The number of retirement savers sitting on a million bucks or more in their 401(k)s, 403(b)s, or IRAs lifted off last year.
The band of 401(k)-created millionaires jumped by 27% in 2024, increasing from 422,000 to 537,000, while the number of IRA-created millionaires bumped up 8% over the year from 318,863 to 344,413, according to a new analysis by Fidelity Investments.
The average 401(k) balance of $131,700 at the end of 2024 ranks as the second-highest average on record for the firm and is an 11% increase from the start of 2024. The average IRA balance was $127,534, up 8% for the year.
Gen X savers had the most bulging balances — average account balances were up 18% from a year ago, $508,000 vs. $589,400. For those Gen Z savers who held their 401(k) for five years, accounts popped to an average of $52,900 — an increase of 66% over the past year.
“Retirement savers experienced positive growth in 2024, which means that the number of individuals who have a million dollars or more in their retirement savings also increased,” Michael Shamrell, vice president of Workplace Thought Leadership at Fidelity Investments, told Yahoo Finance.
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The driver: A robust economy, lower inflation, and the Federal Reserve’s interest-rate cuts totalling one percentage point.
The S&P 500 (^GSPC) ended the year with a gain of 23%. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (^DJI) jumped nearly 13%, and the Nasdaq (^IXIC) ballooned close to 29%.
Here’s how 401(k)-created millionaires break down by generation: More than 4 in 10 are boomers: 41%, Gen X: 57%, and millennials: 2%. “Boomers have already started drawing from their retirement savings, which is why the number is lower than Gen X at this point,” Shamrell said.
Read more: What is a 401(k)? A guide to the rules and how it works.
One thing of note: “More millennial savers than ever before are now using Roth 401(k)s, removing the burden that taxes could pose on their savings when they enter retirement and begin to draw from their nest egg,” Shamrell said. “The millennial generation is making smart investment decisions now that they know will benefit them even further 20 or 30 years down the road when they ultimately enter retirement.”
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Fidelity’s analysis covers more than 50 million IRA, 401(k), and 403(b) retirement accounts.
Retirement saving is a long-term game.
“The important thing to keep in mind when it comes to 401(k)-created millionaires is that these individuals have been saving for a long time,” Shamrell said. “The average 401(k)-created millionaire has been in their plan for 26 years and has an average contribution rate of almost 18%.”
Regular contributions are key because you’re consistently and continuously adding funds to your accounts regardless of market gyrations. That discipline has a snowballing impact, which is the spine of wealth-building.
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The average 401(k)-created millionaire has been in their plan for 26 years and has an average contribution rate of almost 18%, per Fidelity. (Getty Creative) ·Kamon Supasawat via Getty Images
How much you set aside each year is a factor that’s in your control. Total average 401(k) savings rates ticked to 14.1%, according to Fidelity’s data, up slightly from a year ago. That rate is a combo of employee and employer 401(k) contributions of 9.4% and 4.7%, respectively. While that’s decent, it’s still below the 15% of pre-tax income each year, including any match, most financial advisers recommend.
Read more: How much should I contribute to my 401(k)?
Taking money out early from a retirement account is rarely advisable, but it’s sometimes a necessary last resort when money gets tight or an emergency hits.
Bank of America compiled data which found that, compared to the third quarter, fewer participants borrowed from their retirement accounts, 2.2% vs. 2.5%, and loan amounts were smaller. The average loan per participant was $8,950, down slightly from $9,100.
And the percentage of loans in default dropped from 12.6% a year ago to 11.1%.
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According to the Bank of America survey, the average worker hardship withdrawal from a 401(k) plan was $5,730, roughly the same as a year ago.
Withdrawals should be a last resource for savers. The biggest hit is that you forfeit future retirement savings, but you could also be nicked with taxes and penalties.
A withdrawal from your 401(k) account is usually taxed as ordinary income. Also, you’ll pay a 10% early withdrawal penalty before age 59½, unless you meet one of the IRS exceptions. These include certain medical expenses, qualified tuition payments, and up to $10,000 for first-time homebuyers. Some employer plans, too, will allow a non-hardship withdrawal.
