGonzalez-Rojasincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Larinda HooksL. HooksHooks Democrat

Uncontested

Zohran MamdaniZ. MamdaniMamdaniincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Claire ValdezC. ValdezValdez Democrat

Uncontested

Jenifer RajkumarJ. RajkumarRajkumarincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Catalina CruzC. CruzCruzincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Ron KimR. KimKimincumbent Democrat 55%

Philip WangP. WangWang Republican 45%

67%

Kalman YegerK. YegerYeger Democrat

Uncontested

Rodneyse BichotteR. BichotteBichotteincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Brian CunninghamB. CunninghamCunninghamincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Robert CarrollR. CarrollCarrollincumbent Democrat 85%

John BennettJ. BennettBennett Republican 15%

91%

Michael NovakhovM. NovakhovNovakhovincumbent Republican 50.5%

Joey Cohen-SabanJ. Cohen-SabanCohen-Saban Democrat 49.5%

75%

Alec Brook-KrasnyA. Brook-KrasnyBrook-Krasnyincumbent Republican 53%

Chris McCreightC. McCreightMcCreight Democrat 47%

75%

William ColtonW. ColtonColtonincumbent Democrat 61%

David SepiashviliD. SepiashviliSepiashvili Republican 39%

72%

Simcha EichensteinS. EichensteinEichensteinincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Lester ChangL. ChangChangincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Emily GallagherE. GallagherGallagherincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Marcela MitaynesM. MitaynesMitaynesincumbent Democrat 77%

Erik FrankelE. FrankelFrankel Republican 23%

67%

Jo Anne SimonJ. SimonSimonincumbent Democrat 94%

Brett WynkoopB. WynkoopWynkoop Conservative 6%

>95%

Maritza DavilaM. DavilaDavilaincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Erik DilanE. DilanDilanincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Latrice WalkerL. WalkerWalkerincumbent Democrat 92%

Berneda JacksonB. JacksonJackson Republican 8%

63%

Stefani ZinermanS. ZinermanZinermanincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Phara ForrestP. ForrestForrestincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Monique Chandler-WatermanM. Chandler-WatermanChandler-Watermanincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Jaime WilliamsJ. WilliamsWilliamsincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Nikki LucasN. LucasLucasincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Charles FallC. FallFallincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Michael ReillyM. ReillyReillyincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Sam PirozzoloS. PirozzoloPirozzoloincumbent Republican 58%

Matthew MobiliaM. MobiliaMobilia Democrat 42%

80%

Michael TannousisM. TannousisTannousisincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Grace LeeG. LeeLeeincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Deborah GlickD. GlickGlickincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Linda RosenthalL. RosenthalRosenthalincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Edward GibbsE. GibbsGibbsincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Micah LasherM. LasherLasher Democrat

Uncontested

Jordan WrightJ. WrightWright Democrat 91%

Seson AdamsS. AdamsAdams Republican 9%

72%

Al TaylorA. TaylorTaylorincumbent Democrat 87%

Joziel AndujarJ. AndujarAndujar Republican 13%

68%

Manny De Los SantosM. De Los SantosDe Los Santosincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Alex BoresA. BoresBoresincumbent Democrat 74%

Awadhesh GuptaA. GuptaGupta Republican 26%

91%

Harvey EpsteinH. EpsteinEpsteinincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Tony SimoneT. SimoneSimoneincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Rebecca SeawrightR. SeawrightSeawrightincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Landon DaisL. DaisDaisincumbent Democrat 75%

