The livestock industry has been running a smear campaign against wolves for years.

It intensified when the Colorado Cattlemen’s Association joined forces with the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, the Colorado Farm Bureau, the National Rifle Association’s electioneering arm, and the Colorado Woolgrowers’ Association to oppose Proposition 114 — a 2020 citizens’ ballot initiative requiring Colorado to reintroduce wolves to the western part of the state.

Fearmongering was a big part of the campaign to prevent the restoration of wolves to their native Colorado habitats: The hunting groups peddled the narrative that wolves would kill all the elk. The ranching interests claimed that wolves would drive cattle and sheep operations out of business.

Notably, neither outcome has materialized since the 1995 wolf reintroductions in Yellowstone and Idaho, and indeed elk populations and cattle and sheep ranches there remain abundant three decades after wolves returned. In 2020, the Stop the Wolf Coalition lost the election, 51% to 49%. But the hysteria over livestock losses from wolves was only beginning.

So it makes sense to put these fears, and the livestock industry messaging that amplifies them, into perspective.

Weather events can kill a lot of cattle. In 2007, a single blizzard caused an estimated 15,000 cattle deaths in Colorado, according to the Colorado Cattlemen’s Association. In 2024, a single lightning strike knocked 100 cattle off their feet, killing 32 of them as well as a rancher, who was engaged in branding the calves. That’s more than Colorado wolves have killed in an entire year. The weather slaughters far more livestock than predators in the state.

Then there is cattle rustling. In late 2025, 23 cattle disappeared in a single incident on the High Plains of northeastern Colorado, and law enforcement characterized the incident as unlikely to be random chance and likely meant they had been stolen. In 2024, 187 cattle went missing on the Uncompahgre Plateau in Western Colorado. Fifteen of them eventually turned up, demonstrating that missing cattle are sometimes simply lost by inattentive ranchers. The Colorado brand inspector estimated in mid-December of that year that about 500 cattle were expected to be reported missing for the year in the state.

Mystery deaths and sickness also plague Colorado’s cattle herd. In May of 2025, 15 cattle in south-central Colorado keeled over from brain swelling and seizures in a single day. Was it eating poisonous plants? An abandoned oil well on the property? Water contamination? While some sort of toxin was suspected, there have been no definitive answers. A 2010 USDA report calculated that 38.9% of all cattle lost in 2007 died from sickness, injury, or poisoning. Only 0.1% of the losses were attributable to predators of any kind.

In Colorado, the number of cattle killed in slaughterhouses in 2025 was 2,269,600, according to the USDA’s Livestock Slaughter Report. The number of calves slaughtered in the state was “[w]ithheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations,” but would presumably add to that total.

The most important predator of cattle in Colorado, by a vast margin, was humans. Specifically, the livestock industry has raised such a hue and cry over a comparatively tiny number of wolf-caused mortalities. We have met the enemy (of cattle, at least), and he is us.

It’s hard to tell how many cattle and sheep have been killed by wolves, because Colorado Parks and Wildlife’s Confirmed Depredation Reports lump together livestock that are killed with livestock that are injured, but recover.

There were 13 cattle killed or injured by wolves in the two years prior to the wolf reintroduction, or an average of 6.5 cattle per year. In the slightly more than three years since reintroduction, there have been 44 cattle killed or injured by wolves, 37 sheep and one llama. That’s an average of 15 cattle and 12 sheep confirmed killed or injured per year.

The fraction of Colorado’s livestock losses attributable to wolves is minuscule, and some of the state’s news outlets are starting to get it. The general public, and lawmakers in particular, need to be aware of the tiny proportion of Colorado’s 2.6 million cattle that are falling prey to wolves, and we can all rest easy in the knowledge that when a livestock loss is reported, and wolves are suspected, there is a full investigation.

And when a wolf kill is confirmed, the rancher in question gets a payment from the state that not only covers his losses, but might also cover up to seven times the value of the animal(s). That’s an excessive level of generosity, which creates a perverse incentive to blame wolves.

But when ranchers are getting paid – in fact, paid far more than the fair-market value they deserve – when beef is what’s for dinner for one of Colorado’s new population of wolves, who really cares whether the diner is wildlife or human?

Erik Molvar is a wildlife biologist and the executive director of Western Watersheds Project, a nonprofit conservation group working to reduce the harmful effects of livestock grazing on public lands to protect and restore wildlife and watersheds throughout the American West.

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LOS ANGELES >> Stress on the San Andreas Fault system has reached a 1,000-year high, according to new research from the University of Hawaii.

Higher stress on a fault means the pressure that causes earthquakes is building.

“Our results show that stress levels on multiple fault segments are now at or above the highest values seen in the past millennium and that the region may be capable of a large through-going rupture involving both fault systems,” said lead author Liliane Burkhard, research affiliate in the Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology at the UH-Manoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology and a scientist at the University of Bern, Switzerland.

