New Hampshire Tops Economic Freedom Index Again

The positive relationship between economic freedom and economic growth is one of the most robust empirical relationships in economics. This is good news for New Hampshire, which ranks number one in the latest edition of the Fraser Institute’s Economic Freedom of North America (EFNA) index.

Each year, the Fraser Institute releases its EFNA index, which ranks the 50 U.S. states, 10 Canadian provinces, and 32 Mexican states based on how free their citizens are to engage in economic activity. The three primary areas analyzed for the index are government spending, taxes, and labor market freedom. Data for the report are from 2022, which are the most recent data available due to lags in reporting across the various states and countries. Among the three countries, U.S. states are freer on average, holding every top 40 spot except for one: Alberta, Canada is tied for 12^th overall. Every Mexican state is ranked below every U.S. state and Canadian province.

In the United States, New Hampshire is the freest state, followed by South Dakota and Florida. New York is the least free state, ranked just below California and Hawaii (see figure below).

As discussed in the report, the most economically free U.S. states experienced faster population growth and more employment growth from 2013 to 2022. Population growth in the states ranked in the top 25% was 8.3% over this period. For those ranked in the bottom 25%, it was only 0.8%. Similarly, employment growth in the states ranked in the top 25% was 12%, while it was only 4% for those in the bottom 25%. Per capita incomes also grew faster on average in states that increased their economic freedom over this period, as shown in the figure below.

So, what can state policymakers do to increase economic freedom in their state? One option is tax reform. High tax rates impose large financial burdens on workers, businesses, and consumers and distort choices, such as whether to work more or invest rather than spend. Lower tax rates allow people to keep more of their money and reduce distortions, which is why lowering rates increases economic freedom.

Louisiana ranks 23^rd on this year’s index, but it is likely to do better next year due to its recent tax reforms. In a recent special session that ended a couple weeks ago, Louisiana’s legislature approved a flat 3% individual income tax rate, eliminating the previous top rate of 4.25% that applied to income over $50,000. It also lowered the corporate income tax rate to a flat 5.5% from a top marginal rate of 7.5%. To offset some of the lost revenue, the sales tax rate was increased from 4% to 5%. Unfortunately, other pro-growth tax reforms that eliminated tax credits for restoring historic buildings and the film industry were defeated.

Reducing regulation is another way states can boost economic freedom. While regulation can provide benefits, too much regulation restricts consumers’ choices and imposes unnecessary burdens on businesses. America’s inability to build housing and energy and transportation infrastructure is a perfect example of what happens when regulation runs amok.

Idaho is a great example of how a state can reduce its regulatory burden. Since 2019, it has eliminated or simplified 95% of its regulations through a comprehensive process that requires agencies to periodically review regulations and eliminate or reform those that are not working. Today, it is one of the least regulated states in the country and its economy is booming: Its real GDP grew by 5.9% on an annualized basis—the highest in the country—according to the most recent data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

A thriving economy benefits everyone—workers, consumers, and entrepreneurs—and government has a role to play in protecting individual economic choices so people are free to innovate and create new products and services. State officials who want to improve their state’s economy should focus on increasing economic freedom.