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From Love Island to Precious Metals, Prediction Markets Are Changing Finance | PYMNTS.com

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From Love Island to Precious Metals, Prediction Markets Are Changing Finance | PYMNTS.com

Prediction markets like Kalshi and Polymarket are betting on growth across new financial products.

The industry’s product menu already stretches from political elections and World Cup matches to weather events. It now includes reality television, with Kalshi’s first markets tied to “Love Island USA” helping to more than double its weekly active female user base during part of June, illustrating how easily an exchange can turn an existing online fandom into a new trading constituency.

Prediction markets aren’t done there. Kalshi is reportedly in advanced discussions with regulators about expanding its perpetual futures business beyond cryptocurrencies into gold, other metals, foreign exchange and energy. Polymarket, meanwhile, has reportedly filed applications that would help it offer margin trading to customers in the United States.

Prediction markets, it would seem, are outgrowing the category that made them famous. They are evolving from event-based content into a new distribution layer for a potential next-generation of retail derivatives.

See also: Robinhood’s Memecoin Boom Shows Crypto’s Retail Market Is No Joke

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Prediction Markets Are Becoming a Product Portfolio, Not a Betting Category

The event contract services business is evolving from predicting discrete events to trading continuous exposure to economically important assets. That transition is occurring just as the industry’s regulatory position is becoming more complicated.

A federal judge this week rejected Kalshi’s attempt to prevent New York from applying state gambling laws to its sports contracts. Last month, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) sued the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and its chairman, Michael Selig, challenging a decision to let Kalshi and crypto exchange Coinbase list perpetual futures.

The result is a market in which product demand may be the easy part. The harder question is whether prediction platforms can develop a compliance system broad enough to support everything from television finales to leveraged commodity trades.

The Love Island contracts, for example, expose the prediction market category’s fundamental surveillance problem. Television episodes are produced before they are broadcast, meaning cast members, production staff, editors and others can possess information unavailable to the public. Similar informational asymmetries arise around economic announcements, court decisions, corporate events and government actions. The more subjects a platform makes tradable, the more types of potential insiders it must identify.

Goldman Sachs prohibited employees from participating in financial and political event contracts that could create actual or perceived conflicts involving the bank, its clients or the financial industry, particularly when workers could possess confidential corporate or macroeconomic information.

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The Senate unanimously adopted a rule in April prohibiting senators, staff and officers from participating in prediction markets. Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs followed this month with an executive order prohibiting state executive branch employees from using nonpublic government information for prediction market profits.

Read also: Prediction Markets Turn Uncertainty Into a Business Model

A Short History of Prediction Market Products and U.S. Regulation

Despite all the action, prediction markets began as relatively constrained experiments in information aggregation. The CFTC said market operators have sought agency guidance since the early 1990s, and the first prediction market was designated as a federally regulated contract market in 2004. The central idea was that putting money behind a forecast could aggregate dispersed information more effectively than polls, surveys or expert opinion.

The model remained small partly because regulators treated event contracts as exceptional products. Contracts tied to economic indicators, elections or entertainment did not fit comfortably within either traditional futures regulation or state gambling frameworks.

Polymarket demonstrated the potential and limitations of operating outside that system. In 2022, the CFTC ordered the company to pay a $1.4 million penalty and wind down markets that violated federal derivatives laws. Polymarket later returned to the U.S. by acquiring federally licensed exchange and clearing infrastructure, creating a regulated domestic operation that is separate from its crypto-based international platform.

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PYMNTS reported in September that when the CFTC issued a no-action letter regarding event contracts in response to a request from two businesses owned by Polymarket, it in essence gave Polymarket a regulatory green light to re-enter the U.S. market.

The industry’s short history, in other words, is not primarily a progression from one betting topic to another. It is a progression from restricted forecasting experiment to full-scale exchange infrastructure. That direction of travel appears to be continuing.

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Sharon Meieran’s Plan for Multnomah County Raises Campaign Finance Questions

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Sharon Meieran’s Plan for Multnomah County Raises Campaign Finance Questions

Former Multnomah County Commissioner Sharon Meieran left the government in 2024 frustrated by what she describes as widespread dysfunction. So she set to work on a highly detailed plan to restructure the county, one she hoped would be of great value to the next county chair.

But since Meieran entered the chair’s race June 9, she has argued that the plan actually has no value at all—at least not any that she needs to disclose in campaign finance records.