Norman Sobe McGillN. McGillMcGill Republican 21%

57%

George AlvarezG. AlvarezAlvarezincumbent Democrat 74%

John SantiagoJ. SantiagoSantiago Republican 26%

62%

Chantel JacksonC. JacksonJacksonincumbent Democrat 80%

Sharon DarbyS. DarbyDarby Republican 16%

58%

John ZaccaroJ. ZaccaroZaccaroincumbent Democrat 68%

Nicholas MarriccoN. MarriccoMarricco Republican 27%

73%

Jeffrey DinowitzJ. DinowitzDinowitzincumbent Democrat 77%

Kevin PazminoK. PazminoPazmino Republican 23%

84%

Michael BenedettoM. BenedettoBenedettoincumbent Democrat 69%

Juan De la CruzJ. De la CruzDe la Cruz Republican 31%

90%

Carl HeastieC. HeastieHeastieincumbent Democrat 89%

Stephanie LiggioS. LiggioLiggio Republican 11%

74%

Amanda SeptimoA. SeptimoSeptimoincumbent Democrat 77%

Rosaline NievesR. NievesNieves Republican 20%

59%

Emerita TorresE. TorresTorres Democrat 79%

Kelly AtkinsonK. AtkinsonAtkinson Republican 18%

61%

Yudelka TapiaY. TapiaTapiaincumbent Democrat 75%

Woodrow Hines, Jr.W. Hines, Jr.Hines, Jr. Republican 23%

57%

Karines ReyesK. ReyesReyesincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Amy PaulinA. PaulinPaulinincumbent Democrat 61%

Thomas FixT. FixFix Republican 39%

23%

Gary PretlowG. PretlowPretlowincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Nader SayeghN. SayeghSayeghincumbent Democrat 55%

John IsaacJ. IsaacIsaac Republican 45%

13%

Steven OtisS. OtisOtisincumbent Democrat 62%

Katie MangerK. MangerManger Republican 38%

17%

MaryJane ShimskyM. ShimskyShimskyincumbent Democrat 59%

Alessandro CroccoA. CroccoCrocco Republican 41%

18%

Chris BurdickC. BurdickBurdickincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Matthew SlaterM. SlaterSlaterincumbent Republican 64%

Zachary CouzensZ. CouzensCouzens Democrat 36%

70%

Dana LevenbergD. LevenbergLevenbergincumbent Democrat 60%

Michael CapalboM. CapalboCapalbo Republican 40%

29%

Patrick CarrollP. CarrollCarroll Democrat 58%

Ronald DizR. DizDiz Republican 42%

80%

John McGowanJ. McGowanMcGowanincumbent Republican 50%

Aron WiederA. WiederWieder Democrat 46%

63%

Karl BrabenecK. BrabenecBrabenecincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Christopher EachusC. EachusEachusincumbent Democrat 51%

Tom LapollaT. LapollaLapolla Republican 49%

61%

Paula KayP. KayKay Democrat 52%

Louis IngrassiaL. IngrassiaIngrassia Republican 48%

83%

Brian MaherB. MaherMaherincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Christopher TagueC. TagueTagueincumbent Republican 64%

Janet Tweed TweedJ. TweedTweed Democrat 36%

93%

Sarahana ShresthaS. ShresthaShresthaincumbent Democrat 64%

Jack HayesJ. HayesHayes Republican 36%

95%

Jonathan JacobsonJ. JacobsonJacobsonincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Anil BeephanA. BeephanBeephanincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Didi BarrettD. BarrettBarrettincumbent Democrat 58%

Stephan KrakowerS. KrakowerKrakower Republican 42%

66%

Chloe PierceC. PiercePierce Democrat 55%

Scott BendettS. BendettBendettincumbent Republican 45%

62%

John McDonaldJ. McDonaldMcDonaldincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Gabriella RomeroG. RomeroRomero Democrat 72%

Alicia PurdyA. PurdyPurdy Republican 28%

81%

Phillip SteckP. SteckSteckincumbent Democrat 58%

Jeff MaddenJ. MaddenMadden Republican 42%

93%

Angelo SantabarbaraA. SantabarbaraSantabarbaraincumbent Democrat 62%

Joseph MastroianniJ. MastroianniMastroianni Republican 38%

86%

Mary Beth WalshM. WalshWalshincumbent Republican 61%

Joe SeemanJ. SeemanSeeman Democrat 39%

20%

Carrie WoernerC. WoernerWoernerincumbent Democrat 56%

Jeremy MessinaJ. MessinaMessina Republican 44%

19%

Matthew SimpsonM. SimpsonSimpsonincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Billy JonesB. JonesJonesincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Scott GrayS. GrayGrayincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Kenneth BlankenbushK. BlankenbushBlankenbushincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Robert SmullenR. SmullenSmullenincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Marianne ButtenschonM. ButtenschonButtenschonincumbent Democrat 50.5%

