Maine
Birding: The long and short of migrations from Maine
Humans have a propensity to organize, to put things into boxes. People who try to pigeon-hole nature often do not fare well with their efforts. I still remember the admonition of one of my biology professors who said that nature has not stake in being classified.
As this fall migration proceeds, we can see how our attempts to sort out different migration strategies may lead us astray. One dichotomy that is often used for migratory birds is to contrast long-distance with short-distance migrants. Usually, a North American long-distance migrant describes a species that moves south out of the continent to Central America, South America or the Caribbean islands. A host of our nesting birds fall into this category: ruby-throated hummingbirds migrating to Central America, red knots to Argentina and scarlet tanagers broadly across South America.
In contrast, short-distance migrants typically move south to areas with more clement winter weather but do not leave the continent. Some of our breeding birds, like the American robin, travel only short distances. Some may only go as far as Massachusetts. Other short-distance migrants like our yellow-rumped warblers may go as far as the coastal regions of the mid-Atlantic states. American tree sparrows nest on the taiga and high altitudes and migrate to Maine for our “mild” winters.
We can see the messiness of this system by comparing a short-distance migrant like Lincoln’s sparrow, which may winter in the Rio Grande Valley (that’s where I saw the species for the first time) with a long-distance migrant like the rose-breasted grosbeak that spends its winter in Mexico. Hardly a difference there in distance traveled.
Let’s compare that same grosbeak to another long-distance migrant, the arctic tern, some of which migrate from pole to pole every spring and fall. The differences in migration length are huge, but both are classified as long-distance migrants.
Another contribution to the inadequacy of our classification is the phenomenon of partial migration. Our field sparrows nesting in southern Maine head south to the Carolinas or beyond for the winter. The field sparrows that nest in North Carolina do not migrate so there is a mix of resident and migrant sparrows in the winter. It turns out that the resident sparrows outcompete the migrants and have a higher survivorship over the winter.
Blue jays are a local example showing partial migration. In some years, some but not all our blue jays migrate south in the fall. In years where oaks have high acorn production, the jays stick around to enjoy their favored food. In years where acorn production is meager, many jays move south.
American goldfinches, purple finches, red-breasted nuthatches and black-capped chickadees may show partial migration as well.
As surely as temperatures decrease as you travel toward higher latitudes, so does temperature fall as you climb a mountain. Altitudinal migration is an underappreciated yet common type of migration.
One can find information on most aspects of a bird species by consulting The Birds of North America. This work is a series of species accounts, each written by an expert or experts on that species, reviewing all that is known about a particular species. In a 2017 paper, Alice Boyle scoured the 603 species accounts for North American breeders in search of evidence for altitudinal migration. She found that altitudinal migration was reported for 163 species (27%).
As you might imagine, most of these species occur in the western part of North America where many of the Rocky Mountains, Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevadas are over twice as high as the tallest mountains we have.
Nevertheless, we do have altitudinal migrants in Maine. Here is a partial list: hairy woodpecker, pileated woodpecker, northern flicker, Canada jay, brown creeper, house wren, dark-eyed junco, purple finch and evening grosbeak. These birds may only migrate a few miles as measured along the surface of the earth.
Just to add to the complexity, some species show partial altitudinal migration with some species sticking out the winter at high altitude and others descending where temperatures are more moderate.
What about really tall mountains? Using eBird records, researchers found that 70% of the 302 species that breed at high altitude in the Himalayas engaged in altitudinal migration. Who’s surprised?
Herb Wilson taught ornithology and other biology courses at Colby College. He welcomes reader comments and questions at whwilson@colby.edu
Maine
Balancing threats with public access, Maine Capitol Police beef up security • Maine Morning Star
Over the past two years, members of the Maine Capitol Police have visited state capitols across the country, learning how various law enforcement agencies are handling the increase in security issues.
These include bomb threats, hoaxes, and suspicious powder on mail — all of which happened in Maine just last year — in addition to armed protests seen in places like Michigan in recent years.
