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Pollution from the Tijuana river affects air quality in San Diego, finds study

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Pollution from the Tijuana river affects air quality in San Diego, finds study


Coastal environments are extremely dynamic. Pollutants in the land and water can become aerosolized and inhaled by residents of coastal communities. Credit: Adam Cooper / UC San Diego

The 120-mile Tijuana River flows from Baja California into the United States and discharges millions of gallons of wastewater—including sewage, industrial waste and runoff—into the Pacific Ocean every day, making it the dominant source of coastal pollution in the region.

Wastewater pollution has been an ongoing problem for decades and is so severe that the nonprofit environmental group American Rivers recently named the Tijuana River America’s second most endangered river.

A new study from the University of California San Diego examines how pollutants in wastewater travel and are transmitted in the atmosphere through coastal aerosols.

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In the study, researchers found that a mixture of illicit drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from tires and personal care products aerosolize from wastewater and are detectable in both air and water. The results appear in Science Advances.

The paper’s lead author, Adam Cooper, collected samples from the air and water at various points along the coast of San Diego County, including the U.S.-Mexico border, Imperial Beach and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla.

Cooper, who graduated last spring with a doctorate in chemistry, was a member of Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry Jonathan Slade’s group, and collected the samples as part of a field study with Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry Kimberly Prather’s lab.

Prather, who holds a joint appointment at Scripps Oceanography and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UC San Diego, had been studying the air pollution impacts of the Tijuana River for several years. Cooper was able to join her team’s comprehensive sampling campaign across multiple sites from January to March of 2020.

Even though the samples were taken in 2020, the findings are still relevant because little has changed in how sewage released from the river is processed. In fact, pollution from the river has been an ongoing problem for more than 50 years.

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“The Tijuana River region is a very dynamic environment with implications for public health, environmental policy and international relations between the United States and Mexico,” stated Cooper.

“Ours is one of the most comprehensive studies to date investigating water-to-air transfer of these pollutants.” The study looked at two aspects of wastewater pollution: the source and the concentration of pollutants along the San Diego County coastline.

To determine the origin of the pollutants, Slade’s lab used a compound they knew came from sewage: benzoylecgonine (BZG), a stable metabolite of cocaine, primarily produced when people use cocaine and then excrete it in urine.

They found that after rainfall, BZG levels in Imperial Beach ocean water spiked in correlation with increased Tijuana River flows, while BZG levels in aerosols spiked in correlation with enhanced sea spray aerosol emissions.

Correlating 11 other pollutants to BZG in aerosols allowed the team to determine which ones behaved similarly in the environment and likely originated from the same wastewater source. The results showed a high correlation between BZG; methamphetamine; octinoxate, a UV filter used in sunscreen; and dibenzylamine, a compound used in tire manufacturing.

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The second part of the study measured pollutant concentrations along the coastline in the water and air. Overwhelmingly, they found that these pollutants were higher in the Tijuana River water than in the ocean, and higher in the water and aerosols in the Imperial Beach region than in La Jolla.

Although the amounts of some pollutants, like cocaine, were minuscule, others were more prominent, like octinoxate, which can break down into more toxic components.

In some cases, the octinoxate levels were comparable to measurements made directly above wastewater treatment plant vats, meaning that in some ambient conditions at the coast, the concentrations of pollutants that people are inhaling can be comparable to a worker at a wastewater treatment plant.

“It’s been shown that octinoxate can degrade DNA when exposed to light,” stated Slade. “And if it’s in these tiny aerosols we’re breathing in, it can get deep into our lungs and pass into our bloodstream. That’s very concerning, especially considering the high levels at which we found it in the air.”

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The study shows that the closer you are to the Tijuana River, the more likely you are to be exposed to the pollutants it carries, even though the amounts are still relatively small—on the scale of tens of nanograms per hour. This may not seem like much if your exposure is limited to a few hours, but residents living close to the border are inhaling these chemicals over years, even decades.

Many residents have complained of respiratory illness, insomnia and headaches, and several San Diego beaches have been closed almost continuously for the last three years because of high levels of bacteria from wastewater runoff.

Although the paper doesn’t draw any conclusions about the detrimental effects on the environment or human health, Slade and Cooper emphasize the need for more research, better infrastructure and cross-border collaboration.

