Fitness
What goes up: Why this easy exercise should be a focus of your gym routine
From the teeth-gritting clench of a bicep curl to the dip of a squat, we tend to think of upwards movements as the most beneficial part of strength training.
The “lifting” motion in which our muscles shorten – known as concentric exercise – is important. But what happens on the way down, when we lower a weight and our muscles lengthen – known as eccentric exercise – can be just as beneficial, according to a new article published in the Journal of Sport and Health Science.
Professor Ken Nosaka, director of exercise and sports science at Edith Cowan University and the article’s author, has been researching eccentric exercise, which includes movements such as chair squats, wall sit-ups and walking downhill, for decades.
What is eccentric exercise and who is it for?
There are three different ways our muscles contract: concentrically (lifting), eccentrically (lowering) and isometrically (staying static). Many common exercises combine all three.
But Nosaka believes we often overlook this second type of movement. His research suggests can be just as beneficial as concentric movement for building strength and muscle size, as well as less fatiguing.
“Eccentric movement is a more powerful stimulus for muscles to get stronger,” he says.
This includes findings that the same strength gains can be achieved with half the reps if you lower instead of lift, while a 2023 study of his found even a single, three-second eccentric arm contraction each day can improve strength.
Given that eccentric exercises require less metabolic energy and oxygen to perform, Nosaka thinks they are particularly beneficial for older and/or sedentary adults.
However, Dr Lewis Ingram, a physiotherapy lecturer at the University of South Australia says purely focusing on just one component of exercise can be a little reductionist.
“I think that the general population should just do the whole exercise. Breaking the exercise down and just doing the eccentric component is a lot more work to do in terms of the feasibility of it,” he says.
A bicep curl, for example, needs to involve an upwards movement for it to be repeated.
But Nosaka says one way to focus on eccentric movement is with the “2:1 method”, which involves using both limbs to lift a weight, and just one to lower it.
He adds that this style of exercise can be just as beneficial for bone density.
“When you are doing eccentric contractions, the tendon is more stretched. The stretch signal is going to the bone, which is getting stronger,” he says. “When you are descending stairs, you have put more weight on one leg, right? So then that can increase bone mineral density.”
While Ingram points out many studies referenced in the paper don’t rely on robust enough evidence – small sample sizes, for example – he says it is important to slow down and focus on eccentric movement to build muscle (around three seconds, according to Nosaka).
He says solely focusing on eccentric movement can be beneficial for elite athletes, and exercises in which someone is not strong enough to perform an “upwards” concentric movement, such as a pull-up.
What muscle soreness after exercise means
Another common belief about exercise is “no pain, no gain”, the idea that muscle soreness correlates to effort and results.
“Eccentric contraction can cause muscle soreness, especially the first time you do it or after a long time without exercising,” says Nosaka.
“But the important thing is that muscle damage or muscle soreness is not necessary if you want to get strong or get a bigger muscle size.”
To prevent the muscle soreness that can come from eccentric exercise, he recommends performing fewer reps at lower loads to start with.
However, hypertrophy or skeletal muscle building does require increasing load over time, says Nosaka.
Ingram agrees that soreness is generally most attributed to eccentric contractions, but is not necessarily an indicator of a good workout, and tends to dissipate with repetition over time.
Keep it simple
One of Nosaka’s favourite eccentric exercises is one we do daily.
“We normally sit down on the chair maybe 20 times a day – at mealtimes, for example, and when you watch TV or you go to the toilet. So whenever you sit down, try to lower yourself more slowly,” he says.
Ultimately, Ingram says the general population should just keep it simple, particularly given most adults fail to meet benchmarks for physical activity.
He says most people should aim to follow the World Health Organisation’s guidelines, which recommend 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity throughout the week, and at least two strength training sessions per week.
“If we can just get people to do the basics right, then that’s a lot more effective.”
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Fitness
As cost of living bites, one of the things slipping may be fitness goals
For Hobart teacher Mary Holton, health means everything.
She started feeling the squeeze from cost-of-living pressures when fuel prices spiked again.
“Going out for just fitness alone was a bit much,”
she said.
Mary Holton says since joining the group, her fitness across the board has improved. (ABC News: Jake Grant)
Many Tasmanians are feeling cost-of-living pressures in a very physical way, with locals saying exercise routines are being dropped, health appointments delayed and wellbeing pushed to the bottom of the list as budgets tighten.
Ms Holton relies on multiple physiotherapy sessions each week, but says paid fitness classes simply are not an option.
“That costs … so to actually go to other classes as well, it’s out of my budget really.“
Ollie Mathewson conducts a free workout session. (ABC News: Jake Grant)
National data shows that almost half of Australians already fall short of minimum physical activity guidelines, and rising prices are making even basic care unaffordable for many.
Consultant clinical psychologist academic Kimberley Norris says this is exactly how unhealthy patterns begin.
“We tend to focus on the most stressful thing first … and health is one of those things we don’t think about until things go wrong,”
Professor Norris said.
Kimberley Norris says humans tend to focus on alleviating stress first and foremost, and warns de-prioritising health can become a cycle. (ABC News: Jake Grant)
For Ms Holton, going to a free workout group in her local community was a game-changer.
“Came down and absolutely loved it. It’s really nice to have a group and it just keeps growing,” she said.
Finding a free exercise group has drastically improved her health, as noted by her GP, and she is part of a growing trend.
