Health
Smoking shrinks the brain and drives up Alzheimer’s risk, new study finds
Smoking is notorious for causing damage to the lungs — but a recent study confirmed that it’s also harmful to the brain.
Researchers from the Washington University School of Medicine (WashUMed) in St. Louis, Missouri, analyzed the brain scans, smoking history and genetic risk of 32,094 participants of European descent from the UK Biobank database.
Those who smoked one pack daily were found to have decreased brain volume compared to those who never smoked or had smoked fewer than 100 total cigarettes.
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With each additional year of smoking, the shrinkage was greater.
The study, published in the January 2024 issue of Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science, helps to explain why older people who smoke are at a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, according to the researchers.
Smoking is notorious for causing damage to the lungs, but recent research confirmed that it is also harmful to the brain. (iStock)
“People who smoke are more likely to have deterioration in gray and white matter, which provides a possible explanation as to why 14% of global Alzheimer’s disease cases could be attributable to cigarette smoking,” they wrote in the study findings.
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“Up until recently, scientists overlooked the effects of smoking on the brain, in part because we were focused on all the terrible effects of smoking on the lungs and the heart,” said senior author Laura J. Bierut, M.D., the Alumni Endowed Professor of Psychiatry, in a press release from WashUMed.
“But as we’ve started looking at the brain more closely, it’s become apparent that smoking is also really bad for your brain.”
Those who smoked one pack daily were found to have decreased brain volume compared to those who never smoked or had smoked fewer than 100 total cigarettes. (iStock)
It has long been known that aging is linked to a gradual reduction in brain volume, and this study shows that smoking speeds up that process, the researchers noted.
“This is important as our population gets older, because aging and smoking are both risk factors for dementia,” noted Bierut.
“There’s one thing you can change to stop aging your brain and putting yourself at increased risk of dementia, and that’s to quit smoking.”
One positive finding was that kicking the habit can prevent the loss of additional brain tissue — but the shrinkage can’t be reversed.
“You can’t undo the damage that has already been done, but you can avoid causing further damage,” said first author Yoonhoo Chang, a graduate student at WashUMed.
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“Smoking is a modifiable risk factor. There’s one thing you can change to stop aging your brain and putting yourself at increased risk of dementia, and that’s to quit smoking.”
Fox News Digital reached out to the study authors for additional comment.
Impact of toxins on aging
Dr. Brett Osborn, neurosurgery section chief at St. Mary’s Medical Center in West Palm Beach, Florida, was not involved in the WashUMed study but shared his reaction to the findings.
While aging — and some age-related diseases — can’t be prevented, Osborn noted that our lifestyle choices can accelerate or decelerate the process.
Dr. Brett Osborn, neurosurgery section chief at St. Mary’s Medical Center in West Palm Beach, Florida, shared his reaction to the study findings. (Dr. Brett Osborn)
“We can age gracefully in part by choosing to avoid toxins such as alcohol and smoking, both of which increase the production of toxic free radicals, also known as oxidative stress,” he told Fox News Digital.
When someone smokes, the doctor explained, the person’s blood vessel linings are “bombarded” by free radicals, which are electrons that cause cell damage. That impacts not only the heart and lungs, but also the brain.
“When you smoke, the brain takes a hit due to the induced vascular damage,” Osborn said. “Over time, the brain shrinks, and this is evident on MRI.”
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The new study confirms not only the correlation between reduced global brain volume, but also causation, said Osborn.
“It is not that those with reduced global brain volume tend to smoke from a genetic standpoint, but it is that those who smoke cause their brains to atrophy,” he said.
“Smoking does terrible things not only to the body but also to the brain, and in some parts, disproportionately more than others.”
“Smoking does terrible things not only to the body but also to the brain, and in some parts, disproportionately more than others,” a neurologist told Fox News Digital. (iStock)
The regions most affected by smoking are the frontal cortex (involved in executive function, memory input and mood), cerebellum (coordination), corpus callosum (information bridge between the two hemispheres), and amygdala (emotional response and memory), Osborn pointed out.
“It is also well-established that hippocampal volume, or the volume of our primary center, is reduced in daily smokers,” he said. “It should be no surprise, therefore, that there is an increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in smokers.”
“Smoking does terrible things not only to the body but also to the brain.”
While other organs, such as the lungs, can recover after a person quits smoking, there are no subsequent increases in brain volume, said Osborn.
“The brain demonstrates a lower capacity for recovery, so the best you can hope for is a deceleration in induced damage when you stop,” he said. “So, the sooner you quit, the better.”