Christine EspositoC. EspositoEsposito Republican 49.5%

79%

William BarclayW. BarclayBarclayincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Joe AngelinoJ. AngelinoAngelinoincumbent Republican 66%

Vicki DavisV. DavisDavis Democrat 34%

64%

Brian MillerB. MillerMillerincumbent Republican 63%

Adrienne MartiniA. MartiniMartini Democrat 37%

61%

Donna LupardoD. LupardoLupardoincumbent Democrat 59%

Lisa OKeefeL. OKeefeOKeefe Republican 41%

81%

Christopher FriendC. FriendFriendincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Anna KellesA. KellesKellesincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

John LemondesJ. LemondesLemondesincumbent Republican 54%

Ian PhillipsI. PhillipsPhillips Democrat 46%

74%

Albert StirpeA. StirpeStirpeincumbent Democrat 58%

Timothy KellyT. KellyKelly Republican 42%

75%

Pamela HunterP. HunterHunterincumbent Democrat 62%

Daniel CiciarelliD. CiciarelliCiciarelli Republican 38%

62%

William MagnarelliW. MagnarelliMagnarelliincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Brian ManktelowB. ManktelowManktelowincumbent Republican 54%

James SchulerJ. SchulerSchuler Democrat 46%

35%

Jeff GallahanJ. GallahanGallahanincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Philip PalmesanoP. PalmesanoPalmesanoincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Andrea BaileyA. BaileyBailey Republican 65%

Colleen Walsh-WilliamsC. Walsh-WilliamsWalsh-Williams Democrat 35%

94%

Josh JensenJ. JensenJensenincumbent Republican

Uncontested

Jen LunsfordJ. LunsfordLunsfordincumbent Democrat 60%

Kimberly DeRosaK. DeRosaDeRosa Republican 40%

84%

Sarah ClarkS. ClarkClarkincumbent Democrat 69%

Orlando RiveraO. RiveraRivera Republican 31%

75%

Demond MeeksD. MeeksMeeksincumbent Democrat 72%

Marcus WilliamsM. WilliamsWilliams Republican 28%

47%

Harry BronsonH. BronsonBronsonincumbent Democrat 62%

Tracy DiFlorioT. DiFlorioDiFlorio Republican 38%

74%

Stephen HawleyS. HawleyHawleyincumbent Republican

Uncontested

William ConradW. ConradConradincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Crystal PeoplesC. PeoplesPeoplesincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Patrick BurkeP. BurkeBurkeincumbent Democrat 50.7%

Marc PrioreM. PriorePriore Republican 49.3%

>95%

Patrick ChludzinskiP. ChludzinskiChludzinski Republican 52%

Monica Piga WallaceM. Piga WallacePiga Wallaceincumbent Democrat 48%

>95%

Paul BolognaP. BolognaBologna Republican 62%

Michelle RomanM. RomanRoman Democrat 38%

>95%

Angelo MorinelloA. MorinelloMorinelloincumbent Republican 61%

Jeff ElderJ. ElderElder Democrat 39%

>95%

Karen McMahonK. McMahonMcMahonincumbent Democrat 60%

Deborah KilbournD. KilbournKilbourn Republican 40%

95%

David DiPietroD. DiPietroDiPietroincumbent Republican 68%

Darci CramerD. CramerCramer Democrat 32%

88%

Joseph SempolinskiJ. SempolinskiSempolinski Republican 64%

Daniel BrownD. BrownBrown Democrat 36%

30%

Jonathan RiveraJ. RiveraRiveraincumbent Democrat

Uncontested

Andrew MolitorA. MolitorMolitor Republican 63%

Mike BobseineM. BobseineBobseine Democrat 37%

>95%

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How Much Do You Know About New York City and Climate Change?

Published

5 days ago

October 31, 2024

Press Room

How Much Do You Know About New York City and Climate Change?

Since fall this year has felt like summer and the lack of rain in October has set records, it’s a good time to brush up on how New Yorkers are experiencing and preparing for climate change. Hint: It’s a bit different from what people are doing in other parts of the country.