“Often the sewage crisis is considered a water issue—and it is—but we show that it’s in the air too. Truthfully, we don’t yet know the acute health effects,” stated Slade. “But the numbers we report can be incorporated into models to help us better understand what we’re breathing in and how much we’re exposed to.”

Cooper was so influenced by his work at UC San Diego that he is now a Science and Policy Technology Fellow with the California Council on Science and Technology, working with State Senator Ben Allen.

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“The solutions to the cross-border sewage crisis aren’t constrained by technical challenges,” stated Cooper. “They’re constrained by political challenges and policy issues. We have to motivate decision-makers to make the right investments.”

In addition to better infrastructure, more public awareness is crucial to improving the region’s water and air quality, including understanding the downstream effects of the products we use, such as sunscreens and tires.

“Although our study focuses on the Tijuana River, there are other notable sources of wastewater and pollution run-off in Southern California, including wastewater treatment outfalls, the San Diego River and the Los Angeles River,” said Slade, who also noted that “turbulence in rivers and streams may aerosolize wastewater, requiring further study.”

Coastal port environments are extremely dynamic and complex, but these pollution issues are not relegated just to the San Diego-Tijuana region. They pose a global hazard.

An estimated 80% of all global wastewater is untreated. Of the portion that is treated, many plants remove bacteria, but not chemical pollutants. These chemicals remain in the water, which is released into rivers, lakes and oceans, traveling around the world through waterways and in the atmosphere.

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“The global surge of untreated wastewater entering lakes, rivers and oceans poses a growing health threat. Aerosolization of this polluted water exposes billions of people through airborne transmission, reaching far beyond those in direct contact and impacting countless others who inhale contaminated air that can travel for many miles,” stated Prather.

“We are continuing our studies in this region to better understand the short and long-term health impacts of inhaling this newly identified source of airborne pollution.”

More information:
Adam Cooper et al, Identifying Wastewater Chemicals in Coastal Aerosols, Science Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ads9476. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ads9476

Provided by
University of California – San Diego

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Pollution from the Tijuana river affects air quality in San Diego, finds study (2025, May 28)
retrieved 28 May 2025
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Hundreds take to the streets across San Diego County to protest ICE

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Hundreds take to the streets across San Diego County to protest ICE


Hundreds of people took to the streets in parts of San Diego County on Saturday, many calling for an end to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) immigration operations. Rallies, organized by the grassroots organization Indivisible, took place in Otay Mesa, Pacific Beach, Del Mar, and Mira Mesa.

In Pacific Beach, dozens of people spread out across the intersection of Crown Point and Ingraham Street, chanting and holding signs to voice their opposition to ICE.

“I’m loud because I’m angry right now. What’s going on in our country is not right, it’s not just. It’s not what our country was founded upon,” said one protester. “People — American citizens should not be being killed in the streets, especially for not doing anything wrong, and it’s just not okay,” the protester added.

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A very similar scene played out in Del Mar, where large crowds gathered outside the Del Mar Civic Center along Camino Del Mar.

“I’m a child of immigrants, I’m an immigrant, and I am so sad for what’s happening,” said Kamala Alexander, who came to protest with her husband against the violence that has dominated headlines.

Alexander has been watching the developments in Minneapolis closely, ever since video showed an ICE agent shot and killed 37-year-old Renee Nicole Good.

“It hurts deeply, because that’s not what this country represents,” said Alexander.

Alexander believes that ICE, as a federal agency, has a role to play in the U.S. The message did not entirely align with calls from other protesters to do away with the agency altogether. However, Alexander does not agree with the violence that has now taken center stage.

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“I think they can do the right job, but they can do it with empathy, with compassion, with understanding,” said Alexander.

Alexander and her fellow protesters hope their voices can lead to change, although what shape that would take remains uncertain.

At the corner of Birch Road and Millenia Avenue in Chula Vista, similar chants and signs flooded the busy intersection.

Dozens of demonstrators rallied Saturday, against the Trump Administration and recent ICE shootings, Otay Mesa, Calif., January 10, 2026. Credit: M.G. Perez

“She was a mother, not in this community, but part of the U.S.A. community, and we have to, as people, take control and regain democracy and get our freedom back,” said Diana Feather, a U.S. Navy veteran.

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Protests continue against the Trump administration over the ICE shootings in Minneapolis and Portland. NBC 7’s M.G Perez reports from Otay Ranch.

Indivisible has scheduled protests against ICE through the weekend. Additional demonstrations are expected to be held on Sunday.



