A critique published in Nature Wednesday calls the basic technology behind Microsoft’s “breakthrough” quantum computing chip the Majorana 1 into question. Microsoft unveiled the chip in February 2025 and said it featured a brand-new technology known as a topological qubit. Topological qubits, they said, would be the “building blocks” for their future quantum computer. Microsoft announced the next generation chip Majorana 2 at Build earlier this month.
Technology
A new paper argues Microsoft exaggerated its quantum claims a year ago
But in a peer-reviewed article, Henry Legg, a physicist at the University of St Andrews, reanalyzed Microsoft’s data on their device and argued that the company’s researchers did not conclusively demonstrate a working topological qubit in the first place.
Theory predicts that the electrons in this wire behave in a collective pattern known as a Majorana particle, for which the chip is named.
Proponents of quantum computing predict that the technology’s computational abilities will advance new medicine discovery, encryption, and machine learning. Companies like Google and IBM have already demonstrated more advanced machines than Majorana 1 or 2, although presently, no one has conclusively gotten any quantum computer to perform anything useful. But Microsoft claimed that Majorana 1, and subsequently Majorana 2, paved their path toward a practical quantum computer.
Microsoft’s design, unique among quantum computing companies, involves a tiny wire, thinner than a human hair, made of the semiconductor indium arsenide stuck to a superconductor. Theory predicts that the electrons in this wire behave in a collective pattern known as a Majorana particle, for which the chip is named. Microsoft wants to encode information in the properties of the Majorana particle. (A topological qubit is to a Majorana particle as a transistor is to silicon.)
Proponents of the Majorana particle think it is promising qubit material because theory predicts that when formed into topological qubits, the Majorana should compute with fewer errors than competing materials, such as superconducting circuits pursued by IBM. This suggests that ultimately, fewer topological qubits are needed to scale up to a useful quantum computer.
That is, if Microsoft has actually made a Majorana particle. “They haven’t convincingly shown that they have Majoranas,” Legg told The Verge. “You can’t make a qubit if you don’t have the Majoranas.”
In Legg’s critique, he writes that what Microsoft claims as a signature of the Majorana particle could actually be from the formation of quantum dots, which are electron-containing structures, in the device. Quantum dots would not be useful for building the quantum computer. He also writes that Microsoft cherry-picked their data.
“You can’t make a qubit if you don’t have the Majoranas.”
Microsoft’s team published a rebuttal in Nature disputing Legg’s interpretation of their data. Legg’s critique “does not constitute a substantial scientific challenge to our findings,” the Microsoft team wrote. Legg has not “proposed an alternative model that fits all of our data,” Chetan Nayak, a physicist leading Microsoft’s quantum team, told The Verge.
Legg first posted his critique on the online physics repository arXiv on February 26, 2025, within a week of Microsoft’s Majorana 1 announcement. It took a year for Nature to conduct a peer review and publish his article.
Meanwhile, on June 2, Microsoft announced a new chip, the Majorana 2, featuring what they claimed was the next generation of their topological qubits. The company says they can build a “scalable quantum computer” by 2029. “We 100% stand behind our results,” Nayak told The Verge. “We stand by our roadmap. We stand behind our long-standing commitment to scientific rigor and dialogue.”
Legg says the company’s characterization of Majorana 2, which Microsoft wrote in a non-peer reviewed manuscript, suffers from similar problems he pointed out a year ago. “Nothing in this [manuscript] resolves the fundamental issues that so many scientists have with this company’s previous claims,” Legg told The Verge.
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Buying a phone without tying it directly to your identity could get much harder. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is considering tougher “know your customer” rules for voice providers.
The proposal would push phone companies to collect and keep more personal information before giving many new or renewing customers access to service. That could include your name, physical address, government-issued identification number and an alternate phone number.
The FCC says the goal is to make life harder for scammers, robocallers and criminals who abuse phone networks. That sounds reasonable at first. Nobody wants more fake bank calls, Medicare scam texts or urgent messages from crooks pretending to be family members. Yet this proposal raises a much bigger question. How much personal privacy should we give up to fight scam calls?
