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Why is being scared fun? The science behind fear

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Why is being scared fun? The science behind fear

Many favorable Halloween activities, such as strolling through a haunted house or watching a horror movie, are filled with elements designed to elicit fear, yet they are still enjoyable pastimes for many.

When it comes to horror movies specifically, several polls have pointed to a fairly even overall split between those who enjoy them and those who would rather do without.

For example, a 2022 survey conducted by Statista found that 64% of adults ages 30 to 44 either liked or loved watching horror movies.

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So why do some people enjoy participating in scary activities while others do not find the same amusement? 

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When watching a horror movie, viewers know that what they see while watching can’t actually hurt them — yet the viewing experience can still be a terrifying one. 

Many people find amusement in scary activities, such as watching a horror movie or going to a haunted house.  (iStock)

“When we think about triggers, we all come to our lives with a different story of experiences, and that’s a piece of it, but when we kind of pull the lens out a little bit more and take a look at all of our fears, they kind of fall into one of two buckets when we’re talking about an internal fear,” Dr. Mary Poffenroth, a scientist and fear expert based in Los Angeles and author of “Brave New You,” told Fox News Digital in a phone interview. 

“Either fear of not enough or fear of losing control,” she added. 

An example of the fear of losing control could be a person experiencing a jump scare, according to Poffenroth, which can be viewed as something that can’t be controlled. 

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Self-confidence could be another factor that comes into play. 

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“If you’re somebody that maybe is struggling with self-confidence … and [you’re] putting yourself into scary situations or scary movies or haunted houses like that, you may feel like that fear [of] not enough, of not being courageous enough or brave enough or tough enough,” Poffenroth said. 

Such feelings that develop inside when a scary element is present start in the brain — which can signal to the body that it’s in danger, even though it may not actually be, according to experts. 

Even though a horror movie can’t actually hurt you, it could cause a reaction like a jump scare — which can trigger a feeling of not being in control. (iStock)

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“In our brain, we have two almond-shaped structures, one on the left, one on the right, that we’re going to refer to as the amygdala,” said Poffenroth. 

“Even though the entire process is a little bit more complicated, in easier terms, it’s the amygdala that is going to be the driver of our fear response, and the amygdala works in an on-off switch, even though there’s a spectrum of intensity.”

“When we overcome any obstacle, we not only feel better about ourselves, but we get those dopamine hits.”

The amygdala can either signal a person is in danger or alert the body that everything is safe. 

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“That amygdala can get turned on so easily in our modern world, and it’s super overprotective,” Poffenroth added. “It’s trying to get us to stay in the blanket cave as much as possible and not go out in the world, because the world is big and scary — but that’s not truly living the life that we say that we want.” 

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Some find an enjoyable adrenaline rush when it comes to activities that scare them. They can feel a strong sense of pride after overcoming an obstacle that stood in their way. 

“When we start to do scary stuff, and we overcome that kind of level or barrier, and then we level up, if you will — then we become more confident that we can handle bigger and bolder types of opportunities,” Poffenroth said.

Those who enjoy scary activities often find excitement in overcoming something outside their comfort zone. (Creative Touch Imaging Ltd./NurPhoto via Getty Images)

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For those who find enjoyment in accomplishing scary feats, it could also simply be their personality that makes them this way, causing them to always want to step out of their comfort zone and push their limits.

“Sometimes that’s just a personality trait,” Poffenroth said. “For me, I really enjoy pushing the boundaries of what I think I can do, what society says I’m allowed to do, and that’s just something I enjoy.”

 

“When we overcome any obstacle, we not only feel better about ourselves, but we get those dopamine hits, and that reward center gets fired up,” Poffenroth continued. 

“If we found it a positive experience, then we’ll want to do it more.”

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Jelly Roll’s wife says weight-loss drug sent her into ‘worst suicidal depression’

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Jelly Roll’s wife says weight-loss drug sent her into ‘worst suicidal depression’

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This story discusses suicide. If you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide, please contact the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or 1-800-273-TALK (8255).

Bunnie XO, the wife of country singer Jelly Roll, is discussing how a weight-loss medication may have led to her experiencing a “dark” depression.

During an episode of her podcast “Dumb Blonde,” Bunnie, whose real name is Alyssa DeFord, revealed that she had been taking a new drug by Lilly called retatrutide (reta), which is currently in late-stage trials and not approved by the FDA.

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Bunnie, 45, confirmed that she received her dose from a “reputable wellness center” in Nashville, and felt sick within the first week. Within two weeks, she noticed she looked and felt slimmer. In the fourth week, she increased her dose by one unit, which is when she noticed the “mental numbness.”