What are the factors that make global warming in New York City a unique challenge? Test your knowledge by taking this quiz.

New York

Video: Timothée Chalamet Crashes Look-alike Contest

Published

1 week ago

October 28, 2024

Press Room

Video: Timothée Chalamet Crashes Look-alike Contest

new video loaded: Timothée Chalamet Crashes Look-alike Contest

transcript

Timothée Chalamet Crashes Look-alike Contest

The Oscar-nominated actor showed up unannounced to a look-alike contest for himself in New York City.

: “Oh my God!” [crowd screaming] “We love you, Tim. We love you, Tim. “Guys, we’re going to make a little bit of a pilgrimage across the street because the park enforcement is yelling at us, which is totally understandable.” “Yeah!”
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Why Does This Building by the Subway Need 193 Parking Spots? (Yes, Exactly 193.)

Published

2 weeks ago

October 21, 2024

Press Room

Why Does This Building by the Subway Need 193 Parking Spots? (Yes, Exactly 193.)

A rendering of the new apartment building at 975 Nostrand Ave. in Brooklyn. Underground parking spaces not shown.

Lemons Bucket

By Emily Badger, Mihir Zaveri and Larry Buchanan

The authors spent a lot of time looking at parking garages, parking lots, parking diagrams, parking maps, parking photos and parking tables in zoning codes.

Oct. 18, 2024

The apartment building under construction at 975 Nostrand Avenue in Brooklyn is the kind of project that city officials and economists say New York needs to solve the city’s severe housing shortage.

It will have 328 new homes at rents targeting young professionals, from studios up to three-bedrooms, with a grocery store on the ground floor.

But the ability to construct these homes, at this location, turns on a peculiar problem: How do you also find a place to park 193 cars on this lot?

The site is about one block from the subway.

To fit ample parking here, the builders had to excavate 14 feet underground. And some of this cellar space is needed for utilities and storage.

The remaining space is irregular. These are the structural columns supporting the apartments above.

And here’s where you fit the cars.

Actually, that’s only 146 of them. To accommodate the remaining cars, each spot here holds a two-car mechanical stacker.

(This is the actual diagram submitted to the New York Department of Buildings for review.)

This Brooklyn building is subject to a powerful but obscure force operating in communities all over the country: the parking minimum. Every one of its 193 parking spaces is prescribed by the city’s zoning code, in dizzying detail.

The project must provide, at minimum, half a parking spot for each housing unit; one parking spot for every 400 square feet of retail and art gallery inside; and one spot for every 300 square feet of space in part of the planned grocery store (the other part of the grocery store is exempt from parking, and we’re sorry but only a land use lawyer can explain this).

New York is now proposing to radically simplify requirements like this by ending parking mandates on all new housing citywide. The move could make it cheaper and faster to construct new homes amid a housing affordability crisis, and it would make New York the latest American city to toss out decades-old parking rules. But as a movement to end parking minimums gains traction across the country, what happens in New York will be revealing: In the least car-dependent big city in America, the instinct to accommodate cars may still prove stronger than fears about the shortage of homes.

“These rules were written at a time when cars defined everything,” said Dan Garodnick, the head of New York’s Planning Commission.

It was a moment when cities were first racing to adapt to cars and compete with suburbs full of plentiful parking. “We are in a different era today,” he said.

That assessment will be put to the test in the coming weeks, as the City Council is set to vote on the change as part of a broader package of housing measures.

Mr. Garodnick is quick to clarify that the administration is not proposing to end parking in residential buildings — just the required minimums. Developers will still build parking, he reasons, where there’s demand for it (and in fact, today some build more than the minimum). But they’ll also have the option to build none.

Those opposed to the change are skeptical of its benefits: “I don’t see where less parking means there’s greater affordability,” said Fred Baptiste, the chair of Community Board 9, where 975 Nostrand sits. “It just means there’s less parking.”

Six Parking Spots Per Bowling Lane

Cities and towns nationwide have had parking minimums sitting unquestioned in their zoning codes for half a century. But in recent years, dozens of cities have removed them. Buffalo was among the first in 2017. Austin, Texas, last year became the largest U.S. city to do so.