Free exercise classes become a lifeline
At a community exercise class in South Arm, south-east of Hobart, the mood is upbeat, with laughter, movement, and a sense of relief.
Participation has more than doubled in the past year, with more than 100 Tasmanians now involved.
Trainer Ollie Mathewson said the surge was unmistakable.
“It’s free of charge for everybody … and over the last 12 months I’ve noticed a lot more people starting to come along,”
he said.
Ollie Mathewson says attendance at his classes has almost doubled over the past year. (ABC News: Jake Grant)
Across greater Hobart, free and low-cost alternatives are multiplying and include walking groups, community-run circuits, and morning and afternoon fitness meet-ups.
Tasmanians are increasingly organising their own solutions.
Mr Mathewson said connections drive outcomes.
“A lot of people talk about weight and strength, which are obviously insanely important, having other people there to push you single every week makes it a hundred times easier.“
Professor Norris said one’s health can be prioritised for free.
“What we know about health is, it’s more about sustainable wellbeing, it’s about quality of life,” she said.
“So rather than focusing on how much you can deadlift, how far you can run, it’s about how your life has improved and how close your life is to the way you want to live it.”
She said free options were vital because once people stop moving, it becomes harder to start again.
“If we develop routines in which health is not a priority, then we almost get stuck in this cycle of health always being last.“
Health appointments being delayed or dropped
For some Tasmanians, the financial pressure is forcing even tougher choices.
Amy Dakin says she can’t even think about getting a gym membership with all the other costs of living on her mind. (ABC News: Jake Grant)
Amy Dakin, who lives with a compromised immune system, often has no choice but to delay essential care.
“My health needs to be prioritised, but your bills come first, really,” she said.
Jordyn Rowbottom says she’s not the only one changing her hobbies to save on costs. (ABC News: Jake Grant)
Jordyn Rowbottom has seen the same pattern around her.
“People are being forced to cut what they can access,”
she said.
Professor Norris warns that these short-term decisions can create long-term harm, not just for individuals, but for the broader health system.
She said the combination of financial pressure and reduced physical activity would create a public health challenge.
Trainers adapting to shrinking budgets
Personal trainer Nickola Orr works with clients across different income levels, ages and needs.
She said affordability now shapes almost every program she designs.
“You want to make sure they can get as much help as they can within their price range,”
she said.
Nickola Orr is concerned about access to fitness and health services in the face of rising cost pressures. (ABC News: Jake Grant)
With the median individual spend on fitness in Tasmania sitting at almost $600 last year, Ms Orr said the warning signs were already visible.
“We’re going to see more results of long-term neglect; higher injuries, more need for mental health assistance. It’s going to snowball.”
Her concerns echo Professor Norris’s academic findings that once healthy routines break down, the consequences ripple for years.
“The changes are very small … while they add up over time, there is no immediate impact,”
Ms Orr said.
Calls for more free and low-cost options
Mr Mathewson hopes the success of free community classes will inspire governments and private operators to expand accessible fitness programs.
“More free options would be a great thing. There are a few now, but there should be more,” he said.
The Tasmanian government has said it will release its 20-year preventive health strategy this month, titled The Health Revolution.
A Department of Health spokesperson said the strategy “will address the broader social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health and wellbeing”.
“Specific issues about access to health services and programs are being considered through the Access to Health Services project, a Commonwealth-State partnership.
“The Health Revolution will complement that project by addressing the root causes of poor health and the underlying conditions to make it easier for Tasmanians to live well.“
Fitness
What If Moderate Exercise Isn’t Enough For Women In Midlife?
If you’ve been faithfully logging your 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week, you’re getting the recommended weekly about of cardio. But a new study1 suggests that for women in midlife, that standard benchmark may not be moving the needle on cardiovascular fitness as much as we’ve assumed. Here’s what you need to know.
Fitness
El Monte women’s fitness studio focuses on empowerment and community
EL MONTE, Calif. (KABC) — A boutique fitness gym in the San Gabriel Valley is focused on women’s empowerment, offering everything from dance fitness to pilates, yoga, zumba and circuit training. It’s called “Beastin Beauties” in El Monte.
“ Boutique fitness spaces here, it doesn’t exist here, so I needed to have this for the people in my community here, where I grew up,” said owner Jay Armada.
Members love working on their health and fitness alongside other women.
“You walk in and you feel like you’re able to let loose and inhibit it in a way that you don’t find in other places,” said member Esmeralda Cabral.
“It takes away the stresses of being in a space where you may feel judgment from others. And there’s a certain level of comfort as a woman that you wanna be able, especially if you’re starting a health journey or you’re reigniting it, you wanna have the comfort of being around under supportive women,” said member Ruby Rose Yepez, who also teaches yoga at the studio.
Women empowerment has been the theme all along, from Jay’s humble beginnings…
“ I want people to feel what I felt when I was going through my own journey. I had lost ninety-three pounds in a whole year and I just wanted everyone to feel that,” said Armada.
…to a huge setback in 2020 when the gym’s previous location burned down in a fire.
“ I thought I didn’t wanna do it anymore. Maybe it was a sign from God that you should just quit. But my community held me up and they just really made me believe in it again,” said Armada.
Now, her business is thriving, and she was just named the city’s Woman of the Year!
“ Community and connection here in this space is super, super important. Jay is not just about bringing people here for health. She brings people here to build the connections so that they feel that they’re part of a community,” said Yepez.
“You build a connection without even really trying. You’re all experiencing the same moments together. There’s always just so much fun happening,” said Cabral.
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