“I literally got sent into the worst suicidal depression that I’ve had since 2020,” she said. “I’m talking like it scared me so bad. I didn’t think I was going to make it through the two weeks. Like I was praying to God.”

Bunnie XO, the wife of country singer Jelly Roll, is discussing how a weight-loss medication may have led to her experiencing a “dark” depression. (Christopher Polk/Penske Media via Getty Images)

The podcaster shared how she had “no emotion” and couldn’t listen to music that would typically “bring me joy.”

“You could see like my eyes were black,” she said. “I just drove in silence because I just couldn’t handle anything. It was either overstimulating or it was to the point where it just stole my joy. I had no joy, like nothing to live for. It was so dark.”

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After 20 days off the drug, Bunnie reported that her joy is “finally” returning, calling the experience a “battle.”

“My story is not what’s going to happen to you,” she shared with her listeners. “There’s so many people who are taking reta and love it and all that. But something happened with me.”

“My story is not what’s going to happen to you,” Bunnie XO shared with her listeners. “There’s so many people who are taking Reta and love it and all that. But something happened with me.” (Taylor Hill/WireImage)

Indiana-based drug-maker Lilly confirmed in a statement to Fox News Digital that retatrutide is an “investigational molecule that is legally available only to participants in Lilly’s clinical trials.”

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“No one should consider taking anything claiming to be retatrutide outside of a Lilly-sponsored clinical trial,” the spokesperson wrote. “This was not a Lilly product, and the company continues to warn the public about the potential dangers of fake medicines.”

“This was not a Lilly product and the company continues to warn the public about the potential dangers of fake medicines.”

Fox News senior medical analyst Dr. Marc Siegel reacted in an interview with Fox News Digital, warning that retatrutide should not be taken while it has still not received FDA approval unless it is part of a clinical trial.

“This drug is new — known as a triple agonist (GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptor agonist),” he said. “[It] has been linked potentially to depression and suicidal thoughts, as have the GLP-1 drugs, where some studies have shown increased psychiatric risks, so there is a potential link here.”

What is retatrutide?

The drug has received the nickname “GLP-3” because it targets the three hormones, which experts suggest could lead to more substantial weight loss.

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Lilly announced results from its phase 3 trial TRIUMPH-4 in December, which tested retatrutide’s effect on weight loss and other health conditions.

“GLP-3s” are positioned to “approach bariatric surgery level outcomes,” although it doesn’t come without risks, one expert said. (iStock)

Participants with obesity and knee arthritis who took a 12-mg dose of retatrutide saw an average weight loss of 71.8 lbs (28.7%) at 68 weeks.

“We believe retatrutide could become an important option for patients with significant weight loss needs and certain complications, including knee osteoarthritis,” a Lilly spokesperson said in a statement to Fox News Digital.

Seven additional phase 3 trials for retatrutide are expected to wrap up in 2026. The drug could see FDA approval in 2027, according to GoodRx.

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Despite limited data availability on the drug, the medication could also be applied to treat other conditions like type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular risk reduction and metabolic dysfunction, according to GoodRx and other experts.

Siegel confirmed that retatrutide’s side effects can be similar to other GLP-1s, including gastrointestinal symptoms and other rare reactions like pancreatitis, gallstones and heart arrhythmia.

Retatrutide could lead to more substantial weight loss for some patients, according to experts. (iStock)

Philip Rabito, M.D., a specialist in endocrinology, weight loss and wellness in New York City, shared in a previous interview with Fox News Digital that this new class of weight-loss drugs is positioned to “approach bariatric surgery level outcomes” — although it doesn’t come without risks.

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“The novel glucagon‑agonist component introduces less‑understood long‑term safety considerations, so it is imperative that patients are followed closely by healthcare professionals experienced with this class of medicines, with cautious, stepwise use, despite the impressive efficacy,” he cautioned.

The mental health connection 

The potential link between mental health symptoms and weight-loss drugs is most likely due to the impact on the brain’s reward system, according to Siegel.

“Dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine affect mood and appetite, reduce cravings and can have a positive effect on mood, but also can be negative,” he said. “Somewhat unpredictable.”

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Dr. Peter Balazs, a hormone and weight-loss specialist in New York and New Jersey, noted that any presentation of significant depressive symptoms, particularly those including “psychotic features and suicidal ideation,” requires a full clinical evaluation.