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San Diego Humane Society planning $11M animal hospital to provide low-cost care to pet owners

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San Diego Humane Society planning M animal hospital to provide low-cost care to pet owners


Seeking to provide more affordable care for pet owners in the region, the San Diego Humane Society plans to expand a 500-square-foot clinic at its Morena campus into an $11 million full-service animal hospital, envisioning a summer or fall 2027 opening.

Officials say the project, to be funded entirely by donors, will include space for a high-volume spay/neuter clinic and an area to house dogs that have been surrendered or picked up by humane officers. It will be inside a Gaines Street building that the nonprofit acquired in 2020 along with five other buildings it had previously leased.

The Humane Society plans to triple its vet staffing for the hospital, which will provide dental care, surgeries and emergency services, as well as routine care. The goal is to expand affordable care options in the region, recognizing that some people surrender their pets, or even euthanize them, because they can’t afford veterinary care.

The University of California Davis is also building a new animal hospital in San Diego, expected to open later this year.

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The additions come amid a persistent shortage of veterinarians in California and beyond.

Dr. Gary Weitzman, president and CEO of the San Diego Humane Society, said officials have discussed building the Community Veterinary Hospital for years. About $3 million has been raised for the project so far.

Several factors are making veterinary care unattainable for some, including a shortage of veterinarians and the high cost of services. Vet offices that do exist may not be able to schedule appointments quickly, while some pet owners live in “veterinary deserts” with no clinics or hospitals nearby, Weizman said.

“Access to care is becoming more and more challenging for most people with their animals,” Weitzman said. “That’s the opposite of what we want to see.”

Emergency hospitals can help fill the gap, he said, but often are too expensive for pet owners.

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On its website, the Humane Society describes its community veterinary program as low-cost care that is accessible to pet families who need it most. “By providing affordable, compassionate and exceptional veterinary care to San Diego community members, we help keep pets out of shelters and with the people who love and need them,” the site says. In recent years, the nonprofit has grappled with record numbers of dogs in its shelters.

Weitzman said building the community veterinary hospital will require extensive fundraising, not only for the construction but to pay for staffing.

Officials expect it will cost about $5 million a year to run the hospital and will look at creating endowments to pay for positions. “This will definitely be a financially involved program,” he said. “But I think it’s really game-changing for the Humane Society and for the region.”

Those interested in contributing can email donate@sdhumane.org.

Dr. Andrea Brkic examines Cali at the San Diego Humane Society Community Veterinary Clinic on Thursday. (Meg McLaughlin / The San Diego Union-Tribune)

A decade ago, Weitzman said he would have expected private vet practices to oppose the project. Instead, he said, those providers are increasingly sending animals needing care to the Humane Society because their owners cannot pay clinic fees.

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“Ten years ago, there definitely would have been concern among my private practice colleagues,” he said. “As of COVID times, there has been no concern whatsoever. As a matter of fact, the opposite — we get referrals from private practices because they don’t want to have to resort to ‘economic euthanasia.’”

The Humane Society is able to charge lower fees because its work is supported by philanthropic gifts, he said.

“What we want to do is provide urgent care that (allows) people to come in and not have to get a second mortgage to get care for their animal,” he said.

The Humane Society began its community veterinary program in 2022, with services initially provided from a mobile clinic. In the summer of 2023, the clinic moved into the Gaines Street space, although mobile clinics are still used on a scaled-back basis, spokesperson Nina Thompson said.

The Humane Society’s website says those eligible for services at the clinic include pet owners with an annual household income under $70,000 or people enrolled in federal or state assistance programs or receiving unemployment benefits. However, clinic staff do not ask for documentation when people show up for appointments.

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Veterinary assistants Vanessa Meza and Madeleine Inoue treat Mochi at the San Diego Humane Society Community Veterinary Clinic on Thursday, Jan. 8, 2026 in San Diego, California. (Meg McLaughlin / The San Diego Union-Tribune)
Veterinary assistants Vanessa Meza and Madeleine Inoue treat Mochi at the San Diego Humane Society Community Veterinary Clinic on Thursday. (Meg McLaughlin / The San Diego Union-Tribune)

“If you have a vet that you’re going to now, and you can afford those fees, please stay with your private practice. We’re here for people who can’t get in, and that’s really the purpose of the program,” said Weitzman, a veterinarian who works at the clinic one day a week. “We really just want to be there to solve a problem.”

