Lifestyle
Vet care costs are skyrocketing in California. 8 people share their bill horror stories
Two things are certain in pet parenting: 1) your furry loved one will one day have to visit the vet and 2) the cost of veterinary care is increasing, rising more than 60%, over the last decade, according to a recent New York Times report.
Stacie Straw, in Long Beach, Calif., spent about $30,000 in 2022 on her English Bulldog rescue, Blanche, which she mostly paid for with a CareCredit card at zero interest, she said in response to a Times survey inquiring about readers’ vet expenditures. The cost was due to the “unfortunate confluence,” she said, of the dog needing ACL surgery and then developing mast cell cancer. Ultimately, Blanche passed away after several months of treatment.
“I have a lot of empathy for vets because they’re doing the best they can,” Straw said in a follow-up interview. “But it’s really hard and expensive for most people — it’s difficult to spend $100 to take your dog to the vet just to know if there’s an issue. That’s not chump change. And you may have to make trade-offs in your spending decisions to [pay for] that.”
Stacie Straw’s English bulldog rescue, Blanche.
(Stacie Straw)
Ballooning veterinary costs are not necessarily your mom and pop vet’s fault. A combination of factors in the industry is driving up vet bills. Drugs and vaccines are more expensive than ever. As is the cost of staffing vet offices, rent, utilities and medical equipment. Because there are more advanced medical technologies and treatments for pets now — MRIs, allergy testing, even acupuncture — there’s often more to charge for. And the ongoing corporatization of independent veterinary practices — in which big businesses look to maximize profits — is driving costs through the roof.
In addition to readers who have emptied their pockets at the vet, we heard from more than two dozen veterinarians across the country in response to our survey, nearly all of them citing the exorbitant cost of their veterinary school tuition. Many of them also noted that vets have a higher suicide rate than the general population — between 2.1 to 3.5 times higher, according to a 2019 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study.
Dr. Jessica Bachmann, of Ira, Vt., noted her “$400,000, eight-year education” to become a veterinarian.
But an industry in crisis doesn’t make caring for our pets any easier. If you’re enduring the outrageous cost of veterinary care, take some solace that you are not alone. Here’s what some Times readers had to say on the topic.
Raquel Cypert’s rescue chihuahua-pug, Luna.
(Raquel Cypert)
Raquel Cypert and Luna, Upland, CA
Highest vet bill: $3,800 — after having spent $800 the day prior on Luna at the vet.
What happened: “Luna became really lethargic and was vomiting one day. I took her to our regular vet and they ran some tests and gave her some fluids and said it was probably a stomach virus and sent us home. She spent the night vomiting and seizing. The next morning I took her back to that vet who said they could put her down or she could go to an emergency hospital.
I red lined [my] Audi a couple of times to the hospital and we ran in where they were waiting for us. The vet called us into the room about 20 minutes later and said she has Addison’s disease which is a deficiency of her stress hormones and she would need emergency meds and IV fluids and need to stay overnight to get her stable. $3,800 later we got our baby back.”
The outcome: “She needs monthly injections and daily meds but her condition is pretty manageable.”
Any cheaper alternative care options? “Because I am a nurse, I am able to inject her myself. So it saves about $1,000 a year avoiding monthly vet visits.”
William G Keiner and his dog, Los Angeles
Highest vet bill: $400 quickly escalated to $5,000 “before we were forced to decline treatment.”
What happened: “Our dog, about one year old, slipped his leash and ran into a car. Being a rescue who had distemper, he does not qualify for pet insurance. So when we took him to the emergency vet, we were presented with an ever-escalating stream of estimates … before we were forced to decline treatment. Essentially they admitted our dog, quoted a price to assess him and give him pain meds. They assessed and came out with a higher estimate. Went back in, came out with another higher estimate. This happened two-three times before we had to decline treatment. We still ended up paying close to $2,000. The vets were neither able to reset the broken leg or properly splint the leg.”
The outcome: “We opted for pain killers to get us through the weekend [and] to see a non-profit vet.”