Threats of violence have been made against Maine’s political leaders at all levels. Last March, there were emailed threats made against two state lawmakers who co-sponsored a controversial bill about reproductive health services and gender-affirming treatments. And on Thanksgiving, U.S. Rep. Jared Golden was reported to have bomb threats sent to his home in Lewiston.
Though these politically-charged security risks are widespread, states may take their own approach to keeping their facilities safe. Maine Capitol Police Chief Matt Clancy said agencies throughout the country are working on developing best practices, but he’s focused on adopting policies and procedures that he feels are best for Maine.
Some state capitols Clancy visited felt a little too “tight,” white others didn’t even screen visitors upon entry, as is done in Augusta.
“Here we’re trying to build a balance of providing the type of security that we feel makes the facilities here very accessible and inviting without being overbearing,” Clancy said.
Maine State House evacuated after hoax bomb threats against legislators, Democratic Party
As a result of this work, Clancy said there will be some new security measures in place for the 132nd Maine Legislature. The session is starting to ramp up, with legislators sworn in, committee orientation meetings on the calendar for this week and cloture, the deadline for bills to be submitted, set for Friday.
While many of the enhanced security measures are “unseen,” as Clancy described them, there will be some noticeable changes, especially for people who frequent the State House.
One such change is the new Capitol Police K9. Visitors will see Ted — a nod to Red Sox legend Ted Williams, which was changed from Jeter to keep peace with New England sports fans — regularly patrolling the State House, but he will also be called in to assist with bomb threats.
Hoax bomb threats have been particularly problematic in recent years. Last year, there were several threats, including one the first day of the session that forced lawmakers and visitors to evacuate.
Though he couldn’t speak to the procedural details of responding to such threats, Clancy said his team’s goal is to thoroughly vet them while letting the Legislature get back to its business quickly — or in some cases, without any disruptions. Having a K9 will help improve that response, he said.
The other more noticeable changes will be in the Burton Cross Building, which sits next to the State House and connects through a tunnel. The building houses many of the legislative committee rooms in addition to agencies, such as the Maine Secretary of State’s Division of Elections.
Last session, Capitol Police started staffing the Cross Building with security personnel. This year, there will be even more of a presence, Clancy said.
Additionally, in the coming months, construction will begin on a new security screening area in the Cross Building, similar to what people have to go through to enter the State House. Clancy said they are currently accepting bids for the $7 million project and he expects it will take about 18 months to complete.
Though Clancy said there is pressure in being responsible for the safety and security of facilities, lawmakers, and visitors, “you also have to understand that it’s the people’s house.”
“This is their house, they can come in and do their thing, be heard,” he said.
Striking that balance, he said, will take regular evaluation of how new and old procedures are working in today’s political climate. One way the Capitol Police hope to stay vigilant without being overbearing is through its new security operations center located at its satellite station on the East Campus, which is situated across the Kennebec River.
Clancy said his team decided to create that space after visiting other complexes across the country. The operations center has three workstations and a camera wall, allowing officers to remotely keep tabs on spaces in the State House and communicate concerns with those on the ground.
Since the political world exists outside of the walls of the State House, Capitol Police are also monitoring chatter online — like they did with the threats made against lawmakers last year that was said to be related to a social media post.
Vetting online discourse and threats requires the same nuance as protecting the physical security of the building, he said, balancing First Amendment rights and being prudent about the information that’s out there. The chief said it’s the cases where there were warning signs ahead of a bad scenario that keep him up at night.
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Maine
Rare American goose breeds may be a good fit for Maine homesteads
Chickens are a common entry into keeping backyard birds, but there is also a lot to be said for geese.
Though they are generally less productive egg layers than chickens, they produce grease and meat, can sometimes be raised on grass and are effective guards to keep flying predators, including hawks, away from chickens and ducks. When hand-raised and well-socialized, geese can be friendly and protective.
Farm geese are descended from wild European and Asian geese, but three domestic breeds developed by American farmers for small operations and local conditions can still be found at specialty breeders today. If you’re adding birds to your homestead this spring, you might want to consider a goose.