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GOOGLE SEARCH LED TO A COSTLY SCAM CALL
The FCC is considering tougher phone identity checks that could require more personal information before service begins. (Kurt “CyberGuy” Knutsson)
What the FCC phone ID proposal would require
The FCC phone ID proposal focuses on identity checks for originating voice providers. Those are the companies that allow calls to enter the phone network. Right now, the FCC already expects providers to take steps to know their customers and stop illegal calls. The new proposal would make those duties more specific. The FCC is asking whether providers should be required to obtain and retain certain customer information before granting service. At a minimum, that could include:
- Name
- Physical address
- Government-issued identification number
- Alternate telephone number
The FCC is also asking how these rules should apply to “new and renewing” customers. That phrase is important. A narrow version could focus on people opening new accounts. A broader version could reach people who switch plans or renew service with a current provider. For high-volume customers, including some business and foreign customers, the FCC is also asking whether providers should collect more information. That could include the intended use of the service and the IP address used to place calls, when applicable.
The FCC is also asking whether providers should retain KYC records for four years after the customer relationship ends, tied to the statute of limitations for certain illegal calling violations.
Why the FCC wants stronger phone identity checks
The FCC says scammers hide behind phone calls and texts to rip people off, then disappear before anyone can track them down. Anyone with a phone knows this problem has gotten out of hand. Most of us now look at an unknown number and assume trouble before we even answer.
The agency believes tougher identity checks could make it harder for bad actors to get onto phone networks in the first place. It also says better customer records could help investigators connect the dots after a scam call or text causes harm.
Here is where the proposal gets bigger. The FCC also asks whether stronger records could help law enforcement investigate crimes that go beyond scam calls, including national security threats and abuse in text messaging networks. So while robocalls are the headline, this proposal reaches much further. It could move phone service closer to an identity-check model that goes well beyond robocalls.
Why burner phones could become harder to buy
The FCC proposal does not specifically say it will ban burner phones. Still, the practical impact could be significant. A burner phone usually refers to a prepaid phone or phone line with no clear identity link at the point of purchase. TV shows often connect burner phones with criminals. Real life is more complicated.
People use prepaid or private phone lines for plenty of lawful reasons. A domestic abuse survivor may need a safe phone that an abuser cannot easily trace through shared accounts. A journalist may need to protect a source. A whistleblower may need to call without exposing a personal number. Someone without a stable address may rely on prepaid service because it is easier to obtain.
If phone companies must collect a government ID number and physical address before service begins, anonymous or lightly identified prepaid service could become far harder to access. That is why privacy advocates see this as more than a robocall rule. They see it as a potential shift in how Americans get basic phone service.
HOW SCAMMERS BUILD A PROFILE ON YOU USING DATA BROKERS
Prepaid phones could face closer scrutiny if the FCC moves ahead with stricter “know your customer” rules. (Photographer: Brent Lewin/Bloomberg via Getty Images)
The FCC proposal could affect prepaid phone plans
Prepaid phones are a big part of this story. Some people use them to save money. Others use them because they want more control over what they spend or because a traditional phone plan creates hurdles they would rather avoid.
The FCC is now asking whether prepaid and postpaid customers should face different identity checks. That question is important because prepaid service has long been one of the easiest ways to get a working phone without a lengthy signup process.
A strict final rule could make prepaid service feel a lot more like opening a bank account. For some people, that may only mean another form to fill out. For others, especially someone trying to stay safe or keep a phone line private, it could be a much bigger deal.
The privacy risk behind a phone ID database
The most obvious concern is privacy. The quieter concern is cybersecurity. Phone companies already hold sensitive customer information. Adding government ID numbers, physical addresses and alternate phone numbers would make those records even more valuable to hackers.
If a telecom database gets breached, criminals may use stolen customer data for phishing, identity theft, SIM-swap attacks or stalking. A rule meant to stop scammers could create a richer target for scammers to steal. That to me is scary.
The FCC does ask how providers should protect customer information and how long records should be retained. Those are important questions. Still, better security rules would need real teeth. Sensitive data becomes a liability the moment it gets collected.
What “physical address” could mean for phone customers
The FCC is also asking whether P.O. boxes, shared office locations and similar addresses should count as a customer’s physical address. That detail could create real problems.