In fact, campaign filings show that a political action committee Meieran created last October spent $70,000 writing and publicizing the plan, using contributions largely from business owners and property developers frustrated with the county’s performance. That committee, Fixing Multnomah County, and a corresponding website centered on the plan feature photos of Meieran and links to her campaign website.

But Meieran has opted not to declare the plan as an in-kind contribution to her campaign, even as some argue that local and state campaign finance rules suggest she should. (Like other candidates, Meieran has a separate committee, Friends of Sharon Meieran, to finance her campaign.)

In an email, Meieran told WW she doesn’t need to report the plan as a campaign expense because it is available to any candidate—including her opponents, Multnomah County Commissioners Julia Brim-Edwards and Shannon Singleton.

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“All information I gathered was (and is) publicly available,” Meieran wrote. “Anyone could have adopted (and still could use) the plan, including current board members, the current chair, and the current candidates. I did not write the plan to run for chair, but because it was obvious to me and others that the county needed a plan.”

Multnomah County places strict limits on campaign contributions, including in-kind contributions, which are contributions that have value but are not cash.

In the eyes of some observers, such as those backing Meieran’s opponents in the fierce three-way contest as well as neutral watchdogs, Meieran effectively sidestepped the county’s low ceiling on campaign contributions by taking tens of thousands of dollars from a handful of donors to craft a platform she’s now using in her bid for office. In other words, as a candidate, she is using something of value well in excess of contribution limits—and failing to report it.

The Oregon Campaign Finance Manual defines an in-kind contribution by its fair market value, or the dollar amount a consumer would expect to pay for the good or service.

Seth Woolley, a campaign finance watchdog, says because the plan written for Fixing Multnomah County was funded by a third-party political committee and with money from several donors, “contributing the report back to her own campaign is fully subject to limits and would be ‘fair market valued’ based on the amount the committee paid to generate the report.”

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“The report is a thing of value created by a political committee. It meets the definition of a contribution as another thing of value that is categorized as an in-kind contribution,” Woolley adds. “So she’s in effective noncompliance as she has not reported it yet on both accounts and furthermore claims it is nonreportable.”


Elected to her first term as commissioner in 2016 and her second in 2020, Meieran, an emergency room physician who also has a law degree, ran against Jessica Vega Pederson for Multnomah County chair in 2022 (WW endorsed Meieran in that race). After losing, she completed a fiery second term as commissioner, sparring with Vega Pederson at nearly every opportunity. As a thorn in Vega Pederson’s side, Meieran won many fans.

“When I left the county, many people expressed sadness that I was leaving, [and] described me as the only ‘voice of reason’ on the board,” she says.

In October 2025, Meieran founded a miscellaneous political action committee called Fixing Multnomah County. That committee raised $70,116 and built a 23-page “Comprehensive Multnomah County Turnaround Plan” that Meieran now says she will enact if elected.

The plan advises how to make the county more efficient and improve transparency. It ties dollars to outcomes, asking that instead of setting budgets for programs that continue year after year, county departments should outline the results they expect funding to deliver—and be held responsible for achieving those results. The plan also looks to streamline the county’s 11 departments into five hubs to eliminate duplication of services and better track how money flows through the county. (The plan zeroes in on homeless services as its case study in how these budgeting principles would play out).

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Meieran says developing the plan was not a stepping stone to her bid for county chair. She decided to enter the chair’s race, she says, to force the county to engage with a plan, any plan.

“I did not originally want to run for chair,” she says. “The only reason I am running is because no other candidate has proposed even an outline of a plan…Had any of the other candidates made constructive positive or negative comments about the plan, or shared one of their own, I would have happily considered that success my final contribution to the county.”

The debate now boils down to whether Meieran should have reported the $70,000 spent to develop the plan, now core to her platform, as a campaign expense, and whether that money should be allowed in the race as an in-kind contribution.

Contributions to county candidates are limited to $603 per donor this election cycle thanks to a charter amendment voters approved in 2016.

Yet Fixing Multnomah County acquired much of its bankroll from donations that far exceeded $603.

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Those contributions included $10,000 from developer Homer Williams, $10,000 from former City Commissioner Amanda Fritz, $5,000 from affordable housing developer Rob Justus, $5,000 from former Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission chairman Paul Rosenbaum, and $2,500 from downtown property owner Greg Goodman.