As housing has grown more expensive across the country, cities have increasingly realized that parking can make the problem worse, raising the cost and complexity of development, even discouraging the construction of homes.

Construction costs run from $10,000 per parking space in a surface lot to $70,000 per space in an underground garage. That gets baked into what developers must recoup from tenants and buyers, whether they own a car or not. The rules drive up the per-unit cost to build affordable housing (in New York, affordable units near transit are exempt from parking minimums, but the rules still apply elsewhere). And they often require more parking than people actually use.

The mandates began in the 1950s and ’60s as mass car ownership expanded beyond the capacity of on-street parking. Minimums in New York were introduced in 1950 for new residential buildings. The city’s 1961 zoning code (the one still in place today) raised the requirements and added them for offices, retail and other building types. In New York and elsewhere, the rules typically take the form of ratios that have been copied from one city to another, handed from one generation of engineers to the next without much study or skepticism.

A Sample of Minimum Parking Rules

0.5 parking spots per unit plus 1 parking spot per employee

Senior Housing in Vallejo, Calif.

2 parking spots per dwelling unit

Manufactured Home in Knoxville, Tenn.

1 parking spot per 2 beds

Monastery/Convent in Savannah, Ga.

1.25 parking spots per dwelling unit

Efficiency Apartment in Fargo, N.D.

1 parking spot per 4 rooms

Rooming House in New Orleans

1 parking spot per 2 beds

Fraternity/Sorority in Baltimore

2 parking spots per dwelling unit plus garage

Single-Family Home in Oklahoma City

1 parking spot per million gallons of capacity

Sewage Treatment Plant in Dallas

1 parking spot per 100 sq. ft.

Haunted House in Gilbert, Ariz.

1 parking spot per 8 occupants plus 1 spot per 2 employees

Cemetery in Carver, Mass.

1 parking spot per 10 migrants at max capacity

Migrant Labor Camp in Queen Anne’s County, Md.

10 parking spots per 1 mile of trail

Nature/Bike Trail in Jefferson Hills, Pa.

1 parking spot per 250 sq. ft. of office/retail area

Butterfly/Moth Breeding in SeaTac, Wash.

6 parking spots per lane

Bowling Center in Folsom, Calif.

1 parking spot per 50 sq. ft. of floor area

Night Club in Port Angeles, Wash.

8 parking spots per green

1 parking spot per 10 children plus 1 per employee

Child Care Center in Charlotte, N.C.

1.2 parking spots per bed

3 parking spots per court

Tennis Club in Rochester, N.Y.

1 parking spot per 100 sq. ft. of sanctuary seating area

1 parking spot per 60 sq. ft. of batting area

1 parking spot per 50 sq. ft. water surface plus 1 spot per 2 employees

Swimming Pool in Allentown, Pa.

“People just assume these numbers are right because they’re in the zoning code,” said Tony Jordan, who runs the Parking Reform Network, which advocates ending minimums. “No, they’re just made up.”

Beyond increasing construction costs, the rules have squeezed out of existence many common prewar urban housing forms, like four-unit apartment buildings on lots too small for parking. Mandates have meanwhile produced their own specific kinds of places: stores surrounded by surface lots, strip malls wrapped around parking, apartment complexes that have no ground-floor retail because the ground floor is full of cars.

And because the rules apply broadly, they can require parking in subsidized housing for low-income households least likely to own a car. They can force builders to construct 350 square feet of garage space for a 400-square-foot studio.

Given that cities have only recently begun to change these rules, there’s limited evidence of what happens after they’re gone. In the first years after Buffalo ended parking minimums, about half of new developments built fewer parking spaces than they were previously required to, supporting the idea that the standards are too high for some properties, too low for others.

Proponents also hope that by ditching parking mandates, cities communicate another message: “If you require a place to park a car, you’re automatically saying a car is welcome,” said Felicity Maxwell, a planning commissioner in Austin who voted to end minimums there last year. And many of the prewar buildings and neighborhoods cherished today are places that have long thrived without welcoming cars.

Compared with Austin and Buffalo, New York is proposing a half-measure: to end mandates only for housing (at 975 Nostrand, for example, the retail space would still require some parking). Mr. Garodnick demurred on whether ending all minimums would be a logical future step for the city.