A loan is a better option if you need the money because you pay yourself back, typically within five years, with interest — the loan payments and interest go back into your account.
One caveat: If you part ways with your employer, you might have to repay your loan in full. When you can’t repay the loan, it’s considered defaulted, and you’ll owe both taxes and a 10% penalty if you’re under 59 ½.
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Read more: What is the retirement age for Social Security, 401(k), and IRA withdrawals?
Most workers tap their health savings accounts to pay for current medical bills foregoing investing contributions. (Getty Creative) ·Tetra Images via Getty Images
I recently wrote about another pathway to a cool million in retirement: a health savings account.
If you start early, contribute the maximum pretax contribution annually, add in any catch-up contributions, and let it ride for four decades without tapping it to cover healthcare expenses, you have a shot at doing just that, according to a new analysis by the nonpartisan Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI). Families can save nearly twice as much.
“The study is all about the potential,” Paul Fronstin, director of health benefits research at EBRI and an author of the report, told Yahoo Finance. “Under the best possible circumstances.”
The problem is many HSA account holders don’t invest their HSA savings. Only about 3.2 million health savings accounts have at least a portion of their HSA dollars invested, according to HSA advisory firm Devenir. Most park the money in cash, depriving themselves of the account’s key advantages.
Per Bank of America’s survey, there is a dollop of good news here. About 4 in 10 participants contributed more than they withdrew from their health savings account. The average HSA account balance at year-end was $5,000, up year over year from $4,400, according to the report.
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Have a question about retirement? Personal finances? Anything career-related? Click here to drop Kerry Hannon a note.
Here’s the niggle: Only 14% of account holders invested their HSA for future growth, although up from 12% a year ago, many employees are not taking advantage of HSA’s investing potential, according to the report.
Lisa Margeson, managing director of Retirement Research & Insights at Bank of America, told Yahoo Finance, there’s clearly “a lot of room for improvement.”
“It’s important that employees understand the benefits of an HSA — from its triple-tax advantage to its ability to grow over time — so they can be well prepared for healthcare costs in retirement, a cost employees tend to underestimate.”
Kerry Hannon is a Senior Columnist at Yahoo Finance. She is a career and retirement strategist, and the author of 14 books, including “In Control at 50+: How to Succeed in The New World of Work” and “Never Too Old To Get Rich.” Follow her on Bluesky.
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Consumer confidence has plunged among traditionally optimistic younger adults amid fears for their personal finances and the wider economy, figures show.
GfK’s long-running Consumer Confidence Index remained unchanged at an overall score of minus 23 in June.
However, the analyst said this was was “misleading as, beneath the surface, there are new signs that confidence is weakening”.
Source: GfK
Neil Bellamy, consumer insights director at GfK, said: “The biggest fall this month is among those aged 16 to 29, traditionally one of the most optimistic groups.
“Here confidence has dropped 11 points over the past month to minus two, the lowest level seen for two years, driven by large falls in views on both their own personal finances and the wider economy.
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“More broadly, there are now no demographic groups with a positive confidence score, including higher-income households earning £50,000 or more, who have slipped back into negative territory as of June.
“Confidence remains subdued and vulnerable to further economic or political uncertainty.”
Sourve: GfK
Overall, confidence in personal finances over the coming year remained flat at minus two, four points lower than this time last year.
The measures of both personal finances and the economy over the previous 12 months were both slightly down, by two points and three points respectively, “reflecting the sense that things have been extremely tough over the last year for so many”, GfK said.
The only measure to increase was expectations for the wider economy over the next 12 months, up two points to minus 36 but still eight points below this time last year.
The major purchase index, an indicator of confidence in buying big ticket items, remained at minus 20, four points lower than June last year.
“Ships of the World, start your engines. Let the oil flow!” said Donald Trump on social media after he announced the signing of an interim peace deal with Iran on Sunday. Under the agreement – which Iran acknowledged included a 60-day negotiating period for a final deal – the president said that following retrieval of mines, there would be a “toll free opening” of the Strait of Hormuz.
But many of the finer details remain “unclear”, said The Guardian. There are questions over the “exact timing of the reopening of the maritime route, who will oversee safe passage and whether any conditions will be applied”.