Laurie Wimmer, executive secretary-treasurer of the Northwest Oregon Labor Council, says Fixing Multnomah County’s collection of “way larger than allowed” contributions allows Meieran to skirt campaign finance laws. Wimmer’s group has endorsed Brim-Edwards for chair. (Meieran is not seeking organizations’ endorsements.)

“Even if this doesn’t strictly violate the letter of the law, it surely violates its spirit,” Wimmer says. “As long as we, as a community, have decided that limits are good public policy, then everyone should follow them with fidelity and not game the system for some kind of advantage.”

Jessica Morkert-Shibley, a spokeswoman for Multnomah County, says a political committee’s contributions to any candidate are subject to the $603 limit. The definition of the limit is broad enough to extend to in-kind contributions, Morkert-Shibley says, but she declined to comment on Meieran’s campaign bookkeeping.

“The county would not comment on a particular candidate or campaign outside the context of a formal complaint or investigation without an opportunity to gather all the information,” she says. “We wouldn’t want to prejudge a matter before it’s been reviewed. And at this time we do not have enough additional information to initiate an investigation without a formal complaint.”

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Meieran, for her part, says that if someone had a substantive issue with her two committees, she would have been made aware of a complaint. None has been filed with the county, Morkert-Shibley says. And Meieran says she’s acting within the law, having sought legal advice from C&E Systems, which provides management services.

When asked if she believed the plan Fixing Multnomah County developed provided value to her campaign, Meieran said it was “immaterial from a disclosure perspective.”

And Meieran took issue with WW’s suggestion that not reporting the plan as a campaign expense violated campaign finance laws’ spirit of transparency.

“The question should not be: How the hell does Sharon Meieran have a plan to talk about in her campaign?” she says. “It should be: Why is she the only one who cared enough to spend a year figuring out what needs to happen after an election before even deciding to be a candidate?”

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Bangor’s finance department in flux after top officials abruptly quit

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Bangor’s finance department in flux after top officials abruptly quit

BANGOR, Maine (WVII) — Bangor officials are looking for outside help after both the city’s finance director and assistant finance director resigned.

For now, the city manager and assistant city manager are overseeing the Finance Department and reallocating staff to help until new hires are made.

This isn’t the first shakeup in the department. The city’s previous finance director also suddenly left in 2024.

However, officials say Bangor is moving in a positive direction.

“We are moving in a direction where we’re going to overhaul the department. The ideas were to try to work with Maine Municipal Association or work within the city’s own departments, particularly, as you mentioned, the airport, which, those are both viable options. I’m comfortable to say that we are better than where we were previously in 2024,” City Councilor Joseph Leonard said.

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The city manager has tapped the Bangor International Airport financial manager to serve as the city’s interim finance director.

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Riot Platforms Reports Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results and Strategic Highlights

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Riot Platforms Reports Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results and Strategic Highlights

Executed 20-year data center lease with a leading frontier AI lab for 191 MW of critical IT capacity at Riot’s Rockdale campus, expected to generate approximately $9.1 billion in total contract revenue over the initial term

Completed delivery of the initial 25 critical IT MW to AMD on time and on budget, with the second 25 critical IT MW expansion under construction

Together with the AMD lease, the Company has contracted 241 MW of critical IT capacity with two of the most significant companies in the AI ecosystem

Quarterly revenue of $174.2 million, a 14% increase year-over-year, including $23.2 million in Data Center revenue

CASTLE ROCK, Colo., Aug. 10, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Riot Platforms, Inc. (NASDAQ: RIOT) (“Riot” or “the Company”), a vertically-integrated industry leader in digital infrastructure, specializing in the development of large-scale data centers and bitcoin mining applications, reported financial results for the three-month period ended June 30, 2026. The accompanying presentation materials are available on Riot’s website.

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“Today’s announcement of a landmark 20-year, 191-megawatt data center lease with a leading frontier AI lab marks a defining moment in our evolution into a leading developer of large-scale data centers,” said Jason Les, CEO of Riot. “It builds directly on a strong second quarter, in which we completed delivery of the initial 25 megawatts to AMD on time and on budget. In just over six months, Riot has now executed leases totaling 241 megawatts of capacity, representing approximately $9.8 billion of long-term, contracted revenue with two of the most important companies in the AI ecosystem.

“Our platform stands apart through three elements working together: multi-gigawatt-scale power capacity that is already fully approved and energized, in-house data center development expertise, and the ability to engineer custom infrastructure for computing’s most demanding workloads. With all three, and the financial resources to deploy them already secured, we are positioned to convert strong market demand from high-quality tenants into compounding shareholder value.”