Beyond the animal hospital project, the Humane Society has worked with a coalition of animal groups to seek legislative changes designed to expand veterinary care options. One new law now in effect allows registered veterinary technicians and veterinary assistants to perform any medical task not expressly prohibited by law. A second bill allows registered veterinary technicians to give vaccines and parasite control measures in shelters without requiring a supervising veterinarian to be on site.

There are other steps being taken to expand veterinary care in San Diego County.

UC Davis is building a state-of-the-art medical center in University City that will offer specialty care, create veterinary teaching and training opportunities, and facilitate clinical research studies.

According to its website, the Janice K. Hobbs UC Davis Veterinary Medical Center Southern California will feature “a pharmacy and dedicated suites for radiography, cardiology, surgery, medical oncology, 24/7 emergency and critical care (ER/ICU) and nephrology/urology.” It is expected to open later this year in a business park on Shoreham Place.

The new facility will take the place of a 3,000-square-foot medical center run by the university in Sorrento Valley in operation for more than 20 years. The new hospital will be eight times the size of the current facility.

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UC Davis is also working to expand the number of veterinarians in its training pipeline. It has pledged to expand the number of doctor of veterinary medicine students enrolled from 600 to 800, adding 50 additional students per class beginning in 2029. The university also plans to build a new veterinary education pavilion on campus.

“We are the premier veterinary school in the country and California is facing a veterinary shortage, so with public and donor support we are committed to meeting the needs of the state’s pet parents, agricultural producers, animal shelters and other care providers,” Tom Hinds, a UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine spokesperson, said in a statement.



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Judge sentences rapper to time served in 2023 San Diego arrest

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Judge sentences rapper to time served in 2023 San Diego arrest


Federal courthouse in downtown San Diego. (File photo by Chris Stone/Times of San Diego)

Rapper Boosie Badazz was sentenced Friday to credit for time served in the case stemming from his 2023 arrest in San Diego for being a felon in possession of a firearm.

The 43-year-old, whose real name is Torence Ivy Hatch Jr., was arrested in Chollas View after police found two guns inside a vehicle in which he was riding.

Hatch was in town to shoot a music video and perform at a Gaslamp Quarter nightclub.

In a social media video clip recorded during the video shoot, Hatch was spotted with a gun in his waistband. Police then used a helicopter to track down his vehicle, after which officers conducted a traffic stop and discovered the firearms.

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He pleaded guilty to a federal gun possession count last year. As part of his sentence, Hatch will also serve 300 hours of community service.

Defense attorney Meghan Blanco said in a statement released after Friday’s hearing, “The resolution brings a sense of relief, allowing him to finally put this chapter behind him. He can now focus on continuing his music career, dedicating time to his family, and being a positive and inspiring presence for his children and the wider community.”

Federal prosecutors sought a two-year prison sentence, arguing in court papers that custody was warranted due to Hatch’s “insistence on carrying a weapon despite his status as a convicted felon” and allegations that he threatened his security detail shortly after his arrest.

Blanco, in her sentencing memorandum, denied any such threats occurred, noting that the statements are not included in any police reports stemming from the arrest and that no recorded evidence of the threats exist.

The defense attorney wrote that Hatch’s gun was never fired, brandished or used to threaten anyone. She also said there have been no allegations that the weapons were intended for any other offense and that Hatch’s last criminal case had occurred around 10 years prior.

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“The case represents an isolated lapse in judgment, not a pattern of ongoing criminal conduct,” Blanco wrote.

Hatch was initially charged by the San Diego County District Attorney’s Office. His defense attorneys have stated that Hatch intended to plead guilty at the time and was expected to be sentenced to probation, but the state’s case was dismissed before that plea deal could be reached and federal prosecutors took up the case.

U.S. District Judge Cathy Bencivengo, who sentenced Hatch on Friday, previously dismissed the case against him following a 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals ruling that said it was unconstitutional to prohibit convicted felons who served sentences for nonviolent drug offenses from possessing firearms.

But a larger panel of the 9th Circuit overturned its earlier ruling and San Diego federal prosecutors re-filed the charges against Hatch.

Hatch was previously convicted in Louisiana of marijuana possession. He also was indicted in an alleged murder-for-hire plot, but was acquitted by a Baton Rouge jury in 2012.

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