An Expensive Hole in the Ground

New York is also a particularly tough place to create parking. Land is so scarce and valuable that it seldom makes sense to use it just to park cars. 975 Nostrand was originally a single-story grocery store with a large parking lot. Now it will become home to 500 to 600 people, with a grocery store on the ground floor.

But making the best use of that limited space means developers frequently turn to the hardest possible parking solution: putting it underground.

“When you go below grade in New York City, you are talking about the most expensive and the most risky part of a project,” said Sam Charney, principal of the developer Charney Companies. His worst construction horror story involved a mixed-use building that required two levels of underground parking in a corner of bustling Williamsburg in Brooklyn. He thought the parking actually necessary was none.

Before Charney Companies built The Dime in Williamsburg, it first dug this 30-foot-deep hole (while propping up the neighboring properties) for a two-story underground garage.

Charney Companies LLC

Excavation is costly and onerous. Neighboring buildings must be underpinned. Buried oil tanks and boulders get in the way. Below the water table, everything must be waterproofed. And all of this adds months to construction, during which time developers are carrying large loans.

Parking stackers help save space by lifting cars up so others can park underneath. But then garages require parking attendants to operate them — and that’s another cost someone has to pay.

All of this is further complicated by the fact that the exact quantity of parking required depends on how the land at a given site is zoned.

Here are just the few blocks around 975 Nostrand:

Buildings across the street from each other are often zoned differently.

And each zone has its own minimum parking ratios for housing.

Source: New York City Zoning & Land Use Map

Certain zones also exempt parking on the first five or 15 housing units, incentivizing builders to stay below that cutoff — or to carve lots up into several smaller buildings with fewer total housing units.

“You really don’t want to build a bigger building than you can provide parking for,” said David West, an architect.

These trade-offs for developers don’t garner a lot of sympathy with New Yorkers who have a more prosaic concern: where to park after a long work day or when there’s a hungry child in the back seat. The community board that encompasses the Nostrand development opposes getting rid of the minimums, as do politicians representing parts of the city that don’t have good transit access.

“For Staten Islanders, it’s almost impossible to not have at least one car per household,” said Joseph Borelli, who represents southern Staten Island as minority leader of the City Council.

Source: New York Times survey; New York City Zoning Application Portal

The City Planning Commission expects that the greatest change to come from ending parking mandates would be in the “inner outer” boroughs — not in the lowest-density neighborhoods that have opposed it the most, but in places like Nostrand Avenue in Crown Heights. That’s where the gap is widest today between the quantity of parking required and the demand for it around public transit. In the densest parts of the city — much of Manhattan, and Long Island City in Queens — parking minimums are already waived (Manhattan, in fact, has had parking maximums since 1982, in a bid to reduce car travel and improve air quality).

Some suggest the city should more narrowly tailor its proposal rather than sweep away requirements citywide. But that would be an extension of what New York has done for years — carving out piecemeal exemptions for certain geographies, lot sizes, affordability levels and building amenities, until it has arrived at an intricate web of parking rules.

To proponents of ending minimums, the citywide simplicity is part of the point: The requirements aren’t just arbitrary near the subway; they are arbitrary everywhere because a prescribed ratio can never be just right for every lot. And even on Staten Island, lifting the minimums might allow someone to build an accessory dwelling unit — without extra parking — in the backyard. That would serve the city’s housing goals too.

At 975 Nostrand, where the developer Hudson Companies is about a year away from completing the building, the managing director of development, Marlee Busching-Truscott, struggled to estimate exactly how much parking would have been built if that number weren’t dictated by a zoning table. This is one of the other distortions of parking mandates. Developers typically try to study the market for nearly every facet of a project — the mix of apartment sizes, the targeted rents, the building amenities, the outdoor spaces, the kitchen finishes. But they don’t do that basic exercise for something as costly and sizable as a parking garage, because they have little choice in the matter.

Though Ms. Busching-Truscott couldn’t say exactly how the building would have taken shape without parking minimums, “I don’t think we would have gotten to 193 spaces that would have required having a fully excavated cellar and a chaotic layout.”

That result speaks to the building’s essential paradox: “This is transit-oriented development,” she said, “that you’re still building around the car.”