191 IT MW Data Center Lease with a Leading Frontier AI Lab at Rockdale

Subsequent to quarter end, Riot announced the execution of a Data Center Lease and Services Agreement (the “Data Center Lease”) with one of the world’s leading frontier AI labs, for 191 MW of critical IT capacity at Riot’s Rockdale campus. The Data Center Lease carries an initial term of 20 years, running through June 2048, and is expected to generate approximately $9.1 billion in total initial contract revenue. The Data Center Lease also includes two five-year extension options at the tenant’s election, representing a total potential contract value of approximately $16.1 billion if both extensions are fully exercised.

This transaction secures the Company’s second tenant at the Rockdale campus, following the lease with Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (“AMD”) announced on January 16, 2026. Together, the two agreements firmly establish Riot as a leading contracted AI data center developer.

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Transaction highlights:

  • Capacity Leased: 191 MW critical IT build-to-suit Tier 3 data center at Riot’s Rockdale campus.
  • Total Contract Value: $9.1 billion over the initial 20-year term, with a total potential contract value of approximately $16.1 billion if both five-year extension options are exercised.
  • NOI Contribution: Estimated cumulative NOI range of $7.3 to $8.2 billion over the base lease term, with an estimated average annual NOI contribution of $365 to $411 million.
  • Delivery Schedule: Phased delivery schedule, with the initial 96 IT MW expected in December 2027 and full 191 IT MW deployment expected by June 2028, leveraging Riot’s existing, fully approved interconnection at the Rockdale campus.
  • Financing: $573 million interim financing facility provided by Morgan Stanley to fund initial development costs while the investment-grade credit backstop is finalized.

Second Quarter 2026 Financial and Operational Highlights

Key financial and operational highlights for the quarter include:

  • Total revenue of $174.2 million, as compared to $153.0 million for the same three-month period in 2025, a 14% increase year-over-year.
  • Data Center revenue of $23.2 million for the quarter, comprised of $4.9 million in operating lease revenue and $18.3 million in tenant fit-out services revenue, reflecting the Company’s second quarter of Data Center segment revenue and the completed delivery of the initial 25 MW to AMD.
  • Produced 1,587 bitcoin, as compared to 1,426 during the same three-month period in 2025.
  • The average cost to mine bitcoin, excluding depreciation, was $49,912 in the quarter, as compared to $48,992 per bitcoin in the same three-month period in 2025. The increase was primarily driven by higher power costs and the expansion at Riot’s Kentucky facilities.
  • Bitcoin Mining revenue of $113.7 million for the quarter, as compared to $140.9 million for the same three-month period in 2025, primarily driven by lower average bitcoin prices and an increase in global network hash rate, partially offset by an increase in Riot’s average operating hash rate.
  • Engineering revenue of $37.3 million for the quarter, as compared to $10.6 million for the same three-month period in 2025.
  • Ended the quarter with over $1.2 billion in liquid assets, including 11,380 bitcoin (of which 5,821 were held as collateral), equating to approximately $666.0 million based on the market price for one bitcoin on June 30, 2026 of $58,527, and $548.9 million in cash (of which $77.5 million is restricted).

AMD Deployment Progress at Rockdale

During the quarter, Riot completed delivery of the final 20 MW of AMD’s initial deployment, bringing the full 25 MW of commissioned capacity online, on time and on budget, and converting the lease to recurring revenue at full initial scale. Construction is now underway on the 25 MW expansion, with the 10 MW Phase 3 on track for delivery in November 2026 and the 15 MW Phase 4 to follow in May 2027, at which point AMD’s total contracted capacity of 50 MW will be fully deployed. Riot’s in-house procurement, engineering and construction capabilities continue to underpin this delivery record.

Conference Call

Riot will host a conference call on August 10, 2026 at 4:30 p.m. ET to discuss its financial results.

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This conference call will be available through audio-only webcast – please use this link to register: https://edge.media-server.com/mmc/p/xk5hszcg

Participants who choose to dial into the call in the United States or internationally to ask questions, please use this toll-free number: +1 (800) 715-9871 or toll number: +1 (646) 307-1963. For both dial-in numbers, the audience passcode is 3868069.

About Riot Platforms, Inc.