Some people do not have a traditional home address. Others may avoid sharing one because of safety concerns. A domestic abuse survivor may use a mailing address that keeps a home location private. A small business owner may use a shared office or mail service. If the final rule limits what counts as a valid address, some people could face a harder path to phone service. That may sound like a compliance detail. For someone trying to stay safe, it could matter a lot.
TOP 10 ROBOCALL HOT SPOTS IN AMERICA
Privacy advocates warn that stronger identity checks could make private phone access harder for people with legitimate safety concerns. (Kurt “CyberGuy” Knutsson)
What happens next with the FCC phone ID proposal
The FCC is taking public comments on the proposal through June 25, 2026. Reply comments are due July 27, 2026. After that, the agency can review feedback from phone companies, law enforcement, privacy groups, consumer advocates and the public.
The final rule could change. The FCC could narrow the requirements, add privacy safeguards, create exceptions or revise major parts of the proposal. For now, this is one to watch closely.
We reached out to the FCC for comment, but did not hear back before our deadline.
How to reduce scam calls and texts now
You do not need to wait for a new FCC rule to protect yourself.
1) Let unknown calls go to voicemail
Do not feel pressured to answer every unknown number. A real caller can leave a message. A scammer wants you on the line fast, before you have a chance to slow down and think.
2) Turn on phone spam protections
On iPhone, go to Settings, tap Apps, scroll down and tap Phone, then go to the unknown caller settings. Choose Silence to send calls from unsaved numbers to voicemail, or choose Ask Reason for Calling if you want unsaved callers to provide more information before your iPhone rings. You can also look under Call Filtering and toggle on Unknown Callers and Spam.
On many Samsung phones, open the Phone app, tap the three dots, tap Settings, tap Caller ID and spam protection and turn it on. Then, scroll down and make sure Block all spam and scam calls is toggled on. Settings may vary depending on your phone model.
3) Avoid links in unexpected texts
Go directly to the company’s app or website instead. That habit can help stop fake toll texts, bank scams and delivery alerts.
4) Reduce the personal info scammers can use against you
Scammers often sound convincing because they already know something about you. That information can come from people-search sites, data brokers, old breaches or public records. Consider using a data removal service to reduce how much of your personal information is floating around online. Check out my top picks for data removal services and get a free scan to find out if your personal information is already out on the web by visiting Cyberguy.com
5) Block and report suspicious messages
Do not just delete scam texts. On iPhone, open Messages. If you have not opened the message, swipe left on it, tap the Delete button, then tap Delete and Report Spam. If you have already opened it, tap Report Spam at the bottom of the message, then tap Delete and Report Spam. To block the sender, open the conversation, tap the sender’s icon at the top, tap Info, scroll down and tap Block Contact. Apple says reporting spam does not block the sender. Settings and carrier support may vary.
On many Samsung Galaxy phones using Google Messages, open the message, tap the three dots and choose Block and report spam, if requested confirm your decision by tapping Yes. If you use Samsung Messages, touch and hold the conversation, tap More, then tap Block. Settings may vary depending on your phone model and messaging app.
6) Use antivirus software and a password manager
Strong antivirus software can help block phishing links and malicious websites before they cause damage. A password manager can also help you avoid reusing passwords if a scammer tricks you into entering login details on a fake page. Get my picks for the best 2026 antivirus protection winners for your Windows, Mac, Android & iOS devices at Cyberguy.com
7) Turn on account alerts
Turn on bank, credit card and phone carrier alerts so you know quickly if someone tries to make a charge, move money or change your account. Fast alerts can help you stop damage before it spreads.
Watch the CyberGuy Live replay: Lock Down Your Phone in 30 Minutes
Your phone holds your email, passwords, photos, banking apps and personal data. In this free CyberGuy Live replay, Kurt the CyberGuy walks you step by step through simple phone security fixes you can do at your own pace. You’ll learn how to improve your privacy settings, spot the latest phone scams, use trusted security tools and walk away with a simple checklist to stay protected. Watch the replay and get our checklist here: CyberGuyLive.com
Kurt’s key takeaways
The FCC wants to stop scammers before they ever get onto the phone network. I get that. Scam calls and texts are out of control, and they have cost too many people real money. At the same time, the way the FCC is looking at this raises a real privacy concern. Asking phone companies to collect a government ID number, physical address and alternate phone number could change what it takes to get basic phone service in America. The FCC believes stronger customer records could help investigators track scammers after illegal calls happen. The question is whether scammers would still find ways around the rules while people with legitimate privacy needs face new hurdles. A domestic abuse survivor, journalist, whistleblower or person without a stable address may have a much harder time getting a private phone line. That is why any scam-fighting plan needs strong privacy safeguards. Before asking phone customers to hand over more personal information, the FCC should show how this data would reduce scams and how it would be protected.