“We also found that Cajon Pass may act as an ‘earthquake gate:’ sometimes blocking large ruptures from crossing between the faults, and sometimes allowing them to pass through and involve both systems in a single event,” Burkhard said in a UH news release.

Multi-fault ruptures, where earthquakes continue from one fault to another, have occurred in multiple recent earthquakes, including the 2011 Tohoku, Japan, earthquake and became a part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s earthquake forecasting model in 2015.

This type of quake would be possible if the Cajon Pass, which is between the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains in Southern California, allows an earthquake to pass through it, meaning rather than affecting the area along one fault line, a quake could continue along a second fault and affect a larger area.

But Kate Scharer, a co-author of the study and a seismologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Pasadena, said there’s no reason for California residents to be significantly more concerned than they were before hearing about the study.

While the stress has reached a milestone, the pressure was already high and the fault has been overdue for a large earthquake for some time, according to the study.

It has been over 100 years since a major tectonic rupture has affected the greater Los Angeles area, which means stress on the tectonic plates has been building, according to the study.

The 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake was the most recent “big one” to affect Southern California, while the San Jacinto Fault saw moderate earthquakes in 1918, 1968 and 1987, according to the study. A long period without seismic activity “raised concern that the next slip event in this region could be both large and complex,” the study says.

As more time passes, an earthquake becomes more likely because built-up energy needs to be released.

“We know for the southern San Andreas and the San Jacinto fault that they were just a little bit over the average (time between earthquakes) from looking at the geologic record,” Scharer said.

Those two faults are at highest risk for an earthquake because they are the fastest moving, she said.

The study looked at a geologic record of earthquake activity across the past 1,000 years, giving a new perspective on the total stress the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault systems are under. Tectonic plates are always moving and accumulating stress, save for those few seconds where an earthquake is happening.

When an earthquake releases built-up stress from hundreds to thousands of years of an interseismic period, energy is felt in the form of an earthquake, Scharer said.

Earthquake forecast models from the U.S. Geological Survey are “a reminder that damaging earthquakes are inevitable for California,” and the new study highlights just how much stress the fault systems are under as Californians prepare for the “big one,” according to the USGS.

The study’s importance is with the calculations of stress the researchers did. After a geologic record, which looks at prehistoric earthquakes and is assembled by digging trenches across faults and looking at layers that have been offset in the past, is created, the researchers were able to determine that the stress on the San Andreas fault is at a 1,000-year high.

The stress level could influence if the Cajon Pass facilitates an earthquake spreading from one fault to another, or if it stops an earthquake from doing so. When the stress levels on both faults are similar, both faults appear to rupture jointly, according to the study.

Using a physics-based computer model, the researchers found that that the stress that would normally be released in large earthquakes has continued to accumulate and is at unprecedented levels.

The Cajon Pass, the study suggests, could facilitate a joint rupture of both the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults simultaneously, which could be “significantly more damaging than a single-fault event,” affecting densely populated areas including Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside and the Coachella Valley, according to the UH news release.

“This is not a prediction of when an earthquake will happen,” Burkhard said. “However, studies like this are important contributions to national and global earthquake hazard research in that we are using rigorous, quantitative science to better understand the risk facing millions of people. What we can say is that the system is critically stressed, and that physics-based models like this one give us a clearer picture of the range of scenarios we should be prepared for. That information matters for hazard assessments, infrastructure planning, and emergency preparedness.”

Honolulu Star-Advertiser staff contributed to this report.

What began as a handful of calls from Treasure Valley residents has grown into a rat problem that is exposing gaps in Idaho law and leaving homeowners to handle infestations largely on their own for at least another year.

Rats have been reported in the Treasure Valley since 2022, when Eagle residents started spotting Norway rats and roof rats in yards, under decks and near canals. Residents have also shared videos showing the rodents in their neighborhoods.

As the reports mounted, it became clear that no agency in Idaho is legally responsible for dealing with rats. The issue traces back to an 1868 legal doctrine known as Dillon’s Rule, which limits Idaho cities and counties to powers specifically granted by the state. Because rats are not mentioned in state law, local governments have no authority to act and no funding to do so.

During this legislative session, state lawmakers tried to change that. Senate Bill 1271 would have directed the Idaho Department of Agriculture to map infestations and coordinate a response across the Treasure Valley. The bill passed the Senate but later died in the House, with opponents arguing it was a local problem, not a state one.

The Idaho Department of Health and Welfare says rats can spread diseases such as Plague and Salmonella through droppings, urine and bites.

With the Legislature out of session until next year, Sen. Nichols and Rep. John Gannon are pushing for action without waiting for a change in state law. This week, they sent a letter to local officials across the Treasure Valley urging cities, counties, irrigation districts and parks agencies to each designate a point person to help coordinate a response now.

The letter describes the situation as a public health, safety and property concern and warns that a coordinated effort now would be far less costly than a crisis later.

In the meantime, residents are being urged to seal vents, secure trash and call an exterminator if they see signs of rats. Nichols has said she fears that when lawmakers return next January, the problem will be harder and more expensive to solve.