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Why Texas gets 9 miles of off-shore territory but Louisiana gets 3 — and how it could change

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Why Texas gets 9 miles of off-shore territory but Louisiana gets 3 — and how it could change


WASHINGTON — U.S. Rep. Garret Graves intends to sprint toward the finish line for the 118th Congress, which convenes Monday and disbands in a month, by pushing an issue he has been working since he was a Capitol Hill staffer 20 years ago.

“This has been an ongoing effort for me, for many years, to give Louisiana parity,” Graves said.

Graves, a Baton Rouge Republican who steps down when the 119th Congress assumes office on Jan. 3, teamed with Rep. Troy Carter, D-New Orleans, on a bill that would give Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama the same offshore sovereignty as Texas and Florida — moving the boundary line from three nautical miles to nine — thereby allowing Louisiana control of more energy exploration and fishing rights.

Graves said last week in announcing the Offshore Parity Act of 2024, “I’m not sure who was negotiating for us generations ago, but that is just ridiculous.”

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History, rather than bonehead negotiators, played a greater role in setting state sovereignty over offshore waters.

Back in the 1600s, control of territorial waters off the coast was legally determined by how far a cannon could fire over the sea. The “cannon shot” rule gave nations control of their coastal waters for three nautical miles — roughly three and half miles on land.

As secretary of state in 1793, Thomas Jefferson claimed the United States boundaries extended three nautical miles into the territorial sea.

The independent Republic of Texas joined the United States in 1845 after breaking away in 1836 from Mexico, which itself had declared independence from Spain 15 years earlier. Florida also joined the union in 1845 after Spain relinquished rights to both territories.

Offshore sovereignty under Spain extended three leagues — roughly nine nautical miles off the coast. Those boundaries were set for Texas and Florida in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo of 1848.

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When both states rejoined the union after the Civil War, the same boundaries were kept. Everywhere else stayed at three nautical miles.

Generally, a state has sovereignty over the sea, the air above, and the bed below the sea within those limits.

The sea is vast and nobody really cared for generations, except for occasional squabbles over fishing rights.

That is until the 1940s when technology had progressed to exploit the oil and natural gas discovered in pockets underneath the Gulf of Mexico and off the California coast. With big money involved, territorial waters became a states versus federal rights debate.

Several states claimed jurisdiction over mineral and other resources off their coasts. Multiple U.S. Supreme Court decisions honored the nine-mile jurisdiction for Texas and Florida, three miles for everyone else, based on historical treaties. In 1947, the high court found that states had no title to resources beyond those limits.

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Congress enacted the Submerged Lands Act of 1953 that limited states — except Texas and Florida — to three nautical miles off their coasts.

In 1969, the Supreme Court found that Louisiana could not prove its jurisdiction extended three leagues into the Gulf when the state joined the union in 1812.

The Graves-Carter bill addresses the legal imbalance.

“Our bill fixes this disparity by giving all Gulf states the same nine miles of energy, fisheries and other resources to manage,” Graves said. “Energy production in Louisiana waters will result in new revenue to rebuild our coast and protect our people and energy infrastructure. And Louisiana fisheries management will remain the best in the country.”

Carter likened the bipartisan bill to a tool in the debate.

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“This is a critical step toward equality, ensuring Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama have the same authority over their waters as Texas and Florida,” he said.

The lame-duck 118th Congress has scheduled 12 days of work on Capitol Hill in December. During that time, Congress must pass legislation addressing this fiscal year’s appropriations or the federal government will shut down.

Congress also must approve defense spending, consider a $98 billion addition to the disaster recovery fund, plus extend the life of flood insurance and the Farm Bill.

Getting the Graves-Carter bill to the president’s desk will be a tall order, particularly given 400 years of history and U.S. dependence on oil and natural gas revenues to the national treasury.

On the other hand, the incoming Trump administration promised unfettered exploitation of offshore energy production. Giving states the ability to lease more sea bottoms will circumvent many federal restrictions to achieve that goal.

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Louisiana Tech launches Center for Literacy and Learning to support students, educators

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Louisiana Tech launches Center for Literacy and Learning to support students, educators


RUSTON, La. (KNOE) – Louisiana Tech University’s College of Education and Human Sciences announced it has established a new Center for Literacy and Learning designed to expand evidence-based reading support for children and professional development for educators across North Louisiana.

The university’s Department of Curriculum, Instruction, and Leadership said the launch of the Center for Literacy and Learning at Louisiana Tech, also known as L3, will provide diagnostic assessments, tutoring and workshop opportunities, combining academic research with hands-on clinical practice.

“As literacy rates and reading achievement continue to present challenges across Louisiana and the nation, the Center for Literacy and Learning is rooted in supporting evidence-based instruction, applied research, and community partnerships,” said Dr. Dustin Whitlock, interim department head of Curriculum, Instruction, and Leadership.

Officials said planning for the center began more than a decade ago as faculty sought to expand literacy services for local schools and the surrounding community, but the effort faced delays due to space and funding challenges.