All three American breeds are medium-sized and generally friendly; they forage for food, reducing feed costs, and have even been used to weed gardens. They’re also considered breeds in need of conservation to keep them from disappearing.
Cotton Patch
These geese are named for the jobs they once held eating the weeds and grass from Southern cotton and corn fields, according to breeders and historians. They nearly went extinct and are still considered very rare.
Friendly and good at foraging, the small-to-medium-sized geese are also can fly, which is unusual for domestic geese. This allows the birds to escape predators. They’re good parents and more productive egg layers than many other goose breeds, which typically produce between 20 and 40 eggs each year.
Cotton Patch and American Pilgrim geese are unusual among geese, and poultry in general, because the difference between males and females is visible from birth.
American Pilgrim
These geese have murky origins, but it is possible they came to America from England with early colonists. They also may have been developed by a Missouri breeder in the 1930s, when they were first documented by the Pilgrim name, according to the Livestock Conservancy.
Wherever they came from, they’re considered great homestead birds because they’re calm, friendly and quiet (for a goose). They’re hardy, fast-growing and forage well, meaning you save on feed costs, and American Pilgrims also take to parenting naturally.
The goose is considered rare, and females in particular can be hard to find from mail-order hatcheries. Ordering sites say they sell out quickly, so keep watch in March and April when ordering opens.
American Buff
These apricot-colored geese are the easiest American breed to find; the livestock conservancy has them on a watch list, rather than considering them threatened. They were developed in the 1940s as commercial meat birds, and their feathers are supposedly easier to remove.
American Buffs are also a less aggressive, generally calm breed that can bond to people; dedicated parents, they tend to be broody and can raise young from other breeds. They are among the largest of the medium-weight meat birds. They’re also curious, according to the Livestock Conservancy, and need good fencing.
More information about raising geese in Maine is available from the University of Maine Cooperative Extension and the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association. Local poultry breeders may be able to answer questions too.”
Maine
Maine police lieutenant, 2 others seriously injured in head-on crash
A police lieutenant in Maine and two others suffered serious injuries when another driver crashed head-on into his police cruiser in Turner while the lieutenant was on his way home from work on Monday, authorities said Tuesday.
Monmouth Police Lt. Dana Wessling, 52, of Turner, was extricated from his cruiser and flown to Maine Medical Center in Portland with serious but non-life-threatening injuries, the Androscoggin County Sheriff’s Office said in a statement.
The other driver, Sean McNeil, 41, of Minot, and his passenger, a 47-year-old woman from Turner, were both taken by ambulance to Central Maine Medical Center with serious but non-life-threatening injuries.
The conditions of Wessling, McNeil and the unidentified woman were not known on Tuesday.
On Monday, at 4:49 p.m., the Androscoggin County Regional Communications Center received a report of a two-vehicle, head-on crash at the intersection of Turner Center Road and Bradford Road in Turner.
Deputies along with Turner Fire-Rescue were immediately dispatched to the scene, the Androscoggin County Sheriff’s Office said.
A preliminary investigation found that Wessling was traveling west on Turner Center Road in his take-home cruiser, a black 2022 Ford Interceptor that is owned by the Town of Monmouth.
McNeil, driving his silver 2013 Ford F150 pickup truck, was traveling east on Turner Center Road when McNeil came around a curve, crossed the center line and was in Wessling’s lane when the two vehicles collided, authorities said.
Both vehicles had extensive front-end damage and were totaled, authorities said.
Wessling, who was on his way home at the end of his shift, had just picked up his 7-year-old son at daycare, the Androscoggin County Sheriff’s Office said. His son was taken by private vehicle to a local hospital to be examined for precautionary reasons.
Investigators from the sheriff’s office and the Lewiston Police Department were on scene to reconstruct the crash.
The crash investigation remains under investigation.
Turner is a small town in Maine, just north of Lewiston. The town’s population was 5,817 at the 2020 census.
This is a developing story. Check back for updates as more information becomes available.
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