Riot Platforms, Inc. (NASDAQ: RIOT) is a leading digital infrastructure company, specializing in the development of large-scale data centers and bitcoin mining applications. The Company operates digital infrastructure and Bitcoin mining facilities in central Texas and Kentucky, and engineering and fabrication facilities in Denver and Houston.

Riot’s vision is to be the world’s most trusted platform for powering and building the next digital world. Its mission is to empower the future of digital infrastructure by positively impacting the sectors, networks, and communities the Company touches.

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For more information, visit Riot Platforms.

Safe Harbor

Statements in this press release that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements that reflect management’s current expectations, assumptions, and estimates of future performance and economic conditions. Such statements rely on the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “plans,” “expects,” “intends,” “will,” “potential,” “hope,” similar expressions and their negatives are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to: plans to develop data centers, projections, objectives, expectations, and intentions about future events; short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs; the Company’s data center leases at the Rockdale Site; forecasted demand for energy at the sites; the Company’s expansion plans at the site; the Company’s anticipated financing plans, and the Company’s other plans, projections, objectives, expectations, and intentions more generally. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that may cause results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied, including, without limitation: risks relating to the Company’s growth and developing the Company’s power capacity for data center purposes, including construction plans, delays, supply chain issues, permitting or regulatory hurdles, and unforeseen technical challenges; the anticipated demand for large data centers; changes in leasing arrangements; risks relating to the financing of new data centers; future economic conditions, performance, or outlooks; future political conditions; the outcome of contingencies; potential acquisitions or divestitures; our ability to maximize the value of our full power portfolio; the number and value of Bitcoin rewards and transaction fees we earn from our ongoing Bitcoin Mining operations; future self-mining hash rate capacity; expected cash flows or capital expenditures; our beliefs or expectations; activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe, or anticipate will or may occur in the future; unaudited estimates of bitcoin production; risks related to the success, schedule, cost and difficulty of integrating businesses we acquire; and our failure to realize anticipated efficiencies and strategic and financial benefits from our acquisitions. Detailed information regarding the factors identified by the Company’s management which they believe may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements in this press release may be found in the Company’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including the risks, uncertainties and other factors discussed under the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” of the Company’s most recently filed periodic reports on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q, and the other filings the Company makes with the SEC, copies of which may be obtained from the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. All forward- looking statements included in this press release are made only as of the date of this press release, and the Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any such forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that subsequently occur, or of which the Company hereafter becomes aware, except as required by law. Persons reading this press release are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

Additional Information and Communications

For important news and information regarding the Company, including presentations and other news and events, visit the Investor Relations section of the Company’s website, riotplatforms.com/investors, and the Company’s social media accounts, including on X and LinkedIn.

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Contacts:

Investor Contact:
Joshua Kane
IR@Riotplatforms.com

Media Contact:
Becca Rincon
PR@Riotplatforms.com

Non-U.S. GAAP Measures of Financial Performance

In addition to financial measures presented under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”), we consistently evaluate our use of and calculation of non-GAAP financial measures such as “Adjusted EBITDA.” EBITDA is computed as net income before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure defined as EBITDA, adjusted to eliminate the effects of certain non-cash and/or non-recurring items that do not reflect our ongoing strategic business operations, which management believes results in a performance measurement that represents a key indicator of the Company’s core business operations of Bitcoin mining. The adjustments include fair value adjustments such as derivative power contract adjustments, equity securities fair value changes, and non-cash stock-based compensation expense, in addition to financing and legacy business income and expense items. We believe Adjusted EBITDA can be an important financial performance measure because it allows management, investors, and our board of directors to evaluate and compare our operating results, including our return on capital and operating efficiencies from period-to-period by making such adjustments. Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA is used as a performance metric for share-based compensation.

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Adjusted EBITDA is provided in addition to, and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, net income, the most comparable measure under GAAP to Adjusted EBITDA. Further, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to revenue growth, net income, diluted net income per share or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP, or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider this financial measure either in isolation or as a substitute for analyzing our results as reported under GAAP.