Any cheaper alternative care options? “We took our dog to a non-profit vet who worked with the rescue group we foster for. He was treated but it didn’t go well. The pins they put in his leg got infected. This vet, we learned, was [ultimately] shut down by the city. We eventually found an independent vet who agreed to a reasonable [price]. Still thousands of dollars to remove the pins, which did the trick.”
Misty Dailey and Elfin, Spring Branch, TX
Highest vet bill: $2,200 (in Sacramento, Calif., 1992)
What happened: “Gastric Tortion. Deep barrel-chested dogs like Dobermans, boxers, Great Danes, etc., can have a tendency to woof their food down. If it’s not watered down or the bowl raised so they don’t have to bend down so much, it causes too much air to go into their gut. Their gut starts expanding (like a horse with colic) and their intestines will twist, killing them. I was leaving for a weekend in Lake Tahoe and saw my Doberman was all swelled up and looked like a chubby Shetland pony. My vet saw Elfin, whisked her away from me and took her to X-ray. She said she’d never seen a dog so bloated and still alive. She put her under, sliced her belly open, whooshed the air out of her, and then basically stitched her organs to the side of her so if it ever happened again, she wouldn’t twist up.”
The outcome: “I began raising up all my dogs’ dry food meals off the floor so it wouldn’t happen again.”
Any cheaper alternative care options? “No. I was grateful to pay the $2,200. They saved her! Elfin has [since] gone to Heaven.”
Michelle Min’s newly adopted dog, Lola.
(Michelle Min)
Michelle Min and Lola, San Gabriel Valley, CA
Highest vet bill: Over $1,300 (in 2013)
What happened: “One heart ultrasound [was] needed for a freshly adopted (doctor mandated) ADA dog, whom I completely adored, she saved my life. I was on a fixed income and pet insurance refused to cover it, despite collecting premiums. Turned out that she had serious, congenital heart issues. Lifelong medications (about five a day) and expensive, home cooked chicken breast/rice/veg diet followed for her whole life. She was worth every penny, there was nothing I wouldn’t have done for her, but I cannot go through this again. Too painful, not to mention the expense.”
The outcome: “It only confirmed the vet’s diagnosis prior to the test. She was already given meds and supplements to address her heart problems. No changes or adjustments were made following the test.”
Any cheaper alternative care options? “No. It’s outlandishly expensive to properly care for your companion, even if she serves a life-saving purpose as an ADA animal. This may be the hardest part. Living as a disabled person on a fixed income, I (willingly) sacrificed for years, so she could have proper care.”
Daniel Smith-Ramirez’s dog, Legoshi.
(Daniel Smith-Ramirez)
Daniel Smith-Ramirez and Legoshi, Cocina, CA
Highest vet bill: $2,300 with $4,000 on the horizon.
What happened: “This month, my dog has had bouts of stomach issues. He’s had to be treated with five different meds and hospitalized for three days. He will also potentially need an endoscopy. [He’s] been diagnosed with an ulcer, but [the] exploratory endoscopy [will] confirm.”
The outcome: “The first set of meds was not [helpful], so now we are trying stronger meds.”
Any cheaper alternative care options? “This is actually the cheapest in the area. We were told that other hospitals would charge roughly $10,000-20,000.”
Juan Chavez and Sugar, Pasadena
Highest vet bill: $10,000
What happened: “Our dog, Sugar, was hospitalized for pancreatitis. She had to be interned in a pet hospital for 24 hours, for one week.”
The outcome: “She was put to sleep after seven days.”
Any cheaper alternative care options? “No. Our neighborhood is notorious for good, but high-cost, vets. I’m under no illusion about getting cheaper vets, but perhaps we need to shop around outside our location using Reddit or NextDoor recommendations.”
Shelley Keith’s dog, Olive.
(Shelley Keith)
Shelley Keith and Olive, Sherman Oaks, CA
Highest vet bill: $3,000
What happened: “My dog was having seizures and I took her to an ER animal hospital.”