The study helps to explain why older people who smoke are at a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, according to the researchers. (REUTERS/Brian Snyder/File Photo)
“Remember, staying healthy lifelong is about making the right choices to mitigate the cellular damage that is the hallmark of the disease we call aging, to which no one is immune,” Osborn added.
“Do everything in your power to slow it down, rather than accelerating the process by smoking.”
One out of every five U.S. deaths can be attributed to smoking, per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Tips for kicking the habit
Dr. David Seitz, a New York-based physician with a specialty in addiction medicine, previously shared with Fox News Digital some tips for kicking the habit.
The first step is to remove all traces of cigarettes and other forms of smoking.
It’s also important to have a strong support system in place, the doctor said.
Some people find that it’s easier to gradually wean themselves off smoking instead of quitting cold turkey. (iStock)
He also suggested seeking out healthier activities to fill the gap, such as walking or jogging, listening to a relaxing playlist, meditating or going to a yoga class.
Some people find that it’s easier to gradually wean themselves off smoking instead of quitting cold turkey.
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“This could involve gradually reducing the number of cigarettes smoked each day until eventually giving up completely, cutting back to a certain number of cigarettes per week or focusing on specific dates when you need to be completely smoke-free,” Seitz said.
For those who are unable to stop smoking on their own, Seitz recommended seeing a doctor for assistance.
“Your doctor can provide helpful information about how to quit smoking, prescribe medications that may help, and also monitor your progress along the way.”
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From tracking sleep and steps to monitoring heart rate, temperature and stress levels, wearable devices like smartwatches and rings are growing in popularity as wellness tools.
Fox News’ Brian Kilmeade recently used one of these — an Oura ring — to track his metrics from the early morning hours through a demanding work schedule and reported the results live on “Fox & Friends.”
“I just got four hours and one minute [of sleep], but I have some REM sleep, 14%, over 20% of deep sleep. Feeling pretty good, I feel pretty fresh,” Kilmeade shared during his first early morning update, reviewing the stats from his ring.
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Throughout the day, the wearable tracked his physiological responses to various environments, from the stress of a live television broadcast to the physical exertion of a workout.
Wearable devices are changing cardiology’s landscape, helping detect conditions like atrial fibrillation early, a cardiologist said. (iStock)
Kilmeade observed the data in real time, noting, “You see the stress level spike just a little bit … as I make my way over to radio, my activity is going to pick up.”
By the end of his day, which included a trip to West Point and hours spent in a car, the device provided a summary of Kilmeade’s activity levels and heart rate stability.
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Dr. Craig Basman, a New Jersey cardiologist, joined the program to interpret the data and discuss the clinical implications of such technology.
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Basman immediately addressed Kilmeade’s limited rest. “Well, I don’t think you have to be a cardiologist to diagnose him with suboptimal sleep,” he said.
The cardiologist urged users to treat the data as a catalyst for lifestyle changes. (iStock)
However, the doctor highlighted the broader potential of these tools, explaining that “these wearable devices are changing the landscape of cardiology” and that “the future is bright, not just for preventative care … but also screening and detection of actual cardiovascular pathology.”
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The cardiologist urged users to treat the data as a catalyst for lifestyle changes, noting that he wouldn’t recommend detection tools unless you’re “going to do something about it.”
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Regarding the accuracy of the technology, Basman said there is “robust data” to suggest that the numbers are “incredibly accurate” for a lot of the metrics people are viewing, specifically data like resting heart rate and heart rate variability.
Wearable health tech like watches and rings can track sleep, heart rate and stress. (iStock)
He also mentioned that some devices can detect serious conditions like atrial fibrillation, which affects millions and can often go undetected during a standard physical exam.
For younger individuals, wearables can serve as a “great primary prevention tool,” according to the doctor, given that plaque can begin to develop in the arteries as early as the 20s and 30s.
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For the older population, the devices act more as a “screening tool for actual existing cardiac pathology,” he added.
Anyone concerned about wearable health data should consult a doctor for medical guidance.
In a sterile Bristol Myers Squibb lab about an hour north of Boston, scientists in scrubs and hairnets transfer living cells to a 2,000-liter stainless steel bioreactor that grows them for weeks. The goal is to produce proteins that are genetically engineered to attack cells that cause disease.
Tiny variations in heat, light or pH level can stop the cells from growing, causing drug shortages that endanger patients. Typically scientists would have to wait to see what went wrong during that fragile process, but now artificial intelligence is used to carefully monitor important variables — such as temperature and oxygen levels — and alert technicians if there are problems.