Financial markets have welcomed the announcement, but further volatility could yet hit people’s pockets.
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Have oil prices changed?
The price of oil fell to about $83 (£62) per barrel following Sunday’s announcement, its “lowest since the early days of the war”. Then on Tuesday it dipped below $80. In February, before the first missiles struck Iran, each barrel cost around $73. The price peaked at around $120 at the height of the conflict.
Prices are expected to fall in the wake of a prolonged ceasefire, and there are “real grounds for optimism”, said Politico. Damage to oil-specific infrastructure has been “limited”, meaning it could take “as little as six weeks to resume outflows”.
“So that’s the energy crisis sorted, right?” Not so fast.” A combination of damage to wider infrastructure and the continued closure of the Strait of Hormuz has meant roughly 12 million fewer barrels of oil have been produced each day. And they “won’t magically reappear on the market even if the pact holds”.
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Will this continue?
The “first big test” of the deal will be whether shipping companies will have enough “confidence” to return the use of the strait to pre-war levels, said The New York Times. If successful, this will free the 250 tankers and 330 cargo ships trapped in the Gulf, according to the BBC, and transport oil around the world. Oil and gas producers in the Gulf nations would then need to re-establish “wells, refineries and other infrastructure”.
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Even if all of that were to materialise, European and Asian countries who have historically depended on oil from the region “will face a long wait”. Processing oil takes considerable time. “It is unlikely that the prices of gasoline, diesel and other fuels will return to pre-war levels anytime soon.”
What about inflation?
Despite air fares “surging” and fuel costs “tipping higher”, UK inflation remained at 2.8% in May, said The Independent. This was a “surprise” to economists, who had widely predicted a rise to 3% and “perhaps even beyond” due in part to the war in Iran.
Remaining at this level could imply that the “cost-of-living squeeze will not play out as badly as had been anticipated” earlier this year, even if the “Iran war sent energy costs spiralling”. However, prices are set to rise again later in 2026, leaving savers to make sure their investments are earning an interest rate “well above the rate of inflation”.
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What does this mean for consumers?
Food prices in the UK look to be rising more slowly. Should the Strait of Hormuz open freely, fertiliser, which has “soared in costs” and put pressure on farmers, could fall substantially, said the BBC. Jet fuel has already seen a “small fall in price”, with Northwest Europe jet fuel trading at $1,033 (£780) per tonne, compared with $831 pre-conflict and around $1,840 at its peak.
How will businesses be affected?
Beneath the “encouraging headlines” about inflation control, there is a “hidden crisis for businesses”, said The Telegraph. The Iran war triggered one of the largest energy shocks in history, meaning businesses were “swallowing soaring costs to spare shoppers”.
“Input rises” for producers climbed by “8.7% year on year in May”, larger than the 7.9% in April and the highest in more than three years. On the bright side, this means the economy may avoid a dreaded “wage-price spiral”, but conversely lower margins could lead to increased pressure on the employment market.
Hong Kong graduates believe the city’s finance industry is its most attractive and stable sector, making them more optimistic about career opportunities than their global peers, according to a study by the CFA Institute, which trains investment managers.
The US-based institute’s “2026 Graduate Outlook Survey”, released on Wednesday, found that 71 per cent of Hong Kong graduates rated their career prospects between eight and 10 out of 10. The global average for that level of optimism was 59 per cent.
The graduates’ view of careers in finance reflected “both the sector’s resilience and Hong Kong’s continued strength as an international financial centre, which ranks third worldwide and first in Asia-Pacific”, the institute said in a statement.
The findings also indicated that young people were confident about Hong Kong’s role as an international financial centre, resilient amid global uncertainties, and strategically focused on improving skills, it said.
That confidence was “deeply grounded”, it said, with nearly 90 per cent believing they had the skills to succeed and clearly understood what employers were looking for, notwithstanding the wider adoption of artificial intelligence in the city.
“Rather than viewing AI as a threat, 38 per cent of Hong Kong graduates believe it has no negative impact on their job hunting, and 37 per cent believe it makes securing a job easier,” the institute said. “Three quarters are already actively using AI tools in their job applications, demonstrating a proactive, tool-first mindset.”