The outcome: “Lots of diagnostic tests but nothing wrong.”
Any cheaper alternative care options? “No.”
Jamie Tran and Grady, Santa Maria, CA
Highest vet bill: $12,149.43
What happened: “My dog that I had just adopted five days before became very ill out of the blue. He was so critical that they weren’t sure he’d make it through the night. He remained critical for the next several days with no definitive diagnosis. He was treated for potential sepsis, anaphylaxis and leptospirosis.”
The outcome: “I know that if he had still been at the shelter, they would have made the decision to let him go. Because they treated him for a myriad of things based on his symptoms, they were able to get him stable. When they discharged him, they provided seven medications to continue for two-three weeks after. Oddly enough, they discharged him saying there was nothing more that they could do and we would need to continue treatment at home and see if he continues to improve. I didn’t leave with the most confidence that he would make a full recovery. I don’t regret paying to save his life, but it’s something I’ll be paying for a long time.”
Any cheaper alternative care options? “No. The cost of veterinary care is quite expensive. Unfortunately where I live, the options for care are quite limited or nonexistent. They potentially wanted to transfer him elsewhere to be seen by a specialist. The options for that were an hour or two away as there are no specialists available anywhere closer. If your pet is in need of a specialist, they most likely are not well enough to travel long distance to receive the care they need.”
Lifestyle
How young people feel about American identity, on the nation’s 250th birthday
As the nation marks the 250th anniversary of its founding, NPR asked students all around the country to reflect on the moment and to make podcasts about the American experience and what “life liberty and the pursuit of happiness” means to them.


We received more than 700 entries, including many conversations with immigrant parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles about why their family decided to move to the United States. Others scored high-profile interviews with veterans, government officials and even Gloria Steinem.
We listened to reenactments and retellings of histories like the Battle of Monmouth, the Stonewall riots, the Underground Railroad and a special presentation on President Theodore Roosevelt’s pets. Other podcasts take place in the present, including one in which students report on civics education in their school.
Our team chose a handful of winning entries and honorable mentions from fourth graders, middle and high schoolers. Here they are, in alphabetical order:
Winners
Abridged
Students: Grace Kepka and Angelika Garrett, Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Md.
Teacher/Sponsor: Kyle Wannen
High schooler Grace lives in Takoma Park, Md., one of the handful of cities in the United States that allow 16 year olds to vote in all local elections. In her podcast with her friend Angelika, they discuss the power of the youth vote, and how voting rights encourage residents to learn about their government and be more politically active in their communities.
Civics in Our Schools
Students: Izabella Anthony, Benjamin Baigel, Bridget Castellon, Rile DeLeon, Maxwell Gibbs, Daniel Hernandez, Malcolm Johnson, Sylpa Kafle, Mason King, Kyle Li, Maximus Lin, Emmerson Quinn, Ariella Schoenfeld, Owenize Udevbulu and Dara Widzowski, Hewlett Elementary School in Hewlett, N.Y.
Teacher/Sponsor: Jaime Harrington
“Here’s the surprising truth. Many Americans, even grownups, don’t know the basics of how our country was founded or how our government works.” In Civics in Our Schools, a group of fifth graders voice their concerns about the lack of good civics education and discuss what they can do to be better citizens.
Leaving Greece
Student: Livie Courser, Wickliffe Progressive Elementary School in Upper Arlington, Ohio
Teacher/Sponsor: Shelly Hughes
Livie interviews her grandfather about his move from Greece to the United States. “How did it feel to immigrate to the U.S.?” she asks. “Very hard. Very very hard,” he responds. He shares with his granddaughter why he took the risk, and how his move to the U.S. allowed him to work hard at a factory, dream big and eventually open up his own restaurants.
Researching the Underground Railroad
Students: Travis Bozeman and Oliver Heering, South Douglas Elementary School in Douglasville, Ga.
Teacher/Sponsor: Thomas Bruno
“Did you know around 100,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad?” In a deep dive into a slice of history they learned from school, fourth graders Travis and Oliver report on the Underground Railroad. They present their research in the podcast, and weave in the expert interview they scored.