The following table reconciles Adjusted EBITDA to Net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP financial measure:

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, June 30,
2026 2025 2026 2025
Net income (loss) $ (237,170 ) $ 219,454 $ (737,647 ) $ (76,913 )
Interest income (3,623 ) (3,334 ) (5,936 ) (6,731 )
Interest expense 2,687 6,093 5,305 8,401
Income tax expense (benefit) (105 ) 320 186 757
Depreciation and amortization 97,784 83,197 195,518 161,123
EBITDA (140,427 ) 305,730 (542,574 ) 86,637
Adjustments:
Stock-based compensation expense 35,582 30,120 74,748 59,696
Acquisition-related costs 111 187
Change in fair value of derivatives 8,362 42,747 60,214 853
Change in fair value of contingent consideration (9,390 ) (17,642 )
Loss (gain) on equity method investment – marketable securities (6,143 ) 57,095
Loss (gain) on sale of equipment 350 479
Casualty-related charges (recoveries), net 3 (119 ) 3 (119 )
Loss on contract settlement 158,137 158,137
Gain on acquisition post-close dispute settlement (26,007 ) (26,007 )
Impairment of property and equipment 27,972 27,972
Other (income) expense (1,221 ) (244 ) (1,209 ) (337 )
Amortization of license fee revenue (24 ) (24 )
Adjusted EBITDA $ (69,729 ) $ 495,268 $ (380,846 ) $ 318,955

The Company defines Cost to Mine as the cost to mine one Bitcoin, excluding Bitcoin miner depreciation, as calculated in the table below.

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, June 30,
2026 2025 2026 2025
Cost of power for self-mining operations $ 73,499 $ 62,170 $ 145,816 $ 123,999
Other direct cost of revenue for self-mining operations(1)(2), excluding bitcoin miner depreciation 15,765 16,005 30,210 28,994
Cost of revenue for self-mining operations, excluding bitcoin miner depreciation 89,264 78,175 176,026 152,993
Less: power curtailment credits(3) (10,054 ) (8,313 ) (31,077 ) (16,114 )
Cost of revenue for self-mining operations, net of power curtailment credits, excluding bitcoin miner depreciation 79,210 69,862 144,949 136,879
Bitcoin miner depreciation(4)(5) 64,622 60,252 140,708 117,314
Cost of revenue for self-mining operations, net of power curtailment credits, including bitcoin miner depreciation $ 143,832 $ 130,114 $ 285,657 $ 254,193
Quantity of bitcoin mined 1,587 1,426 3,060 2,956
Production value of one bitcoin mined(6) $ 71,667 $ 98,800 $ 73,736 $ 95,991
Cost to mine one bitcoin, excluding bitcoin miner depreciation $ 49,912 $ 48,992 $ 47,369 $ 46,305
Cost to mine one bitcoin, excluding bitcoin miner depreciation, as a % of production value of one bitcoin mined 69.6 % 49.6 % 64.2 % 48.2 %
Cost to mine one bitcoin, including bitcoin miner depreciation $ 90,631 $ 91,244 $ 93,352 $ 85,992
Cost to mine one bitcoin, including bitcoin miner depreciation, as a % of production value of one bitcoin mined 126.5 % 92.4 % 126.6 % 89.6 %

(1) Other direct cost of revenue includes compensation, insurance, repairs, and ground lease rent and related property tax.

(2) For the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, we paid cash of $25.2 million and $71.3 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, we paid cash of $48.7 million and $92.3 million, respectively, in total deposits and payments for the purchase of miners. Costs to finance the purchase of miners were zero in all periods presented as the miners were paid for with cash from the Company’s cash balance. The seller did not provide any financing, nor did the Company borrow from a third-party to purchase the miners.

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(3) Power curtailment credits are credited against our power invoices as a result of temporarily pausing our operations to participate in ERCOT’s Demand Response Service Programs. Our fixed-price power purchase contracts enable us to strategically curtail our mining operations and participate in these programs, which significantly lower our cost to mine bitcoin. These credits are recognized in Power curtailment credits on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, outside of cost of revenue, but significantly reduce our overall cost to mine bitcoin.

(4) We capitalize the acquisition cost of our miners and include these costs in Property and equipment, net on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The miners are depreciated over an estimated useful life of three years, during which time, they are expected to contribute to the generation of bitcoin revenue. We do not consider depreciation expense in determining whether it is economical to operate our miners because depreciation is a non-cash expense and is not a variable operating cost that can be avoided even if we curtail operations temporarily. Depreciation expense incurred is disclosed for each respective period in the table above.

(5) The following table presents the future depreciation expense of all of our bitcoin miners:

Remainder of 2026 $ 133,593
2027 219,902
2028 99,312
2029 19,258
Total $ 472,065

(6) Computed as revenue recognized from bitcoin mined divided by the quantity of bitcoin mined during the same period.

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