• Ohio’s proposed budget includes a flat income tax of 2.75% for earners above $26,051.
• $600 million in unclaimed funds would go toward a new Cleveland Browns stadium and entertainment district.
• The budget awaits Gov. DeWine’s signature or veto by July 1.

Ohio Republicans will cut taxes for people who earn six figures and use Ohioans’ abandoned money to help pay for a new Cleveland Browns stadium.

The proposals are part of the GOP-controlled Legislature’s compromise budget plan. The House and Senate passed their own versions of the two-year spending bill, then spent days behind closed doors to hash out differences.

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Both chambers are expected to vote on the budget June 25 and send it to Gov. Mike DeWine, who must sign it before July 1. DeWine can also veto individual items he doesn’t support.

Here’s what we know about the budget so far.

Ohio flat income tax

The final budget maintains an income tax cut for Ohioans who earn six figures and taxes everyone making over $26,051 at 2.75%. Currently, the state taxes income over $100,000 at 3.5% and income earned between $26,051 and $100,000 at 2.75%.

People who make less than $26,051 don’t pay income taxes.

“We found a way to give that important new tax relief to Ohioans while also doing a lot of the priorities that we had here in the House,” said Rep. Brian Stewart, R-Ashville, the chief budget negotiator for the House.

The flat tax is the culmination of years of work by Republicans to slash Ohio’s income tax. DeWine has expressed concern about further tax cuts but declined to say June 23 whether he would sign a flat tax into law.

Cleveland Browns stadium set to get $600M in Ohio unclaimed funds

OHIO COUNTY, W.Va. — FEMA representatives are in Ohio County a little over a week after devastating flash flooding hit the Wheeling area.

Governor Patrick Morrisey formally requested President Donald Trump declare a major disaster in both Ohio and Marion Counties following the floods, which would provide Individual Assistance and Public Assistance to affected residents and counties.

According to the Ohio County Emergency Management Agency, over 870 damage surveys have been completed in affected communities such as Triadelphia, Valley Grove and Elm Grove.

The Ohio County EMA held a news conference Monday afternoon giving an update on the recovery process, but before anything else was addressed, Ohio County Sheriff Nelson Croft said that crews are still looking for the potential 9th victim, Sandra Kay Parsons, 83.

“While we’re praying for a miracle, we kind of know the probable outcome,” Croft said. “The family needs closure, and if anyone can help and search in the creek banks, I would appreciate that.”

Wheeling-Ohio County Homeland Security and Emergency Management Agency Director Lou Vargo says finding Parsons is still the top priority.

“I can assure you that we are not stopping our efforts. We’re not going to rest until we get closure to that family,” Vargo said.

Croft advised residents willing to look in creeks to wear a reflective vest, so property owners don’t mistake them for looters of scrap metals. Croft announced last week that the county had been dealing with looters in storage units and abandoned homes near the flood zone.

He says Ohio County residents have had enough of crooks profiting from their tragedy.

“Please don’t loot,” Croft said. “If you do loot and you get caught, pray it’s one of my deputies and not the public because you’re not going to be handled well by the public losing their stuff, and I can’t blame them.”

Assistant Emergency Management Director Tony Campbell spoke during the update on what FEMA is doing. He explained that reps are conducting preliminary damage assessments for those who filled out a damage survey.

“It’s okay that everybody had their surveys done, but they actually have to see it,” Campbell said. “They’ll be coming to the houses. They want to walk inside your house and see how much damage there is.”

“When they (the residents) do these assessments, they have different divisions on there like destroyed or extensive damage or moderate damage or minimal damage. In their mind, they have that certain aspect for the damages done, but sometimes they’re not right.

Campbell also says small businesses that took on damage are starting to get help.

“There’s a lot of businesses in Valley Grove and Triadelphia — mom and pop businesses — that have been greatly affected by this. The SBA is here and they’re going to assist them with finances,” Campbell said.

Once FEMA conducts their preliminary damage assessments, the next step will be waiting for President Trump to declare a federal disaster.

“If the declaration is declared, that’s when they’ll send out larger teams,” Campbell said. “They’ll have you come to an area where you fill out your applications, get pictures from you if you have them and they haven’t seen them already, or if they need to go to your site, they will go to your site.”

Triadelphia Volunteer Fire Department David Patterson also spoke during Monday’s news conference. He says his community has dusted itself off and got to work.

“If you drive through the community today and you knew anything about what happened here, it has tremendously been cleaned up and it’s 100% coming along,” Patterson said. “With a meeting with the (National) Guard, they’re saying what we’ve done in three days, they would’ve been three weeks without the help of this community.”

“This community has come together. My town is devastated,” Patterson said while fighting back tears. “They’ve come together to bring it together and it’s coming along.”