The American Dream
Student: Makayla Cheung, Mercer Island High School in Mercer Island, Wash.
Teacher/Sponsor: Lauren Schechter
In her podcast about her father, Makayla explores how different everyone’s American Dream is. Case in point, her dad moved from Hong Kong to the United States because of his talent in running. He tells Makayla he had a hard time adjusting at first and understanding his coach. But cross country, he says, didn’t require too much communication, and the sport gave him confidence and a way for him to find community and connect with other people.
The Journal
Student: Violet Maxinoski, Carmel High School in Carmel, Calif.
Teacher/Sponsor: Shelley Grahl
In an interview with her daughter Violet, Sandi Maxinoski revisits stories from her journal from the years she served in Iraq. She describes being in “cities fractured by bombings, checkpoints, smoke and uncertainty,” then returning to the United States where she felt an “intense amount of security” being able to walk down the street without the fear of something blowing up. Through these conversations, Violet discusses how the “life, liberty and happiness” she’s gotten used to shouldn’t be taken for granted.
Welcome Home, Grandpa
Student: Ursula Koestner, Roslyn High School in Roslyn Heights, N.Y.
Teacher/Sponsor: Matthew Vogt
“The Vietnam War destroyed more than it saved, even decades after its end,” high schooler Ursula says in her podcast. “My grandfather remains one of its victims despite returning home alive.” In her moving podcast, Ursula shares her family’s story and explores the generational trauma and lasting impact the Vietnam War has on veterans.
Honorable Mentions
America the Beautiful
Students: Pareena Gupta and Vidushee Bala, Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton, Calif.
Teacher/Sponsor: Stacey Sklar
America: The Ups and the Downs
Student: Alana Burwell, The Waldorf School of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
Teacher/Sponsor: Anyta Thomas
America’s New Favorite Sport-Girls’ Flag Football
Students: Josephine Barry-Kao and Malcolm Barry-Kao, Lowell High School in San Francisco, Calif.
Teacher/Sponsor: Jacqueline Moses
An Intro to Differing Perspectives
Student: Waylon Heikinen, Ingomar Middle School in Franklin Park, Pa.
Teacher/Sponsor: Heath Gamache
Becoming American
Students: Karolina Zientek, James Gearhart, Andrea Vezmar, Troy Murray and August Hutchison, Greenwich High School in Greenwich, Conn.
Teacher/Sponsor: Lukasz Zientek
Before You Drop A Track: America’s 250th Anniversary
Student: Lukas Boulom, Public Academy For Performing Arts in Albuquerque, N.M.
Teacher/Sponsor: Su Hudson
Dawg Talk | Are we equal now?
Students: Makenna Aniszewski, Trinlee Leitner, Nagamoshitha Manivannan, Nethra Prabhu, Vaishnavi Tiwari and Sophia Van Dorn, Otwell Middle School in Cumming, Ga.
Teacher/Sponsor: David Miller
Democracy for Everyone or No One
Student: Jeju Daisy Ahn-Miles, Punahou School in Honolulu, Hawaii
Teacher/Sponsor: Christine Ahn
Everything Given Forward
Student: Lara Leon, Mountain View High School in Mountain View, Calif.
Teacher/Sponsor: Tom Chang
Fifty Stars, One Banner
Student: Naina Dhillon, Khan Lab School in Palo Alto, Calif.
Teacher/Sponsor: Emily Lindsey
Freedom’s Shore
Student: Dipa Chéry, The Kinkaid School in Houston, Texas
Teacher/Sponsor: Olen Rambow
From One Immigrant To Another
Student: Afomia Lemma, St. Mary’s Lynn in Lynn, Mass.
Teacher/Sponsor: Tiringo Endalamaw
Hope and Resistance
Student: Zinnia Bender, North Fork High School in Hotchkiss, Colo.
Teacher/Sponsor: Clara Pena
How Is My Life Like In US
Student: Yicheng Sun, Rectory School in Pomfret, Conn.
