Harris looked to capitalize on the scandal by making a surprise appearance at the Old San Juan Cafe restaurant in Reading. 

Both candidates also visited Pittsburgh. Trump then flew off to North Carolina while Harris made her way to Philadelphia, where the crowd had already gathered hours before. 

Mayor Cherelle Parker and Senator Bob Casey kicked it off as people continued to stream in. Parker shared her signature saying, “one Philadelphia,” prompting the crowd to hold up their index fingers. Casey made his last pitch to Pennsylvania voters to keep him in office while also thanking the volunteers for their efforts on behalf of Democrats up and down the ballot.

“At this moment, ll the work that’s been done, all the doors that have been knocked on—more doors than have been knocked on in the history of this state,” he said.”

Lady Gaga, The Roots, and Ricky Martin performed at the event in Philadelphia while Oprah Winfrey, Fat Joe, and Philly’s own DJ Jazzy Jeff delivered speeches. Katy Perry performed via the link to Pittsburgh and Jon Bon Jovi performed Livin on a Prayer from Detroit.

Shortly before the vice president arrived on the “Rocky Steps,” Lady Gaga performed God Bless America before telling the crowd it was up to them to protect women’s rights. 

“I cast my vote for someone who will be president for all Americans,” she said. “And now, Pennsylvania, it’s your turn. The country is depending on you so, tomorrow, let’s make sure all your voices are heard.”

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Kamala Harris and Donald Trump raced across the crucial battleground state of Pennsylvania on Monday, in a last-ditch quest to secure the final votes in one of the tightest US presidential contests in modern history.

The state has 19 electoral votes and has been long viewed as crucial for both candidates’ path to the White House, with Trump winning there in his successful 2016 campaign but losing by 80,000 votes out of nearly 7mn cast four years ago.

The focus on the biggest swing state in the campaign’s waning hours is a sign of how the Democratic vice-president and Republican former president are looking for every possible vote in an election that surveys suggest will be decided by a razor-thin margin.

The Financial Times poll tracker shows the candidates in a statistical tie in all seven swing states, which stretch from the eastern seaboard to the industrial Midwest to the western sunbelt.

Speaking on Monday to volunteers in Scranton, a city in north-eastern Pennsylvania, Harris did not mention Trump by name, but sought to contrast her more optimistic vision for America with his more downbeat view of the country.

“This whole era of this other guy . . . it makes people feel alone. It makes people feel like there is nobody standing with them,” Harris said. “Let’s be intentional about building community . . . about reminding people we have so much more in common than what separates us,” she said.

In the campaign’s final days, Democrats have been cheered by what they believe is a decided shift in polling towards Harris — including a surprising lead in a much-watched survey of Iowa that showed her ahead in what many analysts believed was a solid state for Trump. Aides to the former president dismissed the poll as an outlier.

Jen O’Malley Dillon, the Harris campaign chair, was upbeat about the election’s outcome, saying that “people who are making up their mind are breaking to the vice-president”. She added that a shift was occurring “in all of our battleground states”, especially with core Democratic voter groups such as the young, Black people and Latinos.

But she acknowledged that the race was so close that the outcome might not be immediately clear. “We may not know the results of this election for several days, but we are very focused on staying calm and confident throughout this period,” she said.

More than 78mn Americans have already voted early, either in person or by mail, according to the leading tracker of pre-election day voting at the University of Florida. At least as many are expected to turn out on election day on Tuesday.

Harris raced across Pennsylvania in her final push on Monday — including two large rallies in the state’s biggest cities of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia — while Trump stopped at Pittsburgh and Reading, a mid-sized city in south-east Pennsylvania with a large Latino population. He was scheduled to cap off the day with an event in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

After being criticised for the violent rhetoric and grievance-filled speeches delivered during his last campaign appearances, Trump on Monday tried to focus on economic issues.

“Under my leadership we are quickly going to turn this economic nightmare into an economic miracle,” he said, adding that he would end “Kamala’s war on energy” by promoting fracking and drilling for fossil fuels.

Michigan is another of the too-close-to-call swing states. Trump held his final campaign rallies in Grand Rapids in 2016, when he defeated Hillary Clinton, and in 2020, when he lost his re-election bid to Joe Biden.

The Iowa poll and a handful of other pre-election surveys convinced some investors to pare their bets on a Trump victory, with the dollar weakening and Treasuries rallying on Monday.

The dollar fell 0.5 per cent against a basket of major currencies, putting it on course for its biggest one-day drop since August. The euro was 0.5 per cent higher against the US currency at $1.09. Yields on US government debt, which move inversely to prices, were lower and the Mexico peso strengthened.

Trump’s visit to Reading on Monday could be crucial to his prospects in the state as he seeks to shore up support from Latino voters, particularly those of Puerto Rican heritage, amid an ongoing controversy over a speaker at a recent Trump rally who called the US territory a “floating island of garbage”.

Harris — whose campaign has sought to capitalise on such incendiary comments — also stopped in Reading, visiting a local Puerto Rican restaurant with Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, the Democratic congresswoman, who is of Puerto Rican descent, and with Josh Shapiro, Pennsylvania’s popular Democratic governor.