Every year the World Economic Forum and McKinsey recognize manufacturers that are on the cutting edge of technology, including artificial intelligence. This year, the Bristol Myers Squibb facility in Devens, Mass., was the only manufacturer in the United States that made the list of 23.
While American companies typically lead in artificial intelligence research and capital investment, U.S. manufacturers often struggle to translate those breakthroughs into productivity gains on the factory floor.
Of the 223 factories that have made the World Economic Forum’s Global Lighthouse Network list since 2018, 14 have been in the United States, while 99 are in China. Of the American ones, four are in the pharmaceutical and life sciences sector.
“China is scaling faster,” said Rahul Shahani, a partner at McKinsey who works with the World Economic Forum on the initiative. He added, “They have technologists in the factories — hundreds of them — while in the U.S. we’re competing for that same talent with Silicon Valley.”
Large American pharmaceutical companies have been a rare bright spot in the use of A.I. Many drugmakers, including Pfizer and Eli Lilly, are investing billions in A.I. and related technologies to accelerate drug discovery and streamline manufacturing. The trend coincides with President Trump’s demands that drugmakers produce more drugs on U.S. soil.
Scientists at the Devens facility use artificial intelligence to discover molecules that can target cancer and other diseases with greater precision. A.I. can comb through data sets from past experiments to identify possibilities that a human might not have considered. Researchers then test those molecules in the virtual world — a process referred to as “in silico.” Only the most promising are tested in a physical laboratory. The company can run multiple “in silico” experiments at a time.
“Drug discovery and bio-manufacturing are definitely areas where A.I. can have the most impact,” said Kyle Chan, a fellow at the Brookings Institution’s John L. Thornton China Center. “These are areas where A.I. has some of the largest advantages over previous approaches given the need to process and synthesize large, complex data sets.”
Still, there’s no guarantee that technological advantages will instantly equate to benefits for patients. The history of drug development is filled with failures, and it is unknown whether molecules identified by A.I. will pass muster in clinical trials.
The Bristol Myers Squibb facility sits on an 89-acre campus where buildings are decorated with portraits of cancer survivors..
Previously, scientists and technicians were never sure why some batches of cells produced a large amount of proteins, while others failed completely. But now A.I. uses information from past batches to identify what variables need to change. For example, if oxygen levels are lower than previous batches, the system will suggest that oxygen be added. If the pH levels are higher than previous batches, it will recommend a fix. It also makes suggestions about the best time to harvest the cells.
These innovations have boosted the volume of drugs produced for clinical trials and commercial use at the facility by about 40 percent, according to a company spokeswoman.
“We are able to now intervene in the batches during the manufacturing process and not have to wait until we get to the end,” said Karin Shanahan, executive vice president, chief supply chain and operations officer for the company.
These innovations have helped stabilize production of Orencia, a drug that treats autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis using cells that are extremely difficult to grow. In 2024, manufacturing challenges resulted in a shortage in some parts of the world.
The company is just beginning to use A.I. in its manufacturing process of another drug, Breyanzi, which turns a cancer patient’s own white blood cells into a personalized therapy. Currently, the Devens plant is authorized by the Food and Drug Administration to produce treatments for just 12 patients at a time.
Ms. Shanahan said she hoped that eventually A.I. would increase production of the treatment, often viewed as a last resort for people with blood cancers such as leukemia.
Bristol Myers Squibb has embarked on a series of cost-cutting measures as the key patent for its cancer drug Opdivo expires in 2028. The drug, which uses proteins that have been genetically engineered to target cancer cells, generated more than $10 billion of the company’s $48 billion in revenue last year.
The company is trimming $2 billion in costs by the end of 2027 in addition to $1.5 billion in cuts announced in 2024. More than 1,000 positions are being eliminated, many of them at a research facility in Lawrenceville, N.J., heightening anxiety about A.I.’s taking jobs away in the sector.
At the Semafor World Economy summit last month, Bristol Myers Squibb’s chief executive, Chris Boerner, said the company had a responsibility to use A.I. to further its mission but acknowledged that it could adversely affect some employees.
“We are engaging with those employees to make them more marketable around this technology — with the company or elsewhere,” he said.
The facility in Devens, which was completed in 2009 at a cost of $750 million, wasn’t designed with A.I. in mind. As recently as 2020, employees used Excel spreadsheets for some tasks. Batch records that document every step of production were filled out by hand. But in recent years, the company has prioritized digitizing and automating its processes.
“We needed to make sure that we could formulate our products faster, that we could commercially scale them faster,” Ms. Shanahan said. “And so that’s really what forced us to start to go down that path.”