Teacher/Sponsor: Andrew Barker
Life of a Soldier
Students: Della Axelband, Peyton Johnson, Lily Epstein and Lilly Murillo, Jupiter Middle School in Jupiter, Fla.
Teacher/Sponsor: Sireesha Rutter
More Than A Photograph
Student: Josie Sloan-Westmoreland, The Learning Community School in Swannanoa, N.C.
Teacher/Sponsor: David Bird
Moving From Country to Country
Students: Ida Buerckert, Daniella Cubas, Ayano Enishi and Anastaiia Koshyk, Irving A. Robbins Middle School in Farmington, Conn.
Teacher/Sponsor: Alysson Olsen
Picketts Charge
Student: Zoe Snyder, Susquenita High School in Duncannon, Pa.
Teacher/Sponsor: Terrance Shepler
“So What??”
Student: Caroline Harris, Marin Academy in San Rafael, Calif.
Teacher/Sponsor: Kelly Kurtzig
Somewhere Over the Rainbow
Student: Lark (Miles) Jackman, Public Academy For Performing Arts in Albuquerque, N.M.
Teacher/Sponsor: Su Hudson
Teddy Roosevelt and His Pets
Student: Abbott Mearns and Keaton Rainwater, College Place Middle School in Lynnwood, Wash.
Teacher/Sponsor: Colindra Connolly
The Battle of Monmouth: A Twist on History
Students: Leonardo, Zinna and Kaiden, Marlboro Middle School in Marlboro, N.J.
Teacher/Sponsor: Tara Meara
The Freedom to Fail
Students: Abraham Coher and William Pan, Polytechnic School in Pasadena, Calif.
Teacher/Sponsor: Aliya Coher
The Government Exodus: Why Federal Workers Resign
Student: Anna Su, Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Md.
Teacher/Sponsor: Kyle Wannen
The Name I Chose Polly Bemis (September 11, 1853 – November 6, 1933)
Student: Jubilee Sung, Imaginate Ink in Irvine, Calif.
Teacher/Sponsor: Clarissa Ngo
The Pig and Potato Podcast
Student: Petra Rouhana, Maryvale Preparatory School in Lutherville, Md.
Teacher/Sponsor: Deirdre McAllister
The Small Pond of Peace
Students: Noam Dekel, Ronnie Dekel, Ian Rodriguez, Leonardo Leon-Espinoza, Singary Fofana, Ashly Arboleda-Osorio, Olumide Martin and Salma Elshaarawi, P.S. 333 Manhattan School for Children in New York, N.Y.
Teacher/Sponsor: Karin Patterson
to be united as citizens
Student: Josh Langlois, Cloverleaf Home Education in Highlands Ranch, Colo.
Teacher/Sponsor: Tony Winger
Two Worlds, One Dream
Student: Allayar Maratov, Rectory School in Pomfret, Conn.
Teacher/Sponsor: Andrew Barker
What is Home?
Student: Siobhan Allen, The Hewitt School in New York, N.Y.
Teacher/Sponsor: Jonathan Sabol
Lifestyle
Sunday Puzzle: Five plus two, two plus five
Sunday Puzzle
NPR
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NPR
On-air challenge
I’m going to give you two five-letter words. Add the same two letters at the end of the first one and the start of the second one, in each case to complete a familiar seven-letter word.
Ex. Later Ready –> LATERAL/ALREADY
1. Habit Tempt
2. Laten Press
3. Blank Ching
4. Since Venue
5. Shack Groom
6. Surge Stage
Last week’s challenge
Last week’s challenge came from Rawson Sheinberg. of Plymouth, Mich. Think of a U.S. city with a two-word name. Add a letter to the first word, without rearranging letters, to name a country. Then, without adding a letter, rearrange the letters of the second word to name another country. What places are these?
Answer: Los Angeles –> Laos, Senegal
Winner
Elaine Neel of Derby, Kansas.