Would you give your phone carrier a government ID number and physical address if it meant fewer scam calls, or does that go too far? Let us know by writing to us at CyberGuy.com.Cyberguy.com
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Welcome to day two of Amazon’s four-day Prime Day event, which, if we’re being honest, looks a lot like day one. That’s actually good news, though, because many of the best deals are still around, and some new ones have joined them. If you’ve got a Prime subscription, whether through a free trial or a discounted student membership, you’ll find our favorite deals below.
Not every Prime Day deal deserves your attention, so we’ve filled this guide with products we know and genuinely like. Our team has spent years living with, testing, and comparing everything from robot vacuums and TVs to headphones and smart home gadgets, and the deals below are the ones we can confidently vouch for. We’ve also sprinkled in matching prices from retailers like Best Buy, Walmart, and Target whenever we find them, so you don’t necessarily need a Prime membership to save.
If you’re shopping for something specific, we’ve got dedicated roundups covering Apple gear, budget-friendly picks, smart home devices, TVs, and much more. We’ll also be updating this guide throughout the day as new deals pop up and old ones disappear, so check back occasionally.
Smartwatch and wearable deals
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PHOENIX, Ariz. – Dror Yahav, a former commercial pilot and now CEO of Universal Avionics, said he often flew approaches in low-visibility conditions where runways did not appear until late in the landing sequence. Now, he’s helping bring a cockpit vision system to market for commercial aircraft.
AerSale developed the system, AerAware, in partnership with Universal Avionics and has received Federal Aviation Administration certification for the Boeing 737 Next Generation.
The system uses a nose-mounted enhanced vision camera and a wearable head display that overlays flight data and imagery into the pilot’s field of view.
PILOTS TEST FIRST-OF-ITS-KIND-COCKPIT ALERT SYSTEM THAT DETECTS POSSIBLE COLLISIONS ON RUNWAYS
The AerAware headset is especially meant to help pilots at takeoff and landing. (Amalia Roy)
Yahav said the system reflects his experience with low-visibility night approaches.
“You turn your head up and look outside, and there’s just nothing — pitch black or foggy,” he said.
He said the system combines sensor data and imagery to support situational awareness during takeoff and landing.
Through the AerAware headset, pilots can also see flight information. (Amalia Roy)
AerAware departs from traditional head-up displays and instead equips both pilots with a dual wearable system that delivers the same information to each cockpit seat.
Yahav said the concept draws from military helmet-mounted displays used in aircraft such as the F-35 Lightning II.
UNITED FLIGHT FROM CHICAGO MAKES EMERGENCY LANDING AFTER PASSENGER’S ‘MULTIPLE ATTEMPTS’ TO BRACH COCKPIT
The FAA has certified AerAware for Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft.
Regulators continue to focus on runway safety, and FAA data shows there were 1,636 runway incursions in fiscal year 2025, down from 1,758 in 2024 and 1,760 in 2023. Pilot deviations accounted for 62% of incursions from 2021 through 2025.
AerSale partnered with Universal Avionics to bring AerAware to commercial aircraft. (AerSale)
The installation process takes about two to three days per aircraft, followed by pilot training under an approved program, Yahav said.
DEADLY B-52 CRASH PUTS FOCUS ON ENGINES, CONTROLLABILITY AS INVESTIGATORS HUNT FOR ANSWERS
He said airline interest has increased alongside continued focus on runway incursions and low-visibility operations.
Jacqueline Carlon, senior vice president of marketing and communications for AerSale, said airlines evaluating the system focus on certification, installation downtime and integration into existing operations.
“It takes about a two- to three-day installation per aircraft, followed by an approved training program,” she said.
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Carlon said safety and operational efficiency drive interest as airlines evaluate upgrades for Boeing 737 fleets.
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