Overall the company aims to cut the time it takes to bring a drug to market to about six years, from nine, she said.
Other factories that received recognition from the World Economic Forum this year included Yueda Textile in Yancheng, China, which collects sensor data to detect machine maintenance issues before they occur, reducing costs; and Midea, a manufacturer of microwaves and air-conditioners in Thailand that uses A.I. to investigate customer complaints, generating recommendations for corrective action that cut resolution time from months to days.
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As investigations continue into the hantavirus outbreak that originated on the expedition cruise ship MV Hondius, concerns swirl about the prevalence of the virus in the U.S.
Among passengers of the ship, which was traveling from Argentina across the Atlantic, there have been three deaths and at least eight reported cases, several of them laboratory-confirmed, according to the World Health Organization and subsequent health reports.
At least five states are now monitoring residents who returned from the MV Hondius, including Texas, Virginia, Georgia, Arizona and California, reports have noted.
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In the U.S., there have historically been around 800 to 900 cases of hantavirus, according to Luis Marcos, M.D., professor of medicine and director of the Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program at Stony Brook Medicine in New York.
CDC data supports this, showing that 890 cases of hantavirus disease have been reported in the U.S. from 1993 through the end of 2023.
As investigations continue into the hantavirus outbreak that originated on the expedition cruise ship MV Hondius, concerns swirl about the virus’ prevalence in the U.S. (iStock)
“Most of these cases have been west of the Mississippi River, and classically the risk factors are being in contact with feces and urine from rodents,” Marcos told Fox News Digital.
The most common strain is called Sin Nombre, which is not transmitted from human to human, the doctor said.
“The transmission is not as efficient as other viruses.”
Most strains of hantavirus spread from inhaling contaminated particles from rodent urine, droppings or saliva – or, less commonly, from touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth, nose or eyes – and are not transmitted person-to-person.
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Typical scenarios include people who have been camping or hiking in remote areas and were inadvertently in contact with these feces or urine.
“The only proven human-to-human transmission has been with the Andean virus from South America — and that’s what’s happening now,” Marcos told Fox News Digital.
Among passengers of the ship, which was traveling from Argentina across the Atlantic, there have been three deaths and at least eight reported cases, several of them laboratory-confirmed. (Getty Images)
The current cruise ship outbreak reportedly originated with a couple who contracted the virus while traveling in Argentina.
“They were not symptomatic at all — the incubation period can be one, two, three or four weeks,” Marcos said.
Most strains of hantavirus spread from inhaling contaminated particles from rodent urine, droppings or saliva. (iStock)
Most infected people become ill with symptoms that are similar to flu and COVID, such as fever and muscle pain.
“Some people may have mild disease, so not everybody will be very, very sick,” the doctor noted.
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In rare cases, hantavirus can lead to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), which causes the lungs to fill with fluid and can be fatal, the doctor noted.
“The mortality rate [among those with HPS] is between 30% and 60% — so yes, it’s a deadly virus,” the doctor added.
In terms of transmission, Marcos emphasized that those at highest risk are the people in “close contact,” which typically means living in the same environment where fluids can be exchanged.
“The longest incubation period has been 56 days or so.”
“It has to be really, really close contact,” he said. “The transmission is not as efficient as other viruses.”
While it’s possible for the virus to be airborne via droplets, Marcos pointed out that those transmissions are “not as effective” as COVID, influenza or cold viruses.
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“For this cruise, it’s important to have people in quarantine for a period of time,” he said.
The virus has a long incubation period, which means the quarantine duration will likely be several weeks. “The longest incubation period has been 56 days or so, so two months, roughly,” Marcos said. “But most cases will get sick within two to three weeks.”
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There are not currently any antiviral treatments for hantavirus.
“So what happens is the patient will end up in the hospital. We will do supportive care, which means if your lungs are full of fluid, you will require a ventilator until you know the virus runs its course,” Marcos said.
“We will do supportive care, which means if your lungs are full of fluid, you will require a ventilator until you know the virus runs its course,” the doctor said. (iStock)
Although there is not currently a vaccine for hantavirus in the U.S., Marcos noted that several are in development.
The doctor said he believes the risk of hantavirus leading to a pandemic is “pretty much almost zero.”
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“I don’t feel a strong risk of a pandemic,” he told Fox News Digital. “The transmission is not like COVID. It’s very different.”
“I really think this is going to go away in the next two to three weeks, and we will know exactly the number of cases,” he added.
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To prevent hantavirus, Marcos recommends wearing gloves and a mask in environments where mice might be present, such as cleaning a basement.
Proper ventilation and frequent hand-washing can also help curb spread.
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