This week’s challenge
Next weekend will be the 186th convention of the National Puzzler League, in Bloomington, Ind., which I’ll be attending as always. Two other people who will be there are Henri Picciotto and Joshua Kosman, who created this week’s challenge. Name two words that are opposites. They share a single letter. Remove that shared letter from each word, put a hyphen between the two starting words, and you’ll get a term you sometimes see in food ads. What are the two words?
If you know the answer to the challenge, submit it here by Thursday, July 9 at 3 p.m. ET. Listeners whose answers are selected win a chance to play the on-air puzzle. Important: include a phone number where we can reach you.
Lifestyle
But first, coffee: The drink that energized the American Revolution
An illustration of the Boston Tea Party, when colonists dumped British East India Company tea into the harbor on Dec. 16, 1773. Some accounts say this marked a pivotal moment when Americans started loving coffee. But one historian says Americans were drinking lots of coffee before then.
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A consequential act of defiance secured tea’s place as perhaps the most iconic beverage of America’s colonial era.
The Boston Tea Party became an essential ingredient in the recipe for revolution in the following years.
But tea wasn’t the only hot beverage with a prominent role in America’s fight for independence.
Coffee was an important part of American culture from the start. And coffeehouses were essential, too — serving as hubs for brewing ideas of independence.
As the United States celebrates 250 years, here’s what to know about America’s early history of coffee.

Colonists were drinking coffee long before the United States existed
Europeans brought coffee with them when they came to America.
“The first documented example of a mortar and pestle used to grind coffee beans was on the Mayflower” in 1620, says historian Michelle Craig McDonald, the author of Coffee Nation: How One Commodity Transformed the Early United States.
“The fact that coffee was present so early is not surprising if you think about it,” McDonald says. “A number of those who were on the Mayflower came to North America from Amsterdam, which was a major coffee trading center in Western Europe by the 17th century.”
The first coffeehouse in the colonies opened in 1676 in Boston, a century before the U.S. declared independence, she says. Some taverns sold coffee even earlier.
The Boston Tea Party probably wasn’t the dramatic turning point toward coffee that some claim
On the night of Dec. 16, 1773, disgruntled colonists boarded three ships moored in Boston Harbor and threw overboard more than 92,000 pounds of tea owned by the British East India Company.
Tensions had been building between the Crown and the colonies over the previous decade, as Britain tried to levy taxes on its colonies to recoup war debts.
The Boston Tea Party protest was targeted at the British government’s passing of the Tea Act in 1773, which granted the East India Company a monopoly over tea sales in the colonies. While the British had removed some unpopular taxes in the preceding years, they left tea taxes in place. Colonial merchants were especially upset that the act allowed the East India Company to undercut their tea business.

To build solidarity for their cause of sovereignty, some patriots called on colonialists to swear off tea in favor of coffee. It’s why many histories point to the Boston Tea Party as a turning point when Americans switched from mostly drinking tea to mostly coffee. The anti-tea sentiment was immortalized in a founding father’s now-famous letter.
In July 1774, John Adams (before he became the second U.S. president) wrote to his wife Abigail, recounting an incident during his travels. After a long day, he asked the proprietor of the house where he was lodging for a cup of tea, provided it was smuggled and free of British taxes.
” ‘No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I cant make Tea, but I’le make you Coffee.’ Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since, and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better,” Adams wrote.
Despite John Adams claiming a newfound patriotic duty to appreciate coffee, McDonald says colonists had been drinking lots of coffee all along.
She studied advertisements from the 1760s and ’70s to estimate how many shops sold coffee versus tea. Even before the Boston Tea Party, she says, “coffee is definitely more broadly available than tea is.”
A big reason? It was cheaper. “Its price again per pound is significantly less, which tells you about its availability, its accessibility to drinkers.”
Historians say it’s hard to definitively compare tea with coffee consumption, though, as official records from before America gained independence were inconsistent.
And smuggling was rampant, making official records even less reliable.