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University leaders said momentum increased after faculty partnered with the Louisiana Department of Education and literacy experts nationwide to create a professional learning course for Louisiana K-3 educators. The course, “The Science and Art of Teaching Reading,” focuses on structured literacy practices aligned with Science of Reading research. Louisiana Tech said funding connected to the course and the state education department helped make the center possible.

Megan Hunt, a teacher at A.E. Phillips Laboratory School, was selected to lead the center. Whitlock said Hunt brings a strong background in foundational literacy instruction and is working toward becoming a certified UFLI coach.

“Mrs. Hunt’s skill and expertise allow her to support both students and educators through high-quality literacy instruction and professional learning,” Whitlock said.

Hunt said the center is aimed at building long-term support for literacy instruction through collaboration with districts, families and community partners.

“Literacy affects all aspects of life and is ultimately how people access opportunity and how communities grow stronger,” Hunt said. “When children become proficient readers, it represents more than just academic progress; it changes the trajectory of their lives.”

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Local school leaders also praised the partnership. Michelle Thrower, K-2 facilitator for Lincoln Parish Schools, said professional development and resources connected to Louisiana Tech have supported literacy growth in the district.

“Our collaboration with Louisiana Tech has been a cornerstone of our success in elevating literacy proficiency across Lincoln Parish Schools,” Thrower said, citing DIBELS growth tied to the UFLI Foundations curriculum in K-2.

Louisiana Tech said the center will operate through three main components:

  • The Literacy Clinic
  • The Literacy Institute
  • The Literacy Resource Center.

The center is expected to provide individualized assessments, targeted intervention services, literacy workshops and educator professional development.

Officials said the components will be developed in phases over the next few years.

For more information, Louisiana Tech said the public can contact Dr. Dustin Whitlock at whitlock@latech.edu.

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Louisiana among states selected to receive federal funding for rare earth projects

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Louisiana among states selected to receive federal funding for rare earth projects



The U.S. Department of Energy announced Tuesday that Louisiana was one of the few states chosen for a $134 million rare earth element initiative in a move that would give the U.S. more independence from China, Reuters reports. 

ElementUSA has been awarded about $67 million for a rare earth refining facility projected to cost $850 million in St. John the Baptist Parish to ramp up its production of core material for military vehicles, naval ships and aircrafts.

Louisiana’s rare earth element initiatives are aimed at relocating the critical American minerals supply chain for electric vehicles, renewable energy and national defense. The minerals include bauxite residue, which is a waste product from aluminium production. The plant is expected to produce roughly 150-1,000 metric tons of rare earths annually.

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Oklahoma was also chosen to receive grant money for a refining facility in Tulsa.

Reuters has the full story.

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DHS watchdog finds use-of-force issues and safety and sanitation concerns at Louisiana ICE center

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DHS watchdog finds use-of-force issues and safety and sanitation concerns at Louisiana ICE center


A Department of Homeland Security watchdog report revealed that staff members at an ICE detention center in Louisiana used a prohibited chokehold to “gain control” of a person being held there and stabbed another in the hand with a pen when an officer could not close the door to a housing unit.

The newly released findings about Winn Correctional Center in central Louisiana follow the DHS inspector general’s review of video of the use-of-force incidents as part of an unannounced facility inspection. The report, which was published on the DHS website, also noted that the officer who stabbed the detainee with a pen was disciplined.

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Staff members failed to maintain safe and sanitary conditions, the report says, noting leaking vents and ceilings with insulation falling through. Staff members used napkins and Styrofoam containers to collect the water from the leaks, according to the report.

Scrutiny of conditions inside ICE detention centers that house more than 60,000 detainees has been growing.

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Earlier Wednesday, Homeland Security Secretary Markwayne Mullin defended his agency’s detention standards on Capitol Hill amid complaints about ICE’s Delaney Hall detention facility in Newark, New Jersey. That center has been the site of frequent protests.

Rep. Tim Kennedy, D-N.Y., accused Mullin of leaving detainees without food or medical care.

Mullin rejected the claims. “You can say all you want, but don’t accuse me of something that’s not accurate,” he said.

The inspector general made nine recommendations, ranging from environmental health and safety standards to proper handling of use-of-force incidents and maintaining food service standards.

ICE is working to address all of the issues, including by providing additional staff training, a spokesperson for the agency said.

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“These minor infractions included failing to provide detainees exercise equipment, record keeping errors and leaking vents. Another infraction included providing a shared computer for legal research that would allow other detainees to see other detainees’ case information,” the spokesperson said.

A spokesperson for DHS said the report shows that the facility complies with detention standards.

“ICE has higher detention standards than most U.S. prisons that hold actual U.S. citizens,” the spokesperson said.

Winn Correctional is one of the largest ICE detention centers in the country, housing more than 1,500 men. It opened in 1990, and ICE took it over from the state in 2019.

The report was produced after an unannounced inspection by the DHS inspector general, whose office recently got an infusion of $20 million and plans to boost its inspections from four to six per year to potentially as many as 40 to 60.

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ICE lists 70% of the 1,500 detainees at Winn as having “No ICE threat level,” meaning they do not have violent criminal histories.

Winn is an hour north of Alexandria, which is one of four hubs for ICE deportation flights around the country.



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