To appeal his conviction for burglary and related charges, James Bishop needed the legal papers a Jefferson County court clerk had mailed him in prison. But mailroom staff at Ohio’s Noble Correctional Institution decided there were too many pages.

They gave Bishop two options: Have the legal documents destroyed, or pay $4.61 in postage to send them back to the court.

When he refused either choice, correctional officers labeled the more than 60 pages from the court “contraband” and charged Bishop with “abuse of the mail system.” After filing a formal complaint, officers put Bishop in a lockdown cell for four days with a man accused of “inflicting harm on another inmate” and manufacturing a weapon, according to court and prison disciplinary records.

“I got a ticket for contraband,” an incredulous Bishop told The Marshall Project – Cleveland after getting out of the segregation unit in April. “Yeah, for the court sending me mail.”

As of mid-June, Bishop remains incarcerated, still waiting for the records he needs to appeal his conviction.

Prison walls shouldn’t stop a person from appealing a conviction or alleging civil rights abuses while incarcerated. But a 2021 pandemic-era crackdown on drug smuggling in the mail has delayed or prevented basic legal documents from reaching people inside Ohio’s 28 state prisons.

The rights to petition the courts, to due process, and attorney-client privilege are pillars of the American justice system. “Having policies that unnecessarily restrict that is a big problem, and that’s true under the federal Constitution and our state constitution,” said Ben Cooper, a Columbus attorney who successfully challenged how the state prison system is handling what used to be protected mail.

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Access to information, including a person’s own legal records — which are usually available online to the general public — is significantly restricted in Ohio prisons.

Incarcerated people might get a couple of hours a week to conduct research on a prison law library computer. However, there’s no unfettered access to the internet to search for legal arguments or visit a court website to view case files. Instead, there’s LexisNexis, a third-party legal research tool. It doesn’t always show every time-stamped entry on a court docket, including prosecutorial motions and lower court judgments that, if responded to in time, could aid people convicted of crimes in future appeals.

That’s why incarcerated people rely heavily on the mail. Under the enhanced scrutiny, though, legal records can take weeks or months to arrive, instead of days. Public court records, now treated like regular mail, can be denied for delivery if they exceed five pages. Because these records are now scanned, letters previously handed over in person are sometimes delivered to the wrong person, have pages missing, or come with a bill for copying and printing costs.

The Marshall Project – Cleveland interviewed or reviewed lawsuits and official complaints filed since 2021 by 33 people confined in nearly half of Ohio’s state prisons. They said staff violated their rights by opening and reading their legal mail. Prison disciplinary records showed that correctional officers punished those who criticized the mailroom or filed lawsuits claiming their mail was mishandled.

Staff at Marion Correctional Institution, for example, disciplined Chad Messenger twice in 2022 for “disobeying a direct order” and “use of telephone or mail to threaten, harass, intimidate or annoy another.” He had repeatedly supplied the mailroom with stamped envelopes and postage funds to forward legal mail to his family instead of returning it to the courts or having it destroyed. Messenger even filed a court motion accusing a local county clerk of dereliction of duty.

The conduct reports, or prison rules violations, could be used against an incarcerated person when they seek an early release from prison.

“Sometimes our cases are determined on our behavior in here, as well as our past history,” Messenger said of early release and parole requests. If the people rack up too many conduct reports, “it looks bad.”

Incarcerated people who challenge the handling of their mail in court are rarely afforded attorneys. They represent themselves, often losing, based on judgments that grant the prison system the latitude to keep facilities secure and free from contraband.

“Courts have consistently held that the maintenance of prison security and prevention of contraband from entering the prison are ‘legitimate penological’ interests,” U.S. Magistrate Darrell A. Clay ruled in February.

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The state prison system adopted tighter restrictions for legal mail in 2021 to keep out paper dipped in hard-to-detect synthetic drugs.

Drug seizures traced to legal mail — a tiny fraction of drug activity documented by correctional staff — did fall sharply, from 165 seizures in the first half of 2021 to 35 total in the next three years. Overall drug seizures, however, have continued to climb.

“They’re trying to say that they want to do this to prevent introduction of contraband and the drug problem,” said Richard Whitman, who is incarcerated at Belmont Correctional Institution. It’s “worse than it ever was with the previous legal mail policy.”

Incarcerated people, advocates and defense attorneys say the 2021 legal mail policy is an unconstitutional violation of the attorney-client privilege. The Marshall Project – Cleveland found that judges regularly extend filing deadlines for incarcerated people who miss filing deadlines due to slow-arriving court mail. Even with deadline extensions, people suing the state prison system or trying to overturn convictions are left with days, not weeks or months, to prepare and respond to complex legal questions and arguments raised by judges, prosecutors and attorneys who defend state-employed correctional staff.

“All they do is lie to us, and spin us,” said Jason Monaco, an incarcerated man who works in the law library at Noble Correctional Institution, where he helps others, like Bishop, fight for their mail. “These people do not care about the Constitution or anything it stands for.”