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“It is essential to understand the patient’s complete medical and psychiatric history, including other medical conditions, precise weight change dynamics, concomitant medications and psychosocial stressors,” he said. “Major depressive episodes are multifactorial — attributing them to a single agent without this context is premature.” 

Patients should be screened for mental health complications before taking weight-loss medication, experts suggest. (iStock)

Any individual experiencing these symptoms should “seek immediate professional help,” Balazs said.

“We are still learning about the psychiatric effects of these medications, even the ones that have already been approved,” he added.

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Bunnie’s age would typically place her in the perimenopausal stage, which can include “significant fluctuations” in reproductive hormones like estrogen, Balazs noted.

“Estrogen has well-documented neuroprotective and mood-stabilizing effects,” he said. “Its decline can render the brain more vulnerable to stress and dysregulation, potentially precipitating or exacerbating depressive episodes.”

Hormonal changes can impact mood when on a GLP-1 drug, according to experts. (iStock)

Obesity can also cause hormone shifts and inflammation that can interfere with normal brain function, sometimes affecting mood and emotional balance, the expert noted.

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Balazs stressed that experts should be “vigilant” in monitoring symptoms of people taking these medications. 

“Until a protocol is established, patients outside clinical trials should not inject these medications,” he cautioned. “Dose and dose-related responses can change the whole experience.”

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Can Pickles Help You Lose Weight? Discover the Perks of Fermented Foods

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Can Pickles Help You Lose Weight? Discover the Perks of Fermented Foods


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Cellphone health risks are focus of new government study: ‘Very concerned’

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Cellphone health risks are focus of new government study: ‘Very concerned’

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The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is launching a study on whether radiation from cellphones could harm Americans’ health.

“The FDA removed web pages with old conclusions about cellphone radiation while HHS undertakes a study on electromagnetic radiation and health research to identify gaps in knowledge, including on new technologies, to ensure safety and efficacy,” HHS spokesperson Andrew Nixon said in a statement to Fox News Digital.

The study is part of a strategy report released last year by President Donald Trump’s MAHA Commission, Nixon added.

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The report urges officials to address electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure stemming from the widespread use of cellphones, Wi-Fi routers, cell towers and wearable, such as smartwatches.

In 2018, the National Institutes of Health did a study concluding there is “clear evidence” that high exposure to radio frequency radiation (RFR) was associated with cancer in male rats.

The HHS has launched a cellphone radiation study to investigate whether electromagnetic radiation is harmful to people’s health. (iStock)

“In our studies, rats and mice received RFR across their whole bodies. By contrast, people are mostly exposed in specific local tissues close to where they hold the phone,” said senior scientist John Bucher at the time.

Bucher added, “The exposure levels and durations in our studies were greater than what people experience.”

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The study did not investigate the RFR that is used for Wi-Fi or 5G networks.

HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. told USA TODAY on Friday that “electromagnetic radiation is a major health concern,” adding that he is “very concerned about it.”

A spokesperson for CTIA, the mobile carrier industry trade group, told Fox News Digital there is no credible evidence linking wireless devices to health problems.

“The FDA removed web pages with old conclusions about cellphone radiation while HHS undertakes a study on electromagnetic radiation and health research to identify gaps in knowledge, including on new technologies, to ensure safety and efficacy,” said an HHS spokesperson. (iStock)

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“Radiofrequency energy from Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices, mobile phones and wireless infrastructure has not been shown to cause health problems, according to the consensus of the international scientific community and independent expert organizations around the world,” said the spokesperson.

The World Health Organization has noted on its website that research shows “no adverse health effect has been causally linked with exposure to wireless technologies.”

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In the U.S., cellphones must comply with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits on radiofrequency (RF) exposure.

The FCC uses a metric called specific absorption rate (SAR), which tracks how much RF energy the body absorbs. To be sold in the U.S., mobile phones and similar wireless devices must be tested and certified to ensure that they do not exceed 1.6 W/kg (watts per kilogram), averaging over 1 gram of tissue.

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In the U.S., cellphones must comply with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits on radiofrequency (RF) exposure. (iStock)

The FCC states on its website that there is “no scientific evidence currently establishing a definitive link between wireless device use and cancer or other illnesses.”

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However, the agency does share ways that Americans can reduce exposure — such as shortening the amount of time spent on wireless devices, putting a phone on speaker or using an earpiece “to reduce proximity to the head and thus head exposure.”

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The FCC also recommends increasing the distance between wireless devices and the body, and texting instead of talking when possible.

Fox News Digital reached out to HHS and NIH for additional comment, as well as several major cellphone carriers.

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