“There is a vast amount of smuggling,” says Joyce Chaplin, a professor of early American history at Harvard University. “So they’re not paying formal duties on tea that they get from the Dutch. They’re probably not paying formal duties on coffee from the French Caribbean.”
And Chaplin notes that people who loudly proclaimed a new appreciation for coffee over tea weren’t always doing what they said. It could have been political pandering. “I do not drink tea that comes via the East India Company,” she posits someone of the era saying. “But, you know, other sources are fine. Ditto for the coffee.”
Coffeehouses were a hub for revolutionary ideas
A coffeepot with cover, circa 1795. It has an American eagle motif, made in China for the American market. Coffee was part of a growing trend of globalization in the colonial era.
Heritage Art/Heritage Images via Getty Images
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In the colonial era, coffeehouses were hotbeds for seditious thought — where people planned acts of revolution.
“Coffeehouses are kind of famous for being places where people think and plot things,” says Mark Pendergrast, author of Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World.
A coffeehouse called the Green Dragon served as one of the locations for planning the Boston Tea Party. Years earlier, the Old London Coffeehouse in Philadelphia was a meeting place for strategizing responses to another British tax, the Stamp Act of 1765.
In Britain, coffeehouses were nicknamed “penny universities,” Pendergrast says: “because for a penny you could go and learn a whole lot by sitting around in a coffeehouse and discussing everything.” The same attitude traveled across the Atlantic.
Early American coffeehouses would commonly have city business directories, libraries of newspapers and currency exchange information. People could get maritime insurance there or buy things at auction.

“There’s a reason why coffeehouses become places of colonial protest … in the 1760s, in the 1770s, and it’s because it is the place where traders and merchants tended to gather,” historian McDonald says. “That’s where they heard about the economics of the day.”
Taverns were more likely than coffeehouses to have rooms for rent and stables for travelers’ horses. They were also more likely to have food.
Interestingly enough, coffeehouses could serve alcohol and taverns could serve coffee.
But the vibes at each were different. While women and men could “riotously drink together” in taverns, coffeehouses often didn’t allow women, according to Chaplin of Harvard.
“The sense was the coffeehouse was the place where you had a clear head — to argue about politics, to find out what was going on in the business world, to cut a business deal,” she says. “Whereas taverns were places where, in a sense, you refueled.”
Still, she says, the lines between the two “weren’t completely clear.”
The cost of America’s revolutionary drink
Coffee (and tea for that matter) was part of a growing globalization of trade around this time.
Much of the coffee in the colonies was grown in the Caribbean, while tea came from China.

Supply was up and coffee was easier than ever to drink. “Trade and frankly, imperialism, are making it possible for … colonial products to be produced and transferred to other parts of the world in greater and greater quantities,” says Chaplin.
As a result, by the time of the American Revolution, both coffee and tea were in reach for many common people. “They’re both becoming affordable luxuries,” Chaplin says.
Fancy coffee and tea paraphernalia were also part of this increasingly global market. Middle and upper-class people would have wanted special implements for drinking these beverages and a place to drink it. That meant they needed wood for coffee tables, silver for coffeepots, and porcelain for teapots.
“These two beverages are encouraging people to consume all kinds of new stuff,” says Chaplin. “The mahogany that comes out of the Caribbean, the china coming out of China, silver that is mined principally in South and Central America and processed in a lot of the parts of the world.”
There’s a dark side to coffee’s history, too. The plantations that supplied the crop ran on the labor of enslaved people. By 1790, half of the world’s coffee was being grown in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, in what is today Haiti, Pendergrast says, where slaves were routinely mistreated, raped and murdered.

The Declaration of Independence, signed in 1776, is infamous for a contradiction. It proclaimed that “all men are created equal,” but failed to acknowledge the hundreds of thousands of enslaved people living in America at the time.
Coffee carried a similar contradiction. The beverage that fueled conversations that inspired America’s fight for independence — centered on the ideals of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness — depended on enslavement.
“Coffee had this paradoxical effect, that it did promote revolutionary thought,” Pendergrast says. “But it was also grown by slaves.”
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