Monaco is among dozens of incarcerated people suing state prison officials, wardens and mailroom staff for disobeying a 2024 court order to deliver all federal court mail with as little interference as possible.

And it’s not just incarcerated people who are complaining. Last month, lawyers with the Ohio Justice & Policy Center alleged in a lawsuit that, despite their staff attorneys following the new rules, staff at 11 prisons have been opening their confidential letters to clients for months.

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State prison officials declined to comment for this story due to pending litigation. Under oath in a lawsuit settled last year, a top corrections administrator defended new restrictions on legal mail as “pretty clear” and “narrowly constructed to go after a particular issue.”

Regular mail, which generally cannot exceed five pages, is scanned on site or forwarded to a processing center in Youngstown, where a private company opens, reads and scans the mail to be delivered electronically on digital tablets. Legal mail must be opened in front of the addressee, checked for contraband and, if clean, handed over without being read.

In order to send legal mail, which, unlike regular mail, is certified as delivered and processed swiftly, the 2021 policy required attorneys and court staff to obtain a control number from the prison system. Each number expires in 21 days, can only be used once, and verifies legal mail when placed on the outside of an envelope.

Under the old policy, which larger prison systems in California and Texas also use, legal mail only needed the valid return address of a law office or court.

In the early days of Ohio’s new policy, prison mailrooms lacked guidance on how to handle court mail, which generally involves publicly available entries on court dockets. A one-page memo in September 2021 directed all mailroom staff to process all court mail as regular mail. Unless court staff marked the mail as confidential and requested a control number, the letters would be opened, scanned and read before the incarcerated person knew it had arrived.

The narrower definition significantly reduced the volume of legal mail, slashing the pieces arriving in the months before the new policy from over 10,000 to less than 3,000 by the end of last year, according to state data filed in the Ohio Justice & Policy Center lawsuit.

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State prison officials could allow defense attorneys and courts to send confidential legal mail directly to incarcerated people on their electronic tablets, which would cut out the paper altogether. But there’s no immediate timeline to implement that solution.

Four years after the start of the 2021 policy, the Ohio Supreme Court and a smattering of county courts use control numbers, even though it takes additional staff, time and resources. Several courts, including Cuyahoga County Common Pleas, do not, which means the timely delivery of court mail depends almost entirely on where an incarcerated person was convicted.

“I handle a lot of the inmate mail, but not all of it,” said Susan Ayers, chief of compliance for the Hamilton County clerk of courts office. “And I will tell you that we almost exclusively send control numbers on there. I always assumed that was for ease of routing.”

Several court clerks surveyed by The Marshall Project – Cleveland pointed to the 2021 memo from prison officials stating that they don’t need control numbers because they’re not sending legal mail.

“We don’t even know how to do that. We don’t do that. We just file what the judges give us,” said Alicia Anderson, office manager at the Jefferson County Clerk of Courts Office, which repeatedly mailed Bishop envelopes that the prison mailroom labeled as “contraband” because they “were too large to scan.”

In June 2024, federal Judge Edmund A. Sargus Jr., of the U.S. Southern District of Ohio, approved an agreement between Ohio prisons Director Annette Chambers-Smith and El-Barseem K. Allah, whose federal court mail had been withheld by the mailroom at Southern Ohio Correctional Institution. All federal court mail would be treated as legal mail “whether or not it was assigned a control number,” the agreement stated.

The Ohio prison system, however, is not consistently holding up its end of the bargain, according to multiple incarcerated people who have referenced the ruling in subsequent lawsuits. Bishop, for example, sent The Marshall Project – Cleveland a photo and scanned copy of mail from a federal courthouse in Cleveland. The mail was opened and read outside of his presence, then scanned and delivered with two pages missing.

“I know they are in contempt,” Bishop said.

In a lawsuit deposition last year, Brian Wittrup, the chief of strategy and policy for state corrections, told attorney Robert Salem that he could not say how many prisons were adhering to Judge Sargas’ order.

“It is up to 28 separate prisons and their leadership to enforce those things and know whether or not they’re being followed,” Wittrup said. “There’s just no way for me to know every day if policy is being adhered to, and that’s true of any policy we have.”

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Attorneys with the Ohio Justice & Policy Center say that despite using control numbers, staff at 11 prisons have in the past few months started opening, scanning and reading attorney-client legal mail. In their May lawsuit, they argue that effective legal counsel requires clients who “feel comfortable communicating fully and frankly with their attorneys.”

While visiting the Lebanon prison, attorney Angela S. Larsen, a lead attorney on the Ohio Justice & Policy Center lawsuit, said the prison staff told her to give the warden copies of papers her client needed to sign.

“No, this is confidential,” Larsen said. “They just don’t seem to get it.”